英语数词之讲习练.ppt
中考英语总复习大全中考英语总复习大全第七篇第七篇:数词数词(一)知识概要数词用来表示人或物的数目多少和顺序。所以数词主要有两种:基数词,用于计数,如:one,two而序数词用于表示位置先后或次序,台:first second其构成法如下:阿拉伯数字 基数词 序数词 简写序数词 1 one first 1st 2 two second 2nd 3 three third 3rd 4 four fourth 4th 5 five fifth 5th 6 six sixth 6th 7 seven seventh 7th 8 eight eighth 8th 9 nine ninth 9th 10 ten tenth 10th 11 eleven eleventh 11th 12 twelve twelfth 12th 13 thirteen thirteenth 13th 14 fourteen fourteenth 14th 15 fifteen fifteenth 15th 16 sixteen sixteenth 16th 17 seventeen seventeenth 17th 18 eighteen eighteenth 18yh 19 nineteen nineteenth 19th 20 twenty twentieth 20th 21 twenty-one twenty-first 21st 30 thirty thirtieth 30th 40 forty fortieth 40th 50 fifty fiftieth 50th 60 sixty sixtieth 60th 70 seventy seventieth 70th 80 eighty eightieth 80th 90 ninety ninetieth 90th 100 a(one)hundred hundredth 100th 104 one hundred and four hundred and fourth 104th 1000 a(one)thounsand thounsandth 1000th 10000 ten thounsand ten thounsandth 10000th 1000000 one million millionth 1000000th 基数词与序数词都有一定的构成方法,但都有特殊例外的几个字,所以除了要学会一般构成法之外,还要特别记熟一些例外。因它们在考试中出现的频率很高。1 基数词构成结构2199的两位数字,在10位和个位之间加连字符构成,如89-eighty-nine.的三位数字,由hundred 加and 再加二位数或未位数字,如:101-one hundred and one,223-two hundred and twenty-three.四位以上数字,应从个位起向前数三位加逗号,读作thousand,再数三位加第二个逗号,读作million,再数三位加逗号,读作billion,其读法如下:1001-one thousand and one-five thousand,three hundred and eightysix要注意的是hundred,thousand,million与billion的用法。前面有别的基数词时,即若干个百、千、百万、十亿时,其本身都不要加s,如:three hundred students。若表示成百,成千或数百,数千时,前面不能有基数词,但其本身要用复数形式,然后+of+名词复数。如:thousands and thousands of。(成千上万)2 序数词的构成法序数词除first,second,third 以外,其余一般在词尾加th构成,除一般略有差异的各别数词外,很容易掌握。其二位数或多位数只将后面的个位数字改为序数词,其前面各位数字均不改变,都用基数词。3 其他数字表示法小数的小数点读作point,零读作o或zero,小数点后面的数字按个位基数词依次读出。分数分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1时,分数要在序数词上加s,但用one half,1 4 用a quarter.读作one third而 读作two thirds。百分数(%),读作per cent(percent),但不论是多少均用作单数形式不能加s。表示日期有两种说法和四种写法,如:2月1号英语表达法为:the first of February而美语为February(the)first,但其书写上可有四种写法February 1 February 1st 1st February 1/2。倍数的讲法有所不同。两倍用twice,而三倍以上用序数词加times,如:He has three times as many books as I have.(二)正误辨析 误 1107 should be read as a thousand a hundred as seven.正 1107 should be read as one thousand one hundred and seven.析 在读数字时,如:and前只有百或千时,用one hundred/one thousand 还是a hundred/a thousand全是可以的。但如果文有百又有千时,则只能用one不要用a。如果没有and时,如:1100也只能读作one thousand one hundred 或eleven hundred.误 I drove about half mile.正 I drove about half a mile.析 半小时为half an hour,半天为half a day,半镑为half a pound,尽量避免用half a year,half a month,要用six months,two weeks 或 fifteen days 要注意的是Half of the work is done Half of the books are sold.当Half 作名词时,其谓语动词要看of后面的名词而定。如名词是不可数名词则用单数谓语动词,如是复数名词时,则要用复数谓语动词。要注意的是一个半的表达法,如:One and a half apples is left on the table.其名词要用复数,但谓语动词则要用单数。误 60 students are playing on the ground.正 Sixty students are playing on the ground.析 在句首的数字要用文字而不要用阿拉伯数字,如数字过大则应放于句中,用阿拉伯数字。如:There are 166 students playing on the ground.误 He became famous around fifty years old.正 He became famous in his fifties.析 in his fifties 50多岁时,而in the fiflies 在50年代。误 There are about two thousands workers in our factory.正 There are about two thousand workers in our factory 析 几千,几百的表达法是基数词加thousand或加hundred,而且均不要加s。这样的单位还有dozen(打),score(20年)等。误 In the morning there are hundred of old people walking in the park.正 In the morning there are hundreds of old people walking in the park.析 当表达数百,数千时,要用hundreds of和thousands of 这一结构。误 The class begins at eight a.m.正 The class begins at 8 a.m.析 与符号或与缩写的字母连用时一定要用数字,如:43%,67,No.2 误 Twofifth of the books are sold out.正 Twofifths of the books are sold out.析 分数表示法,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,但分子大于1时,分母要在序数词后加s。误 Tom was born on July eighteen.正 Tom was born on July eighteenth.析 月日的表达法有美语和英语两种。美语 July 18 读作 July eighteenth 英语 July 18th 读作 July the eighteenth 误 Ill go to school at 7 a.m.in the morning.正 Ill go to school at 7 a.m/at 7 in the morning.析 a.m 即表达在早上之意,不要再用in the morning.误 The film will begin at three quarters past one.正 The film will begin at one quarter to two.析 大于30分钟时不要使用past,而要用差多少不到几点的to来表达。误 Three time three is nine.正 Three times three is nine.析 times 此处作为乘讲一定要加s。英语中乘除法表达式如下:算法 种类 例 句 加法 一般 Five and six is eleven.正式 Five plus six is(equals)eleven.减法 一般 Eight take away four leaves(is)four.Four from Eight leaves(is)four.正式 Eight minus four equals(is)four.乘法 一般 Three fours are twelve 34=12 正式 Three times four equals(is)twelve.一般 Two in to four is two.正式 Four divided by two equals two.(三)例题解析1-How many students are there in your school,Mike?-There are over students in our school.A.two thousands B.two thousands of C.two thousand D.two thousand of 答案 C.析 有基数词在前面时thousand,hundred 等词不能加s,也不能加of结构,只有在thousands of时才可以使用。2 John lives on floor.He doesnt use a lift to go up and down.A.nineB.the ninthC.ninthD.a ninth 答案 B.析 序数词前加定冠词,nine 与 ninth 的拼写上有一个e字母相差别。3 Wu Dong won the girls race in the school sports meeting last week.A.100 metresB.100metresC.100 metreD.100metre 答案 D.析 数词、名词、形容词等词用连字符连接成的形容词中,名词都不要加s,如:I have to write a twothousandword report.而且由连字符组成的形容词只能放于名词前,不能放于名词后,作后置定语,或用在be动词后作表语。4 There are students in our school.A.four hundred twentyB.four hundred and twentyC.four hundreds twentyD.four hundreds and twenty 答案 B.5-How many days are there in a year?-There are .A.three hundreds and sixtyfiveB.three hundreds sixtyfiveC.three hundred and sixtyfiveD.three hundred sixty five 答案 C.6 We have learned about English words.A.nine hundredsB.nine hundredC.nine hundred ofD.nine hundreds of 答案 B.7 Autumn is season of the year.A.thirdB.the threeC.thirdsD.the third 答案 D.8 They are learning now.A.Lesson EightB.the eight lessonC.Lesson EiththD.Eighth lesson 答案 A.析 第几课,第几个门,在英语中有两种说法,Lesson Two,Gate Two但要注意每一单词的首字母要大写。the second lesson,the second gate 首字母不要大写,并要注意有些缩写的读法。如:p.8-第8页(page eight)美元(five dollars and fifty)电话号码66164532(six,six,one,six,four five,three,two)9 The boy was so hungry that he ate .A.three bowls of ricesB.three bowl of riceC.three bowl of ricesD.three bowls of rice 答案 D.析 rice 是不可数物质名词,而bowl是可数名词。10 There are months in a year.A.twelveB.twelfC.twelvethD.twelfth 答案 A.本资料来源于七彩教育网本资料来源于七彩教育网第一章第一章 名词名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词,叫做名词。高考重点要求:高考重点要求:分清名词同义词、近义词在语境中语义的差别物质名词和抽象名词数的转化掌握名词的s 属格,of属格,双重属格名词复数的构成第一节 知识点概述 名词分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人、地方、机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。一、普通名词一、普通名词 普通名词指一类人或事物的名称。英语中普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词一般有单、复数两种形式。如a/one child,ten children。而不可数名词一般只有一种形式。如cash(现金)。不可数名词之前不可直接用泛指限定词和数词。不可数名词可与some一起用。如:some money,some water。也可与the一起用:the information(这信息)。(一)可数名词及其复数形式(一)可数名词及其复数形式 (1)可数名词的复数形式一般由词尾加-s或-es构成(2)可数名词复数形式的不规则构成法1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如:two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeysholiday-holidays比较:层楼:storey-storeys story-stories 2)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加s,如:photo-photospiano-pianos radio-radioszoo-zoos;b.加es,如:potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesc.均可,如:zero-zeros/zeroes 3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:a.加s,如:belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs;b.去f,fe 加ves,如:half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves;c.均可,如:handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves(二)可数名词和不可数名词(二)可数名词和不可数名词 英语中的绝大多数名词既可以用作可数名词也可以用作不可数名词。1可数名词 可数名词一般可以分成以下二类:第一类:如bike,desk,factory等,这类名词占可数名词的多数。以bike为例:There are fifty bikes at this shop这家商店有50辆自行车。第二类:如clothes等,本身表示复数形式。以clothes为例:She cares for nice clothes她爱好穿着。2不可数名词不可数名词的用法特征主要有以下几种:(1)不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语。例如:Knowledge is power知识就是力量。(2)由much,little等词修饰。例如:They have saved much money for future use他们存了很多钱以备未来使用。(3)与表示单位的量词如a piece of等连用。例如:Go and fetch me a piece of chalk给我去拿一支粉笔。要十分注意的是:不可数名词不能与不定冠词或数词直接用在一起。如不能说a good news,an advice,a hard work等。不可数名词可以与量词使用构成不同的词组:如:a piec e of paper 一张纸 a drop of water 一滴水a 1oaf of bread 一条面包 a bag of money 一袋钱a bottle of milk 一瓶牛奶 a pair of shoes 一双鞋二、专有名词二、专有名词专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。其特点是:第一个字母大写,通常不与冠词连用,无复数形式。(一)人名(一)人名 英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反,姓在后面,名在前面,姓名前通常不用冠词。例如:Mary Smith,George Washington。(1)一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如:Hows John getting on?约翰近来好吗?(2)在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时,常把姓和称谓连用。例如:Would you please tell Dr.Smith to come to the office?请你告诉史密斯博士到办公室来一次好吗?(3)姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如:The Turners have gone to America特纳一家人去美国了。(二)地名(二)地名 (1)大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如:Asia,America,China,London,Shanghai (2)大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如:Silver Lake;Mount Tai(3)山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。例如:the Pacific,the English Channel,the Sahara(三)日期名(三)日期名(1)节日名前通常不用冠词。例如:Christmas,National Day(2)星期名前通常不用冠词。例如:Sunday,Tuesday(3)月份名前通常不用冠词。例如:April,December三、名词所有格三、名词所有格名词所有格是指一个名词与另一个名词之间存在所有关系时所用的形式。其构成有两种:一种是由名词末尾加s构成;另一种由介词of加名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西;后者多用来表示无生命的东西。例如:Childrens Palace 少年宫Toms bike 汤姆的自行车the title of the book 书名the legs of the table 桌子的腿(一)所有格形式的构成(一)所有格形式的构成(1)单数名词后加s,其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同。例如:the girls father 女孩的父亲 (2)以s结尾的复数名词后加。例如:two hours walk 两个小时的步行 (3)不以s结尾的复数名词后加s。例如:the childrens holiday 孩子们的节日 (4)以s结尾的名词或人名,可以加s,也可加号。例如:Thomass brother 托马斯的兄弟 the bosss handwriting 老板的书写 (5)表示各自的所有关系,不是共有的,要分别在各个名词末尾加s,如:Johns and Marys rooms 约翰和玛丽各人的房间 若表示共有的,则在最后一个名词的末尾加s,如:John and Marys room 约翰和玛丽合住的房间(二)(二)“s”所有格的用法所有格的用法 s所有格常表示有生命的东西,但也可表示无生命的东西。例如:(1)表示时间:todays newspaper 今天的报纸 (2)表示自然现象:the moons rays 月光 (3)表示国家、城市、机构:Shanghais industry 上海的工业 (4)表示度量衡及价值:twenty dollars value 20美元的价值five miles distance 5英里的距离(三)(三)“s”和和of所有格所表示的关系所有格所表示的关系1表示所有关系可分为可分割的所有关系和不可分割的所有关系。可分割的所有关系通常指身外之物,一般不可用of表示。例如:Johns pen(John has a pen)约翰的钢笔不可说:a pen of John但不可分割的所有关系,指自身拥有的不可分割的东西可用s也可用of表示。例如:Marys hands(Mary has two hands)玛丽的手也可以说:the hands of Mary2表示主谓关系the doctors advice(The doctor advised)医生的建议his mothers request(His mother requested)他母亲的请求3表示动宾关系the war prisoners release 释放战俘childrens education 年轻一代的教育4表示同位语关系(通常用of表示)the city of Rome罗马城the city of Pairs巴黎城第二节 实战演练一、复习时需注意的要点一、复习时需注意的要点有些名词形式像复数,但含义是单数,而有些名词是没有单数形式的,应注意谓语动词的选用。例如:Maths is the language of scienceNo news is good newsThe Chinese people are a great people2、集体名词用作整体时,谓语动词要用单数。如用作整体中的各个成员时,谓语动词要用复数。例如:His family is a big one.His family are fond of music.3、在“there be”的句子中,谓语动词的数应和其最近的主语的数相一致。例如:例如:There are two pictures on the wallThere is a cat and two dogs in the garden4、表示两者共有关系时,只需在最后一个名词后加s;表示几个并列名词的各自所有关系时,必须在每个名词后加“s”。例如:Li Ping and Li Yings father.李平和李英的父亲.Li Pings and Li Yings fathers.李平的父亲和李英的父亲.二、历届高考试题分析二、历届高考试题分析例1、The young dancers looked so charming in their beautiful clothes that we took _ pictures of them.A.many of B.masses of C.the number of D.a large amount of答案为B。【解析】此题考查可数名词和不可数名词表示不定量意义的限定词。many修饰可数名词复数时不用of,故A不可选。number用来表示大量,很多时,应为a number of,故C也不可选,a large amount of用来修饰不可数名词,而picture是可数名词,故D也不可选。B项masses of是非正式的表达方式,后跟可数名词。例2、He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his _ was seen at its best when he worked with others.A.temper B.appearanceC.talentD.character答案:D【解析】temper脾气;appearance外表;talent天赋,才能;character 性格。例3、One of the consequences of our planets being warned up is a(n)_ in the number of natural disasters.A.result B.account C.reason D.increase答案为D。【解析】result意为结果;account意为数量;reason意为理由,原因;increase意为增加。原句是说地球升温造成的后果之一是(增加)了自然灾害的数量。只有填increase比较合适,而其他几个词则无法讲通。例4、Life is tough in the city.In order to lose their_,some people drink alcohol.A.temper B.mood C.consciousness D.pressures答案为D。【解析】lose ones temper意为发脾气;mood意为心境,情绪;consciousness意为清醒,意识。第一句说“在城市生活很困难”。所以应是“为了缓解压力”。例5、The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it.A.bicycles shop B.bicycle shop C.bicycles shop D.bicycles shop答案为B。【解析】名词做定语如表示所属关系有两种情况:有生命的东西的名词要加s;无生命的东西通常用of。名词做定语如不表示所有关系,往往只用名词单数形式。表示什么样的商店要用名词单数修饰shop。译文:自行车商店就在拐角处,你不会错过它。例6、His daughter is always shy in _and she never dares to make a speech to _.A.the public;the public B.public;the publicC.the public;public D.public;public答案为B。【解析】In public的意思是“在公众场合”;the public的意思是“公众”。译文:他女儿在公众场合很害羞,她从来没有对公众做过报告。例7、What he has done is far from _.A.satisfactory B.satisfied C.satisfaction D.satisfy答案为C。【解析】句中from是介词,后接名词。译文:他所做的事离满意还差得远。satisfactory是形容词,意思是“令人满意的”;satisfied是过去分词,可作为形容词使用,意思是“感到满意的”;satisfy是动词,意思是“使满意”。例8、Chinese arts have won the _ of a lot of people outside China.A.enjoyment B.appreciation C.entertainment D.reputation答案为B。【解析】本题考察名词。根据句意“中国艺术已经赢得了许多外国人的欣赏”。选项A“enjoyment(乐趣)”和选项C“entertainment(娱乐)”以及D“reputation名声”均不符合句意。例9、The environmentalists said wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.A.attendance B.escape C.absence D.appearance答案为D。【解析】本题考察名词。根据句意“环境保护论者说也山羊在大草原上出现是环境得到改善的好兆头”,选项D符合句意。例10、Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke.I was very tired.There is no _ for this while you are on duty.A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation 答案为B。【解析】考查名词辨析。excuse理由、借口。说话人意为:你在值班的时候是没有任何理由出去的。reason原因;cause事情起因;explanation解释,与句意不符。