词汇和语法知识对第二语言口语流利程度的影响.ppt

The role of vocabulary and grammar knowledge in second-language oral fluency:A correlational studyNel de Jong,Free University AmsterdamLaura Halderman,University of PittsburghSLRF 2009,Michigan State UniversityOral Fluency in L2 SpeakersBroad vs.narrow definition(Lennon,1990)Broad:general oral proficiencyNarrow:speed and smoothness of oral delivery Oral fluency depends on fast and automatic retrieval of vocabulary and processing of grammar knowledge(e.g.,Levelt,1999;Kormos,2006;Schmidt,1992)Lexical and grammatical knowledge play a large role in second language oral fluencyLexical knowledgeLexical retrieval in writingLexical retrieval training of words lead to greater use of those items and more essential content elements were expressed.No effect on global text quality.(Snellings et al.,2004)Lack of(access to)lexical knowledge is a major cause of dysfluencies(Hilton,2007)Aspects of Lexical KnowledgeBreadthHow many words a person knowsGreater breadth leads to fewer lexical searchesDepthHow well a person knows a wordGreater depth leads to easier integration into contextLexical retrieval speedHow fast a person retrieves a wordFaster retrieval leads to less dysfluenciesGrammatical knowledgeAutomatic syntactic encoding is fast and requires little attention(Anderson et al.,2004;Kormos,2006;Segalowitz&Hulstijn,2003)Automaticity leads to oral fluency(De Jong&Perfetti,in preparation;Towell,Hawkins,&Bazergui,2006)Implicit grammatical knowledge can tell us what structures have been proceduralizedResearch GoalExamine the relationship between lexical and grammatical knowledge and oral fluency in a sample of English Language LearnersOur TestsPicture Naming Immediate&DelayedBreadth of Lexical KnowledgeLexical Retrieval Speed(Immediate)Articulation Rate(Delayed)Vocabulary Knowledge ScaleDepth of Lexical KnowledgeElicited ImitationGrammatical KnowledgeTwo minute recorded monologueOral production sampleMeasures of Oral FluencyTemporal Measures:A.Length of fluent runsNumber of syllables between pausesB.Length of pausesC.Phonation/time ratio%of time filled with speechD.Articulation rateSyllables per minute(Kormos&Dnes;Towell et al.,1996)Hypotheses1.Greater breadth of vocabulary PN accuracy=longer fluent runs;higher phonation/time ratio2.Faster lexical retrieval Imm.PN RT=shorter pauses3.Greater vocabulary depth VKS=longer fluent runs4.Greater grammatical ability EI=longer fluent runsParticipants23 students enrolled in English language courses;Speaking courseHigh intermediate(60-79 on Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency)L1s:Arabic(3),Chinese(3),French(1),Italian(2),Japanese(3),Korean(5),Russian(1),Slovak(1),and Spanish(1),Turkish(3)Picture NamingImmediateTiming began as soon as the picture was shownDelayedTiming began at the onset of a“beep”that was played 3 seconds after the picture appeared24 pictures of nouns eachFrequency bands sampled1-1000,1001-2000,2001-3000&3001-10,000Measures Accuracy&Reaction TimeVocabulary Knowledge Scale12 nouns,12 verbsFour frequency bands:1-2000,2001-3000,3001-5000&5001-10,000Definitions:1-9 words;avg.4.0 wordsOnly 2,000 most frequent wordsDistracter definitions adapted from Vocabulary Levels TestTarget wordDefinitions shown when 3-5 is selectedTextbox to type sentenceElicited Imitation32 sentences,16 were grammatically incorrect8 grammatical structures:third person singular s regular plural nounsembedded questions regular past tenseindefinite articles relative clausesModals verb complementsSentences:6-11 words,avg.8.2Sampled from Erlam(2006)Elicited ImitationTarget structureGrammatically correctGrammatically incorrectEmbedded questionsIts not clear when the next election will beEveryone wants to know what is the president likeRelative clausesIts wrong to make a promise that you cant keep .Jobs that people like them pay a lotVerb complementsSome universities allow students to travel abroad for a yearExpensive restaurants ask their customers to wearing nice clothesResults:Time 1PN PN overall overall accuracyaccuracyPN PN immediate immediate RTRT VKSVKSEI EI accuracyaccuracyLFRLFR-.119-.119-.337-.337 .438*.438*.597*.597*MLPMLP.365.365-.256-.256-.338-.338-.029-.029PTRPTR-.467*-.467*.155.155.408.408.187.187ARAR-.029-.029-.382-.382 .423*.423*.678*.678*p*p .05;*.05;*p p .01;*.01;*p p .001 .001 Frequency 1-1000&2001-3,000 only Frequency 1-1000&2001-3,000 onlyResults:Time 2PN PN overall overall accuracyaccuracyPN PN immediate immediate RTRT PN PN immediate immediate accuracy accuracy EI EI accuracyaccuracyLFRLFR.149.149-.306-.306.267.267.315.315MLPMLP-.344-.344.192.192-.448*-.448*.032.032PTRPTR.347.347-.103-.103 .445*.445*-.058-.058ARAR-.030-.030-.538*-.538*.067.067.508*.508*p*p .05;*.05;*p p .01;*.01;*p p .001 longer fluent runs;higher phonation/time ratioPTR:yes;MLFR:no2.Faster lexical retrieval Imm.PN RT=shorter pausesNo support3.Greater vocabulary depth VKS=longer fluent runsYes;and higher articulation rate4.Greater grammatical ability EI=longer fluent runsYes;and higher articulation ratePossible ExplanationsCurriculum focuses on academic vocabulary acquisitionOur Pictures sample more general vocabulary and highly imageable nounsRecorded monologues are very open-endedIts hard to predict what vocabulary and grammatical structures they will useMany thanks to:Co-PIs:Prof.Charles Perfetti,Dr.Laura HaldermanResearch assistants:Colleen Davis,Mary Lou VercellottiThe students and teachers at the ELIThe Robert Henderson Language Media CenterPittsburgh Science of Learning CenterContact:,This work was supported in part by the Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center,which is funded by the National Science Foundation award number SBE-0354420.Correlations Gains GainsGain in PTR with gain in Delayed Picture Namingr=.477,p=.053n=17All other correlations n.s.Extra slides Elicited ImitationTarget structureGrammatically correctGrammatically incorrectThird person singular sEvery good story deserves a long titleThe temperature change a lot every seasonEmbedded questionsIts not clear when the next election will beEveryone wants to know what is the president likeIndefinite articlesEveryone likes to live in a big houseEveryone has telephone in their homeModal verbsYou must study for years to speak English wellEveryone should to learn a second languageRegular plural nounsPolicemen arrest many criminals every dayCar companies use many machine to build their productsRegular past tenseA long time ago,nobody lived in citiesLast month,scientist discover a new moonRelative clausesIts wrong to make a promise that you cant keepJobs that people like them pay a lotVerb complementsSome universities allow students to travel abroad for a yearExpensive restaurants ask their customers to wearing nice clothesOverall ConclusionsVocabulary breadth predicts fluencyAt single points in time:MLP and PTRGain:only Accuracy on Delayed Naming with PTRLexical retrieval speed predicts articulation rateArticulation rate is not a reflection of proceduralizationVocabulary depth predicts fluencyAt single points in time:MLFR,ARGain:no post-testImplicit Grammar Knowledge predicts fluency measures the mostAt single points in time:MLFR,ARGain:no significant correlations with temporal measures