高考英语一轮复习外刊语法填空(The cyberwar in Ukraine) 讲义.docx

The cyberwar in UkraineThe digital frontUkraine has shown how cyber-defence can prevailWars are testbeds for new technology. The Korean war saw jet fighters 1._(employed) at scale for the first time. Israel pioneered the use of drones as radar decoys in its war with Egypt in 1973. And the Gulf war of 1991 was a coming-out party for GPS-guided munitions. Russias invasion of Ukraine is the first time 2._(that) two mature cyber-powers have fought each other over computer networks in wartime. The result is a lesson in the limits of cyber-power and the importance of having a sound defence.The popular notion of cyberwar has been shaped by lurid and dystopian scenarios of an “electronic Pearl Harbour”, first envisaged in the 1990s and accentuated by the relentless digitisation of society. Those fears have been fanned by glimpses of the possible. The American-Israeli Stuxnet worm, 3._(which) came to light in 2010, inflicted damage on Iranian nuclear machinery with fiendish ingenuity. Russian malware sabotaged Ukraines power grid in 2015 and 2016.Yet when a full-blown cyberwar came to Ukraine, the result was modest. This was not for want of trying. Russia has thrown vast amounts of malware at Ukrainethe largest onslaught ever, say some officials. There were some notable successes, such as the disruption of Viasat, a commercial satellite-communications service used by Ukraines government and 4. _ (armed) forces, less than an hour 5._ (before) the invasion.But, despite Russias cyber-warriors, Ukraines lights, power and water stayed on. The banks remained open. Perhaps most important, Volodymyr Zelensky, Ukraines president, continued to make nightly television broadcasts to the nation. How?Part of the answer lies in Russias missteps. It limited its initial strikes because it assumed that Ukrainian infrastructure would soon come 6._（under） its control. Russias cyber-forces also have less experience of integrating cyber-operations with military ones than their American counterparts, who have been doing it for 30 years.The conflict also shows how wartime cyber-power has been miscast. Spectacular cyber-attacks are rare because they are much more 7._ (demanding) than commonly thought. The Russian sabotage of Ukraines power grid in 2016, for instance, 8._(took) more than two years to prepare. Viasat-like attacks are not mass-produced missiles that can be launched at any target. They are custom-made.It is still early 9._(to draw） solid conclusions. The war is raging and new malware is appearing all the time. Russia may be keeping some of its most potent cyber-capabilities in reserve. Yet the first signs are encouraging. It has often been assumed that the cyber-domain is an attackers playground, and 10._(that) malware will always get through and cause devastation. Ukraine has defied expectations and shown that even one of the planets best-resourced cyber-powers can be kept at bay with a disciplined and well-organised defence.Answer：employed that which armed before under demanding took to draw that解析短语：1.原文：The American-Israeli Stuxnet worm, which came to light in 2010, inflicted damage on Iranian nuclear machinery with fiendish ingenuity.词典：come to light 暴露；真相大白；众所周知例句：New evidence has recently come to light.新的证据最近已披露出来。2.原文：This was not for want of trying. 词典：for want of 缺乏例句：The project failed for want of financial backing.这个项目由于缺少财政支援而告吹。3.原文：There were some notable successes, such as the disruption of Viasat, a commercial satellite-communications service used by Ukraines government and armed forces, less than an hour before the invasion.词典：armed forces武装部队；陆海空三军例句：Every member of the armed forces is a hero.武装部队的每个人都是英雄。4.原文：It limited its initial strikes because it assumed that Ukrainian infrastructure would soon come under its control.词典：under control 处于控制之下；情况正常例句：We've got to get the economy under control or it will literally eat us up.我们必须控制住经济，否则它真地就会把我们困住。5.原文：The Russian sabotage of Ukraines power grid in 2016, for instance, took more than two years to prepare.词典：for instance 例如例句：If you smell something unusual (gas fumes or burning, for instance), take the car to your mechanic.如果你闻到了异味（例如汽油味或燃烧味），就把车带给你的修理工。6.原文： One is that cyber-campaigns can run out of steam. 词典：run out of steam 失去势头；精疲力竭例句：Poor supervision, bad job prospects or lack of money cause them to run out of steam.缺少职业指导，前途渺茫，经济拮据成了他们最终放弃的原因。7.原文：They resorted to more basic attacks that could be launched at high tempo and scale.词典：at a high tempo 快节奏地例句：In the first half there were lots of good chances at both ends and the game was played at a high tempo.上半场双方都机会多多，比赛节奏很快，质量很高。8.原文：The second implication is that elaborate cyber-offensives are often needed the most when raw violence is off the table.词典： off the table不予考虑；免谈例句：Once death was off the table, however, jurors could convict with a clearer conscience.一旦死刑被废除，陪审团定罪就能更加问心无愧。9.原文：Russias recent air attacks show that Iranian drones are a cheaper and simpler way to knock out the power grid.词典：knock out 敲空；击倒；打破；使筋疲力竭例句：What kinds of events could knock out a diesel generator?什么事件可能使得柴油发电机故障？10.原文：Wartime cyber-offensives tend to complement military action rather than replace it.词典：rather than 而不是；宁可也不愿例句：He will drain, rather than enrich, the country.他将耗尽而不是增加国家的财富。11.原文：So, too, did private firms like Microsoft, an American tech giant, and ESET, a cyber-security company from Slovakia, which monitor traffic on Ukrainian networks, often using artificial intelligence to comb through huge volumes of code.词典：comb through 梳理例句：Comb through the hair to get rid of excess hair.把头发里的头发茬梳掉。11.原文：It is still early to draw solid conclusions. 词典：draw conclusions 下结论例句：It's too soon to draw conclusions about a complex issue.对于这样一个复杂的问题太快得出结论还为时过早。长难句1.原文：The American-Israeli Stuxnet worm, which came to light in 2010, inflicted damage on Iranian nuclear machinery with fiendish ingenuity.2.分析：该句主句是（The American-Israeli Stuxnet worm inflicted damage on Iranian nuclear machinery；which引导了非限制性定语从句，先行词是The American-Israeli Stuxnet worm，in 2010是时间状语。3.译文：2010年曝光的美国以色列震网蠕虫病毒（American-Israeli Stuxnet worm）以极其巧妙的方式破坏了伊朗的核机器。1. 原文：It has often been assumed that the cyber-domain is an attackers playground, and that malware will always get through and cause devastation.2. 分析：主句的结构为主语（It）谓（has often been assumed）宾语从句（that the cyber-domain is an attackers playground, and that malware will always get through and cause devastation.）。that都引导宾语从句，第一个that引导的宾语从句的结构是主（the cyber-domain）系（is）表（an attackers playground），第二个that引导的宾语从句的结构是主（malware）谓（will always get through and cause）宾（devastation）。3. 译文：人们都觉得，网络领域就是攻击者的游乐场，病毒总是能侵入并造成破坏。写作技巧：1. But if the cyber-conflict has underwhelmed, it is Ukraine that ultimately deserves the most credit.译文：但是，如果说网络冲突只是小风小浪，那么乌克兰最终应该得到最大的赞誉。生词：under-为词前缀，表示“在.下面；不足；低于”Underclothes  内衣；衬衣undernourished 营养不足的；缺少食物的Want more imformation from Wechat Subscription Richie英语教书匠例句：The UN estimates that nearly 800 million people around the world are undernourished.联合国估计,世界上有近8亿人口营养不良.背景知识：1. ESET：英文：ESET, spol. s r.o.是总部位于斯洛伐克布拉迪斯拉发的一家世界知名的电脑安全软件公司，创立于1992年，由两家私有公司合并而成，最知名的产品为NOD32防毒软件。段落大意：【1】战争是新技术的试验台。【2】网络战这一概念的由来。【3】网络战对乌克兰影响较小。【4】在俄罗斯的网络攻击下，乌克兰仍正常运行。【5】部分原因在于俄罗斯的失误。【6】这场冲突也体现了战时网络力量是如何被错误分配的。【7】现在下结论还为时过早。6学科网（北京）股份有限公司