国际关系与国际法课件.ppt

国际关系与国际法何志鹏吉林大学法学院第二讲国际关系的主体与主题国际关系主体国际关系中的行为体有哪些？Actors Through the Definition of International Relations 1A strict,narrow and somewhat classical definition of International Relations would be that it is:“the study of relationships among the worlds governments”Actors Through the Definition of International Relations 2In practice,when talking of International Relations,we also take into account international dimensions of relations of governments with other actors,(not just with each other).These other actors,e.g.international organizations,multinational corporations&individuals can also interact with each other in the international sphere,an area shaped not only by the direct political association of government leaders,but also by economic structures,culture,domestic politics,&geographical&historical influences.Actors in IRSTATE ACTORSGovernmentLeadersBureaucraticOrganizations&PersonnelParliamentsNON-STATE ACTORSSubstateActorsTransnationalActorsNon-governmentalOrganizations(NGOs)Actors in IR:State ActorsWe often talk about states taking actions in the international arena.Britain decides to go to war after Argentina occupied the Falklands;China decides to join the WTO;Sweden gives$1 billion in credit to developing countries.etc.Actually,though focusing on the state per se helps simplify things,it overlooks the fact that there are various individuals&groups&organizations that can&do take&implement decisions in the name of the state,including,for example,governments&diplomats,parliamentary committees&assemblies.Actors in IR:Non-State Actors(a)While a state-centric understanding of the international system traditionally dominated,there is now increased recognition of role of non-state actors in what some refer to as a multi-centric international system,i.e.one where media companies like CNN or Al Jazeera,&environmental groups such as Greenpeace&the World Wildlife Fund,&terrorist organizations such as Al Qaeda,&transnational or multi-national corporations such as Coca Cola,IBM&Toyota&Unilever,&even influential individuals such as say Bob Geldof,have a big impact.Actors in IR:Non-State Actors(b)While states may still be the most important actors in IR,they are often strongly limited or influenced in their actions by a variety of non-state actorsWe can Identify 3 main categories of non-State Actors in IR:1)Substate Actors2)Transnational Actors3)Nongovernmental OrganizationsActors in IR:Non-State Actors(c)Substate ActorsDefined as:“Groups&interests within states that influence the states foreign policy.”E.g.Greek-American lobby&arms embargo on Turkey in 1975 or TSİAD&Turkeys policy regarding the EU,or Turkish consumers who boycotted Italian products when Italy gave temporary shelter to PKK leader calan.Actors in IR:Non-State Actors(d)Transnational Actors(i)Defined as:International actors who“operate across state borders”Businesses commonly described as Multinational Corporations(or MNCs)have become very impt.transnational actors that over the past century have had an increasingly large impact on IR.One of earlier famous examples of this is related to the term banana republic.Actors in IR:Non-State Actors(d)Transnational Actors(ii)The BaNaNa RePuBlicBaNaNa RePuBlic.When we talk of banana republics we are referring to corrupt administrations or states,where things are not determined by,&in the interests of the people of the state(or by their representatives),but by external powers.Actors in IR:Non-State Actors(d)Transnational Actors(iii)This term originates from early C20th&the relationship of the MNC the United Fruit Company with small states in Central America,many of which were major suppliers of bananas.We now know that it was through the actions of this company that some governments were established to defend the companys interests.In return for the United Fruit Companys support,politicians were basically made dependent.The BaNaNa RePuBlicBaNaNa RePuBlic.Actors in IR:Non-State Actors(e)Nongovernmental OrganizationsNongovernmental Organizations(commonly known as NGOs)can also be important international actors.Such NGOs are private organizations which have membership,collect finances from&take actions in various parts of the world.E.g.Greenpeace,The International Committee of the Red Cross&Red Crescent,Amnesty International.Actors in IR:Non-State Actors(f)Intergovernmental OrganizationsIGOs*are not actually states,but rather organizations with memberships composed of various national governments.No doubt,the most famous is the United Nations(UN),but there are thousands of others from OPEC to NATO to ASEAN to the EU&AU to the WTO,&the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Council.*Together we refer to INGOs(International NGOs)&IGOs as International Organizations,or IOs.国际关系的主题国际关系的主题Key Concepts in IR思考和讨论思考和讨论中国大阅兵2009年10月1日，中国在北京举行了盛大的阅兵式。请思考：这种阅兵有何国际影响？这种阅兵代表了中国对于国际关系的何种理解？中国对于国际关系的认识安全第一周边安全不保障世界和平有隐患实力决定地位落后就挨打弱小就被欺负这种认识与和谐世界的主张是否合拍？HypothesisDespite some recent striking successes in international cooperation,present international patterns do not yet adequately protect the vital needs and fundamental interests of all nations and peoples in the global community.Two Central ConceptsThe standard of national interestThe primary role of powerSome,such as R.L.Holmes,maintain that the nation-state system itself is the major contributing factor in contemporary wars国际关系的核心概念国家利益国家利益是主权国家制定和推行对外政策的依据，是对外活动的目的利益相同：合作的基础利益相悖：摩擦和冲突国家力量国家力量亦称综合国力。是主权国家赖以生存和发展的基础，是捍卫本国利益的能力，是衡量一个国家在国际社会中地位、作用的重要尺度二者的变化决定国际关系变化发展无政府及其解释无政府状态治国方略中的权势与原则政治现实主义的六项原则政治如会，被人性法则统治以权力或实力为出发点定义的利益概念是基础被定义为权力的利益概念放之四海而皆准，但其解释可变政治行为中道德重要性拒绝以通用的道德法则来判断某一具体国家的道德诉求政治现实主义对政治事务的鲜明的学术和道德态度都无可否认无政府的解释世界政治的无政府结构无政府与权势斗争无政府乃各国所为无政府的缓解世界政治中合作的条件康德、自由遗产和对外事务联盟：制衡与搭车外交的未来国际法的用途和局限相互依赖与国际体制的效能联合国与国际安全Goals of the StateCan one be completely independent,autonomous,and self-sufficient?No,we are all interdependentForeign Policy:States conduct to promote goals of Security,Stability,and ProsperityGenerally constructed by elites out of the public eye.What is the(dis)advantage of this?Do not have the benefit of public feedback but often dont want to tip our hat to others Characteristics of IREquilibrium/Balance of Power均衡/权力平衡Cooperation/Multilateralism合作/多边主义 Dominance and Dependence主导地位与依赖War战争International Power Distribution PatternsEquilibrium or Balance of Power between two or more statesCooperation/MultilateralismMost cooperative multilateral relations are informalAre many types of formal cooperationDiplomacy-contact by skilled mediatorsTreaties and Alliances-contracts between one or more nationsInternational Law-is a world court in the Hague but many nations dont accept such a threat to sovereigntyInter-Government Organizations(IGOs)Dominance and DependenceColonialism:Military,Economic,and Political DominationNeo-Colonialism:Transnational globalization of Culture/Institutions(McWorld)IMF/World Bank:Tell countries that want loans to change economic policies国际关系的范围国际关系观察、思考、讨论的范围是什么？IR&Its Issue AreasWe refer to key topics studied in international relations as its“issue areas”.The importance of an issue area can vary over time depending upon developments,but we can give the Arab-Israeli Conflict,Regional Integration,Terrorism&Climate Change as examples which are prominent.What are the central challenges facing the world today?Globalization:World Merchandise Exports,19532002Source:World trade Organization,International Trade Statistics,2003,www.wto.orgGlobalizationGlobalizationGlobal ThreatNuclear proliferation in other parts of the worldIncrease in the lethality of terrorismEmergence of militant IslamGlobal Poverty and DiseaseEcological problems:population,ozone deterioration,global warming,etc.Global ConcernAlarming increase in civil wars based on ethnicity,religion,and tribe and clan loyaltiesGlobal ResolutionChallenges of Globalization国际关系学中的新议题主权问题:A challenge to sovereignty国家属性的变化与新的安全挑战Political instabilityEnvironmental degradationThe plight of labor性别问题IR&Its Subfields(1)IR is closely related to political science,(in fact sometimes,esp.in the USA,it is considered a subfield of political science),&as such it is concerned with international politics,i.e.“the decisions of governments concerning their actions towards other governments”.However,the boundaries of the field of IR are somewhat uncertain&it can be considered in some respects an interdisciplinary field which relates international politics to other fields,such as history,economics&sociology.IR&Its Subfields(2)We can also try to determine the limitsof IR by outlining the subfields it includes.We can identify 2 main subfields:International Security&International Political Economy(IPE).INTERNATIONALRELATIONSINTERNATIONALSECURITYINTERNATIONALPOLITICALECONOMYIR&Its Subfields(3)Traditionally study of IR has focused on the central questions of war&peace(Why is there war?How can peaceful relations among states be established?Does a balance-of-power help prevent war?How do arms races develop?etc.).We call the subfield focusing on such issues that of International Security.By the 1970s the growing role of economics in IR was increasingly recognized.A 2nd major subfield of IR developed&gained importance under the name of International Political Economy(or,IPE).This subfield focused on the political relevance of trade&financial interactions among states for IR.Today the close association between these two main subfields is commonly recognized.IR&Daily LifeNot then just government leaders&ministers who shape international affairs.E.g.,each time you buy a product,(e.g.is it Japanese,American,French?Is it environmentally friendly?),you will be having an impact on IR;or,when you vote in domestic elections,(e.g.for a pro-or anti-EU party),you will be having an impact on IR.The inverse is also increasingly true!I.e.developments in IR also impact our daily lives(e.g.A major war in the Middle East could lead to an increase in fuel prices,leaving us less income to spend on entertainment,or making us more likely to walk or use public transport).