英语语法专题-定语从句.ppt

形容词性从句形容词性从句形容词性从句形容词性从句-定语从句定语从句定语从句定语从句用来修饰名词、代词、句子等，在句中的作用来修饰名词、代词、句子等，在句中的作用相当于形容词，故称为形容词性从句。用相当于形容词，故称为形容词性从句。英语语法专题讲座英语语法专题讲座定语从句分为定语从句分为限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和和非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对被修饰词起到限制、修饰的作用，一般不可缺少。非限制性定语从句起补充、附带说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。e.g.She said she had finished her work,which I doubted very much.Ive got some personal affairs that I have to deal with.定语从句常用关系词定语从句常用关系词关系代词：who,whom,whose,that,which,as等（在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分）关系副词：where(on which),when(in which),why(for which)（在句中作状语）关联词：that（引导表示方式、时间的定语从句）e.g.In this earthquake,the number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250,000.I have many good friends to whom I am going to send postcards.Youre the only person whose advice he might listen to.The river which runs through the center of the city brings us a lot of pleasure.He has given us as much advice as he can.Potato can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.I dont like the way(that)you treat us.定语从句引导词的选择定语从句引导词的选择取决于先行词（被修饰词）在定语从句中的位置、成分。e.g.The people whomwhothat you met in the campus are from Australia.（作宾语）This was the time whenat which she left for Beijing.The place which/that he often visits is always full of artists.使用要点使用要点1.关系代词在从句中作主语时，不能省略。e.g.The classroom that is on the fourth floor is poorly equipped.2.关系代词在从句中作宾语且前面有介词时，不可省略。e.g.This is the girl with whom he works.3.关系副词在定语从句中不可省略。e.g.I have come to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.4.只用只用that，不用，不用which的情况的情况a.当先行词有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；b.当先行词前有the only,the very,the last等词修饰时；c.当先行词为anything,nothing,something,everything,all,little,much等不定代词修饰时；d.当先行词前有all,every,no,some,any,little,much,few等词修饰时；e.It is 句型中的引导定语从句时。5.只用只用which，不用，不用that的情况的情况a.引导非限制性定语从句时；b.引导词前有介词时；c.一个句子中若有两个定语从句，一个用that引导，另一个用which引导；d.e.g.He bought a book that could give him much knowledge and which could help him to kill the time.6.当先行词是those,he,she,anyone,one,no one,all,nobody,anybody,none等人称代词时，常用who引导，不用that。God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。He who hesitates must be lost.当断不断，必受其乱。7.as 从句的先行词是the same,such,或被他们所修饰；多用于表示肯定意义的从句中，不用于表否定意义的从句中。8.9.Many of the sports are the same as they were when they started.10.The result was not such as he expected.11.It was raining hard,which(as)was unexpected.12.8.but在英语句子中可用作关系代词在英语句子中可用作关系代词but在英语句子中可用作关系代词，引导定语从句。但应特别注意but常与否定词连用，表示肯定意义。There is no old habit but may be cured by a strong will power.没有顽强的意志力改不了的旧习惯。没有顽强的意志力改不了的旧习惯。With the introduction of the electronic computer，there is no complicated problem but can be solved in a few hours.由于引进了电子计算机，没有在几小时内解决不了的由于引进了电子计算机，没有在几小时内解决不了的复杂问题。复杂问题。9.than也可以用作关系代词than也可以用作关系代词引导定语从句，但要注意主句中必须有比较级形式和than前后呼应，同时than后谓语的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。The question is more complicated than appears on the surface.问题比表面上看起来的要复杂得多。问题比表面上看起来的要复杂得多。He smoked more cigarettes than were normally available他吸的香烟比他通常弄到的要多他吸的香烟比他通常弄到的要多。We often advise him not to drink more wine than is good for his health.我们经常劝他为了身体健康不要喝过量的酒。To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.要彻底理解这种局势需要作比迄今为止更多的思考。10.关系代词关系代词that和和关系副词关系副词when，where，why先行词为表示时间、地点或原因的名词时并不都用相应的关系副词when，where，why引导，关键要看它在定语从句中所作的成分。如果在从句中作主语或宾语则用关系代词which 或that。比较：I still remember the days when we studied together in this school.（when在从句中作状语）I still remember the days which we spend together in this school.（which在从句中作spend的宾语）This is the museum which we visited last week.（which在从句中作visited的宾语）This is the place where the traffic accident occurred.（where 在从句中作状语）The reason why he refused her is not known.why在从句中作状语）The reason which he gave is unbelievable.（which在从句中作gave的宾语）This is the house in which Louis XIII lived.=This is house which Louis XIII lived in.=This is the house where Louis XIII lived.11.在case，point，condition，situation等表示“情况、方面”的名词后亦可用where引导，意为“在这种情况下”。例如：He has reached the point where a change is needed.他已到了需要改弦易张的地步。Cheating is most likely to happen in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low.在利益丰厚而且被人发现的可能性很小的情况下，欺诈行为最有可能发生。12 介词+关系代词中代词的确定a.先行词 b.Ill never forget the day on whichwhen I joined the party.b.句子表达的意思 The boss in whose department Mr King worked got sacked.c.在非限制性定语从句中，名词代词+of+whichwhom表示整体与部分的关系 The workers,some of whom stayed for four years,came from different countries.d.介词的位置一般放在关系代词之前，有时也可放在从句中原来的位置上。e.g.We did it in the same way in which he didwhich he did in.注意：1)两个词或三个词构成的固定短语，在定语从句中一般不将介词分开放在关系代词中，这类固定短语如in addition to；take care of；pay attention to；look forward to；listen to，look for等。例如：Such a thing which we cannot put up with must not happen any longer.我们不能容忍这样的事情再次发生。2)whose多指人，也可指物，可以of which代替。指物时，在限制性定语从句中，多用whose，而of which多用于非限制性定语从句中。例如：A compass has a needle，the ends of which（=whose ends）always point north and south.指南针的指针总是指向北方或南方。He picked up the book whose cover had been broken.他挑了一本封皮破了的书。