过去完成时讲解与练习.pdf

过过去去完完成成时时讲讲解解与与练练习习 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB-TTAK 08-TTA 2C】过去完成时过去完成时一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（“过去的过去（past-in-the-past past-in-the-past）”。）”。-|-|-|-|-|-|-那时以前那时以前那时那时现在现在构成：过去完成时由“助动词构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had+had+过去分词”构成，其中过去分词”构成，其中 had had 通用于各种人称。通用于各种人称。They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finished writing the composition by 10She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.00 this morning.二、过去完成时的判断依据二、过去完成时的判断依据1.1.由时间状语来判定由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（1 1）by+by+过去的时间点。过去的时间点。如：如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.（2 2）by the end of+by the end of+过去的时间点。过去的时间点。如：如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of lastterm.term.（3 3）before+before+过去的时间点。过去的时间点。如：如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2.2.由“过去的过去”来判定。由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：现在：（1 1）宾语从句中）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在成时。在 told,said,knew,heard,thoughttold,said,knew,heard,thought 等动词后的宾语从句。如：等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.She said that she had seen the film before.（2 2）状语从句中）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：When I got to the station,the train had already left.When I got to the station,the train had already left.After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.注意：注意：before,after before,after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before before 和和 after after 本身已表达本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：如：Where did you study before you came here Where did you study before you came hereAfter he closed the door,he left the classroom.After he closed the door,he left the classroom.（3 3）表示意向的动词，如）表示意向的动词，如 hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,supposehope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等，用过去完成时表示等，用过去完成时表示 原本原本，未能，未能 We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.3.3.根据上、下文来判定。根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We hadnt seen each other since heI met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We hadnt seen each other since hewent to Beijing.went to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法三、过去完成时的主要用法1.1.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：生在“过去的过去”。如：When I woke up,it had stopped raining.When I woke up,it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）2.2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：一动作相比较时才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book.(had writtenHe told me that he had written a new book.(had written 发生在发生在 told told 之前之前)3.3.过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与存在。此时多与 already already，yet yet，still still，just just，before before，never never 等时间副等时间副词及词及 by by，before before，until until 等引导的短语或从句连用。等引导的短语或从句连用。如：如：Before she came to China,Grace had taught English in a middle schoolBefore she came to China,Grace had taught English in a middle schoolfor about five years.for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he wasten.ten.4.4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：如：By the end of last year,he had worked in the factory for twenty By the end of last year,he had worked in the factory for twentyyears.years.（had worked had worked 已有了已有了 20 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）年，还有继续进行下去的可能）四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词有关，其结构为“助动词 have(has)+have(has)+过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 1000 个英语单词。个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 1000 个英语单词。个英语单词。Im sorry to keep you waiting.Im sorry to keep you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。对不起，让你久等了。Oh,not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.Oh,not at all.I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）John returned home yesterday.John returned home yesterday.约翰昨天回到家的。约翰昨天回到家的。Where had he been Where had he been他去哪儿了（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在他去哪儿了（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home returned home 之前去了哪些地之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）方，即“过去的过去”）五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1.1.时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：某一特定的时间。试比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2.2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：She was very happy.Her whole family were pleased with her,too.She hadShe was very happy.Her whole family were pleased with her,too.She hadjust won the first in the composition competition.just won the first in the composition competition.3.3.当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and and 或或 but but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before before，after after，as soon as as soon as 引导的从引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：成时。如：He entered the room,turned on the light and read an evening paper.He entered the room,turned on the light and read an evening paper.I(had)called her before I left the office.I(had)called her before I left the office.重点重点英语中，已经有了一个过去一般时表示在过去发生的动作，为什么还有过去完成英语中，已经有了一个过去一般时表示在过去发生的动作，为什么还有过去完成时呢？时呢？要记住：过去完成时的关键概念是：假设在过去发生了两件要记住：过去完成时的关键概念是：假设在过去发生了两件(或以上或以上)的事件，一的事件，一件是件是 A A 事件，另一件是事件，另一件是 B B 事件，如果事件，如果 A A、B B 两个事件几乎是同时发生的，那就用一般过两个事件几乎是同时发生的，那就用一般过去时；但是，如果去时；但是，如果 A A、B B 两个事件不是同时发生的，怎么办呢？那就是：哪个事件先发两个事件不是同时发生的，怎么办呢？那就是：哪个事件先发生，就用过去完成时；哪个事件后发生，就用过去完成时。在上面的假设中，如果生，就用过去完成时；哪个事件后发生，就用过去完成时。在上面的假设中，如果 A A事件先发生，事件先发生，A A 就用过去完成时；如果就用过去完成时；如果 B B 事件先发生，事件先发生，B B 就用过去完成时；而不管两件就用过去完成时；而不管两件事是用什么样的时间状语或其它形式表示的。事是用什么样的时间状语或其它形式表示的。请看例句：请看例句：例例 1 1She said(that)she had never been to Paris.She said(that)she had never been to Paris.例例 2 2When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.例例 3 3We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.例例 4 4Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when heTom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when hearrived at the party.arrived at the party.例例 5 5The students were writing,busily when Miss Brown went to get aThe students were writing,busily when Miss Brown went to get abook she had left in the office.book she had left in the office.在上面的五个例子中，我们只要稍微分析一下，就可以发现：每个例子讲述的内容在上面的五个例子中，我们只要稍微分析一下，就可以发现：每个例子讲述的内容中，都包含着两个中，都包含着两个(或以上或以上)在过去发生的事件。我们将两件事抽取出来看一下，就非在过去发生的事件。我们将两件事抽取出来看一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后发生的：常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后发生的：例例 1 1 saidsaid had never been to(had never been to(先没有“去”，后“说”先没有“去”，后“说”)例例 2 2 arrivedarrived had run away.(had run away.(先“跑”了，后“到”先“跑”了，后“到”)例例 3 3 had hoped had hoped would comewould come didnt(didnt(先“希望”，后才发生“没去”先“希望”，后才发生“没去”)例例 4 4 was disappointedwas disappointed had lefthad left arrived(arrived(先“离开”，后“到达”和“失先“离开”，后“到达”和“失望”望”)例例 5 5 were writingwere writing wentwent had lefthad left(先“离开”，后“到”和“写”先“离开”，后“到”和“写”)难点难点过去完成时的难点在于：有时候一句话中并没有出现两个事件，因此无法比较两个事过去完成时的难点在于：有时候一句话中并没有出现两个事件，因此无法比较两个事件的先后。那为什么也用过去完成时呢？请看下面的例句：件的先后。那为什么也用过去完成时呢？请看下面的例句：例例 1 1By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living byBy the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living byhimself.himself.实际上，在上面的例句中，仍然有着“先、后”之分的。不过，这次不是实际上，在上面的例句中，仍然有着“先、后”之分的。不过，这次不是A A、B B 两件事件两件事件的先后，而是有两个过去时间的“先、后”关系。的先后，而是有两个过去时间的“先、后”关系。首先，句子中有个明确的过去时间点：首先，句子中有个明确的过去时间点：1212 岁。说他“岁。说他“1212 岁”，显然是过去式。那么，紧岁”，显然是过去式。那么，紧接着说“他已经开始谋生了”，这个“谋生”是发生在“接着说“他已经开始谋生了”，这个“谋生”是发生在“1212 岁”时，还是“岁”时，还是“1212 岁”前，还是“岁”前，还是“1212岁”后？答案是肯定的：他的“谋生”发生在“岁”后？答案是肯定的：他的“谋生”发生在“1212 岁”之前岁”之前!也就是说，“也就是说，“1212 岁”已经是一般岁”已经是一般过去时，而在“过去时，而在“1212 岁”之前发生的事，当然是过去完成时。所以，在那么多表示时间状岁”之前发生的事，当然是过去完成时。所以，在那么多表示时间状语的词中，大家要特别注意语的词中，大家要特别注意 ByBy、UntilUntil 等的用法。可以说，在讲述过去的事件中，如果出现等的用法。可以说，在讲述过去的事件中，如果出现 ByBy时间状语，很有可时间状语，很有可能要用过去完成时了。能要用过去完成时了。(当然，我说的是很有可能。当然，我说的是很有可能。)类似的时间表达方式还有类似的时间表达方式还有UntilUntil、BeforeBefore 等。只要大家把握了过去完成时的基本含义，不管句子怎么变化，应等。只要大家把握了过去完成时的基本含义，不管句子怎么变化，应该没有多大的问题。例如：例该没有多大的问题。例如：例 2 2Until then,his family hadnt heard fromUntil then,his family hadnt heard fromhim for six month.him for six month.此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有个明确的过去时间点此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有个明确的过去时间点then(then(那时那时)，而，而hadnthadntheardheard发生在发生在 thenthen 之前之前(包括包括 then)then)。所以此句用的是过去完成时。所以此句用的是过去完成时。再举两个例子再举两个例子例例 3 3We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term.We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term.例例 4 4I waited until he had finished his homework.I waited until he had finished his homework.例例 5 5We had got to the station before 10:00.We had got to the station before 10:00.专项练习专项练习一一.用动词的适当形式填空用动词的适当形式填空1.We _(paint)the house before we _(move)in.1.We _(paint)the house before we _(move)in.2.That rich old man _(make)a will before he _(die).2.That rich old man _(make)a will before he _(die).3.They _(study)the map of the country before they3.They _(study)the map of the country before they _(leave).(leave).4.The robbers _(run away)before the policemen_4.The robbers _(run away)before the policemen_(arrive).(arrive).5 5.I _(turn off)all the lights before I _(go)to bed.I _(turn off)all the lights before I _(go)to bed.6.Paul _(go)out with Jane after he6.Paul _(go)out with Jane after he _(make)(make)a phone call.a phone call.7.Tom _(say)he _(read)the book twice.7.Tom _(say)he _(read)the book twice.8.Our plan _(fail)because we _(make)a bad mistake.8.Our plan _(fail)because we _(make)a bad mistake.9.When the chairman _(finish)speaking,he _(leave)the9.When the chairman _(finish)speaking,he _(leave)thehall.hall.Reads _ (have)lunch when I _(get)to their house.Reads _ (have)lunch when I _(get)to their house.I _(arrive)at the station,he _(leave).I _(arrive)at the station,he _(leave)._(learn)about 4000 English words by the end of last term._(learn)about 4000 English words by the end of last term.13.I waited until he _(finish)his homework.13.I waited until he _(finish)his homework.14.We were surprised at what she _already _(do)14.We were surprised at what she _already _(do)_(not go)to Qingdao because she _(be)there before._(not go)to Qingdao because she _(be)there before.16.He _(not tell)you the news yet.16.He _(not tell)you the news yet.17.He said he _already_(give)the book to the teacher.17.He said he _already_(give)the book to the teacher.18.I _(be)to Shanghai before.18.I _(be)to Shanghai before.19.She told me she _(be)to Sanya three times.19.She told me she _(be)to Sanya three times._(play)the guitar while her sister_(sing)._(play)the guitar while her sister_(sing).二句型转换二句型转换1 1I had sold the ticket when she came.I had sold the ticket when she came.（改否定句）（改否定句）had sung a song to us before she danced.had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句）（改否定句）began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.began to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and drinks.（否定）（否定）10:00 a.m,I had been very hungry.10:00 a.m,I had been very hungry.（改一般疑问）（改一般疑问）had already completed the project when I arrived.had already completed the project when I arrived.（改一般疑问）（改一般疑问）the time he got to the airport,the plane had taken off.the time he got to the airport,the plane had taken off.（改一般疑问）（改一般疑问）7.He had broken his arm when I saw him.7.He had broken his arm when I saw him.（对划线部分提问）（对划线部分提问）he had read the note,he ate it.he had read the note,he ate it.（对划线部分提问）（对划线部分提问）9.Jack didnt go to the cinema9.Jack didnt go to the cinema because he had seen the film.because he had seen the film.（对划线部分提问）（对划线部分提问）had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child.had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child.（对划线部分提问）（对划线部分提问）had written the book by the end of 1960.had written the book by the end of 1960.（对划线部分提问）（对划线部分提问）cooked the dumplings.We ate them up.cooked the dumplings.We ate them up.（用过去完成时连接两句）（用过去完成时连接两句）s father mended the car.It was broken.s father mended the car.It was broken.（用过去完成时连接两句）（用过去完成时连接两句）had our tests.Then we had a long holiday.(had our tests.Then we had a long holiday.(用过去完成时连接两句用过去完成时连接两句)After we _,we _After we _,we _ showed us the picture.Then he showed us around the house.showed us the picture.Then he showed us around the house.用过去完成时连接两句用过去完成时连接两句)Before he _,he_.参考答案：参考答案：一一.用动词的适当形式填空用动词的适当形式填空1.had painted.moved 2.had made.died1.had painted.moved 2.had made.died3.had studiedleft3.had studiedleft4.had run away.arrived 5.had turned off4.had run away.arrived 5.had turned off wentwent 6.went 6.went had madehad made7.said7.said had readhad read 8 failed 8 failed had madehad made 9.(had)finished 9.(had)finished leftleft10.were having/had had10.were having/had had gotgot 11.arrived.had left 12.had learned 11.arrived.had left 12.had learned13.(had)finished 14.had.done 15 didnt go13.(had)finished 14.had.done 15 didnt go hadhad beenbeen16.hasnt told 17 had16.hasnt told 17 had givengiven 18.have been 18.have been19.had been 20.was playing19.had been 20.was playing was singingwas singing二句型转换二句型转换1 1I hadnt sold the ticket when she came.I hadnt sold the ticket when she came.2.She hadnt sung a song to us before she danced.2.She hadnt sung a song to us before she danced.3.They didnt begin to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food and3.They didnt begin to climb the mountain after they had bought all the food anddrinks.drinks.4.Had you been very hungry by 10:00 a.m4.Had you been very hungry by 10:00 a.m5.Had Lucy completed the project when I arrived yet?5.Had Lucy completed the project when I arrived yet?6.Had the plane taken off by the time he got to the airport6.Had the plane taken off by the time he got to the airport7.What had he done when you saw him?7.What had he done when you saw him?did he do when he had read the note did he do when he had read the note9.Why didnt Jack go to the cine