chaptersyntax 简明英语语言学 戴炜栋.pptx
1.What is syntax?A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.第1页/共54页2.Categories（范畴）Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence,a noun phrase or a verb.指词类和功能(n,v,pre,adj,adv)专门指语言单位的特性(number,gender,person,case,mood,concord/agreement,government)第2页/共54页2.1 Lexical categories English major lexical categories实义语类Noun(N)student,lecture,JohnVerb(V):like,read,goAdjective(Adj):tall,lovely,redAdverb(adv):loudly,constantly,hard第3页/共54页English minor lexical categories功能语类 Determiner(Det):the,a,this,hisAuxiliary(Aux):can,will,do,doPreposition(pron):he,she,us,mineConjunction(Conj):and,or,but,whileInterjection(Int):Oh,ah,eh第4页/共54页2.2 grammatical categories:Number(singular,plural,countable,uncountable)Gender(masculine,feminine,neuter,common)Person(first,second,third)Case(subjective case,objective case,genitive case)Tense(present tense,past tense)Mood(indicative mood,imperative mood,subjunctive mood)Concord(grammatical,notional,proximity)Government(支配关系)etc.第5页/共54页 A verb is to agree with the subject in person and in number.In English,this rule only affects the verb according to the number of the subject.(e.g.The boy goes to school.The boys go to school.)2.2.1 Concord/agreement(一致关系)第6页/共54页1)Grammatical concord(语法一致原则)This principle refers to the rule that the verb must match its subject in number.subject singular noun verb takes singular form subject plural noun verb takes plural forme.g Each boy has his own book./Boys have their own books.第7页/共54页2)Notional concord(意义一致原则)This principle refers to the rule that the verb can sometimes agree with the subject according to the notion of number rather than to the actual presence of the grammatical marker for that notion.e.g The government have asked the country to decide by a vote The new military government does not have popular support.Fifteen miles seems like a long walk to me.Fifty-six dollars was stolen from the cash register.第8页/共54页3)Principle of Proximity(就近原则)This principle denotes agreement of the verb with a closely preceding noun phrase.(there be,or,eitheror,neithernor,not only but also,whether or )e.g There is a pen,a few envelops and some paper for you.Either my brothers or my father is coming.Not only you but also he is wrong.Neither Tom nor I am a student.第9页/共54页The idea of government is the way in which certain prepositions and verbs determine the case of nouns.In English,prepositions and verbs require or restrict particular forms of the paradigms(聚合体，词形变化)of pronouns according to the syntactic relation between them.(e.g.I must learn from them.They pleased me the other day.)2.2.2 Government(支配关系)第10页/共54页2.3 Functional categoriessubjectpredicateobjectcomplementadverbial第11页/共54页1)SVC subject+verb+complement2)SV subject+intransitive verb(不及物动词)3)SVO subject +transitive verb(及物动词)+object4)SVoOsubject+ditransitive verb(双宾语动词)+indirect object(间接宾语)+direct object(直接宾语)5)SVOCsubject+complex transitive verb(复杂宾语及物动词)+object+complement6)SVA subject+verb+adverbial7)SVOA subject+transitive verb(及物动词)+object+adverbialBasic clause types第12页/共54页How to analyze the following sentence The urge to elope with her love was too strong to suppress so she abandoned everything including her loved child,who was once very dear to her.第13页/共54页2.4 Phrasal categories and their structuresNP名词短语:a tall man,the studentVP动词短语:read a book,walk in the parkPP介词短语:in the park,after darkAP形容词短语:quite rude,very anxious第14页/共54页Phrase structure rule第15页/共54页The XP ruleThe X stands for the head of N,A,V and P.第16页/共54页a beautiful girl from China XP specifier X complement a beautiful girl from China 第17页/共54页The X bar theory（X杠理论）第18页/共54页第19页/共54页The coordinate rule第20页/共54页the lady or the tiger NPgo to the library and read a book VPdown the stairs and out the door PPquite expensive and very beautiful APJohn loves Mary and Mary loves John too.SSA man,a woman,a boy,a cat and a dog got into the car.S第21页/共54页3.Sentence（句子）第22页/共54页3.1 The sentence ruleNormally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate 第23页/共54页Infl Tense and agreement第24页/共54页第25页/共54页第26页/共54页3.2 Types of sentences句子类型Structural ApproachThe simple sentence简单句The coordinate sentence 并列句The complex sentence 复合句第27页/共54页Functional Approach declarative(陈述句)interrogative(疑问句)imperative(祈使句)exclamatory(感叹句)第28页/共54页 immediate constituent（直接成分）Constituent (构成成分)ultimate constituent （最终成分）IC（直接成分）:Can be further segmented until we obtain the smallest grammatical units.UC（最终成分）:The smallest grammatical unit obtained through segmentation.3.3 IC Analysis(直接成分分析法)第29页/共54页 IC Analysis refers to divide the sentence up into immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents.（把句子按其组成部分/成分用两进制切分法/二分法一直划到最小的语法单位又称最终成分词素。）第30页/共54页The analysis can be carried out in ways of bracketing(括号法)upright lines（竖线法)tree diagrams(树形法)第31页/共54页Tree diagrams树形图最为直观，不仅显示出句子的线性结构，而且清楚地表明其阶层结（hierarchical structure）。eg A ambiguity sentence:The boy saw the man with a telescope.第32页/共54页第33页/共54页第34页/共54页 not only shows linear relationship,but also hierarchical ones.helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.For example:old men and women old men and womenThe advantage of IC Analysis第35页/共54页 There will be a problem as to where to make the next cut.This is called discontinuity and such constituents are called discontinuous constituents(非连 续 成 分).e.g.lookup,bringin,helpout,look forward to,etc.直接成分分析法把话语一直分到词素，忽略了词和习语作 为 词 汇 单 位 的 整 体 作 用。如：lookup,bringin,helpout,look forward to,三长两短，七上八下，如果切分到词素，就会忽视习语的整体意义，从而破坏语义的完整性。A disadvantage of IC Analysis第36页/共54页3.4 TransformationsAuxiliary movement(inversion)Do insertion Deep structure&surface structure Wh-movement Move and constraints on transformations 第37页/共54页Auxiliary movement(inversion)Inversion Move Infl to the left of the subject NP.Inversion(revised)Move Infl to C.CCPSDet N Infl Vthe train will arriveNP第38页/共54页Auxiliary movement(inversion)CPSCNPInfl Det N Infl VWill the train e arrive第39页/共54页Do insertionDo insertion-Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl position.CPCSNP Infl VPBirds flyCPCPCCSSInfl NP Infl VPNP Infl VPBirds do flyDo birds e flyFigure-1Figure-2Figure-3第40页/共54页Deep structure&surface structure The structure of the sentence as it is pronounced or written is called the surface structure.The structure that contains all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meaning of the sentence is called the deep structure.第41页/共54页第42页/共54页Deep structure&surface structure Consider the following pair of sentences:John is easy to please.John is eager to please.Structurally similar sentences might be very different in their meanings,for they have quite different deep structures.第43页/共54页For example:Flying planes can be dangerous.这是一个多义结构，可解释为：a.The action of flying planes can be dangerous.驾驶飞机是危险的。b.Planes that fly can be dangerous.飞着的飞机是危险的。以上句中的表层结构（词语和词序）相同，但语义却不同，既同一个表层结构，有两个深层结构。第44页/共54页WH-movementWH-movement is obligatory in English,which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.eg.John will buy what.What will John buy?John will put books where Where will John put books?第45页/共54页Wh-movementConsider the derivation of the following sentences:What languages can you speak?What can you talk about?These sentences may originate as:You can speak what languages.You can talk about what.第46页/共54页Wh-movement-Move a wh phrase to the beginning of the sentence.What language can you speak?What can you talk about?第47页/共54页Wh-movement-Move a wh phrase to the specifier position under CP.(Revised)CPVP V NPwon the gameSNP Infl e PstNP CWho第48页/共54页NP-movementNP movement occurs发生 when,for example,a sentence changes from the active voice主动 to the passive voice被动.eg.John kissed Mary.Mary was kissed by John.第49页/共54页第50页/共54页第51页/共54页Move and constraints on transformationsInversion can move an auxiliary from the Infl to the nearest C position,but not to a more distant C position.No element may be removed from a coordinate structure.第52页/共54页Thanks for your attention!第53页/共54页谢谢您的观看！第54页/共54页
