研究生学术综合英语.pptx

Part A Section A Pre-listening-Background InformationToll Road A toll road(or tollway,turnpike,pike,toll highway or an express toll route)is a privately or publicly built road for which a driver pays a toll(a fee)for use.Structures for which tolls are charged include toll bridges and toll tunnels.Non-toll roads arefinanced using other sources of revenue,most typically fuel tax or general tax funds.The building or facility in which a toll is collected may be called a toll booth,tollPre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListening第1页/共137页Section A Pre-listening-Background Informationplaza,toll station,toll bar or toll gate.This building is usually found on either side of a bridge and at exits.Three systems of toll roads exist:open(with mainline barrier toll plazas);closed(with entry/exit tolls)and all-electronic toll collection(no toll booths,only electronic toll collection gantries at entrances and exits,or at strategic locations on the mainline of the road).Toll roads have been criticized as being inefficient in three ways:1.They require vehicles to stop or slow down,manual toll collection wastes time and raises vehicle operating costs.Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListening第2页/共137页Section A Pre-listening-Background Information 2.Collection costs can absorb up to one-third of revenues,and revenue theft is considered to be comparatively easy.3.Where the tolled roads are less congested than the parallel“free”roads,the traffic diversion resulting from the tolls increases congestion on the road system and reduces its usefulness.Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListening第3页/共137页Section A toll bridgestoll bridges:a bridge over which traffic may pass upon payment of a toll,or feePart APart B第4页/共137页Section A fuel taxfuel tax:(also known as a petrol,gasoline or gas tax,or as a fuel duty)an excise tax imposed on the sale of fuelPart APart B第5页/共137页Section A.New Words and Expressionsbooming trade兴旺的贸易immigrant外来移民link together连接起来turnpike收费路fee费vehicle车辆，机动车Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListening第6页/共137页Section A Listen Task 1Listen to the lecture and try to get its main ideas by taking notes.Fill in the blanks according to your notes.1.The lecture is mainly about .2.The two important agricultural products are and .3.In the East they .In the South they .4.Advantages of roads:and .5.Purpose for road building:the relationship between road building and economic developmentgrain _cotton_grew grain_grew cotton_fast_convenient_to transport grain and cotton_Pre-listeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BListening第7页/共137页Task 2.1Listen to the lecture again and try to answer the following questions.1.About 300 years ago,what helped the United States economy grow rapidly?A booming trade in grain and cotton.2.Why was there a big demand for grain during the period from 1700 to 1800?Because of the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart B第8页/共137页Task 2.23.How was cotton output increased in the South at that time?The farmers got laborers from Africa.4.Why did trading first take place along the coast,and near rivers and lakes?Because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another.5.What did some private companies do as far as road building was concerned?They built roads and collected fees.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart B第9页/共137页ScriptRoad Building Good morning,everyone.Today Ill be talking about the relationship between road building and the development of the American economy during the 18th century.About 300 years ago,the United States economy was growing rapidly,mainly because of a booming trade in two important agricultural products:grain and cotton.Grain output in the eastern part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe.As a result,the demand for grain almost doubled.Part APart B第10页/共137页ScriptFor this reason,the trade in grain first developed in this part of the country.At the same time,the road system was gradually built up in order to transport the grain from the rural areas to various cities.The road building clearly helped develop the economy quickly in these areas and in the cities as well.During the same period,farmers in the South could get a large amount of laborers from Africa,and they started to grow cotton.As the cotton output increased,the farmers needed to sell it in other places.As a result,many roads were built to link the rural areas to the cities.Part APart B第11页/共137页ScriptAt first,this trade of grain and cotton took place along the coast,or near rivers and lakes.It took place there because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another.Before 1700,it was very expensive to move the goods by road.So,farmers had to rely mainly on rivers to move their crops to markets.At that time,there was only one continuous road that existed in the US.It ran from north to south along country roads,which were linked together to make one long road.Within a short time,the first east-to-west roads were built.They were called turnpikes.Private companies built these roads and collected fees from all vehicles that traveled on them.Part APart B第12页/共137页ScriptEventually,because of the booming trade of grain and cotton,a network of roadways was completed that connected some major cities and towns.Although traveling was still costly for farmers,they soon preferred to move their crops to cities and other areas on roadways rather than by boat because it was faster and more convenient.So here we can see a rather clear picture of road building in the United States and its impact on economic development during that period.Part APart B第13页/共137页Script2Road Building Good morning,everyone.Today Ill be talking about the relationship between road building and the development of the American economy during the 18th century.About 300 years ago,the United States economy was growing rapidly,mainly because of a booming trade in two important agricultural products:grain and cotton.Grain output in the eastern part of America increased quickly at that time due to the rapidly growing population and the large number of immigrants from Europe.As a result,the demand for grain almost doubled.Part APart B第14页/共137页ScriptFor this reason,the trade in grain first developed in this part of the country.At the same time,the road system was gradually built up in order to transport the grain from the rural areas to various cities.The road building clearly helped develop the economy quickly in these areas and in the cities as well.During the same period,farmers in the South could get a large amount of laborers from Africa,and they started to grow cotton.As the cotton output increased,the farmers needed to sell it in other places.As a result,many roads were built to link the rural areas to the cities.Part APart B第15页/共137页ScriptAt first,this trade of grain and cotton took place along the coast,or near rivers and lakes.It took place there because it was easy and cheap to transport goods from one place to another.Before 1700,it was very expensive to move the goods by road.So,farmers had to rely mainly on rivers to move their crops to markets.At that time,there was only one continuous road that existed in the US.It ran from north to south along country roads,which were linked together to make one long road.Within a short time,the first east-to-west roads were built.They were called turnpikes.Private companies built these roads and collected fees from all vehicles that traveled on them.Part APart B第16页/共137页ScriptEventually,because of the booming trade of grain and cotton,a network of roadways was completed that connected some major cities and towns.Although traveling was still costly for farmers,they soon preferred to move their crops to cities and other areas on roadways rather than by boat because it was faster and more convenient.So here we can see a rather clear picture of road building in the United States and its impact on economic development during that period.Part APart B第17页/共137页Section B Background InformationLake ItascaLake Itasca is a small glacial lake,approximately 4.7 km in area,in the Lake District of Northwestern Minnesota.It has an average depth of 6.110.7 m,and is 449.6 m above sea level.It is the source of the Mississippi River which flows 3,765.9 km to the Gulf of Mexico;however,the exact point cannot be located,because there are many small tributaries and marshy areas that drain into the Mississippi watershed.Henry Schoolcraft identified Lake Itasca as the rivers source in 1832.Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart B第18页/共137页L-B-P.2 MinnesotaMinnesota is a state in the Midwest of the United States.The twelfth largest state by area in the U.S.,it is the twenty-first most populous,with 5.27 million residents.Known as the“Land of 10,000 Lakes”,the states name comes from a Dakota word for“sky-tinted water”.Those waters,together with forests,parks,and wilderness areas,offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.The tallest building in MinnesotaThe University of MinnesotaPre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart B第19页/共137页L-B-P.3The large majority of residents are of German or Nordic descent,but ethnic diversity has increased in recent decades.Substantial influxes of African,Asian,and Latin American immigrants have joined the descendants of European immigrants and the original Native American inhabitants.The state is known for its moderate to progressive politics and social policies,civic involvement,and high voter turnout.Minnesota ranks among the healthiest states,and has a highly literate population.Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart B第20页/共137页L-B-P.New Words and ExpressionsLake Itasca艾塔斯卡湖Minnesota明尼苏达州tributary支流interior内陆，内地gulf海湾floodway泄洪道，分洪道levee堤岸reservoir水库harness治理hydroelectric水力发电的 Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart B第21页/共137页Task 1A professor is going to talk about the Mississippi River.The Mississippi RiverPre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart B第22页/共137页Task 1Listen to the lecture and try to get its main ideas by taking notes.Fill in the blanks according to your notes.1.The origin of the Mississippi River:2.The total length of the Mississippi River:3.The problem caused by the Mississippi River:4.The four ways to control floodwaters:5.The two functions of reservoirs:Lake Itasca in Minnesota_about 4,000 km_flooding in summer_floodways,dams,levees and reservoirs_holding water and generating electricity_Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details第23页/共137页Task 2Listen to the lecture again and try to answer the following questions.1.How many states does the Mississippi River drain?2.From where to where does the Mississippi River flow?3.How do the floodways work?31 U.S.states.It flows from the North to the Gulf of Mexico.They are empty channels.When the Mississippi is too high,the floodways are opened and some of the water can flow into the floodways.Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details第24页/共137页Task 24.What are levees?5.Due to the four effective ways mentioned in the lecture,since when has the huge flood not broken out?They are earthen walls built alongside a river,holding the water and keeping it from overflowing.Since the 20th century.Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details第25页/共137页L-B-L.1 ScriptThe Mississippi River in America Good afternoon.Today were going to talk about the Mississippi River.The Mississippi River is the largest river of the North America.Its major tributaries drain an area of approximately 3,000,000 square kilometers,or about one-eighth of the entire continent.The Mississippi River lies entirely in the United States.From its source at Lake Itasca in Minnesota,it flows from the North almost due south across the continental interior,collecting the waters of its major tributaries,down to the Gulf of Mexico.The Mighty Mississippi,as it is affectionately known,flows a total distance about 4,000 kilometers from its source.Part APart B第26页/共137页L-B-L.1 ScriptWith its tributaries,the Mississippi drains all or part of 31 U.S.states and two Canadian provinces.As everyone knows,in the past the river was the most important way of transporting goods from the North to the South,or from the South to the North in the United States.The Mississippi River is also a river that can sometimes get out of control and cause serious flooding in summer.Nowadays engineers use four different methods to control the floodwaters of the river.These four ways are:floodways,dams,levees and reservoirs.Ill discuss each of these here.第27页/共137页L-B-L.1 Script Floodways are the first way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River.Floodways are empty channels ready to hold water from the river.When the Mississippi River is too high,the floodways are opened and some of the water can flow into the floodways.There are several floodways along the lower Mississippi River,which help prevent flooding effectively.The second way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River is with dams.Dams are walls that are built across a river to control the water.There are more than 30 dams on the Mississippi River.Dams control the water by holding the water behind them until a decision is made to release it.第28页/共137页L-B-L.1 Script Levees are a third way of controlling the floodwaters of the Mississippi River.Levees are earthen walls built alongside a river.They hold the water in the river and keep it from covering the land beside the river.There are more than 2,000 miles of levees along the Mississippi River.In the 19th and 20th centuries,several reservoirs were built along the Mississippi River to harness the water.They have two functions.One is to hold water,and the other is to generate electricity through hydroelectric power stations.Since the 20th century,no huge flood has broken out of the Mississippi River.第29页/共137页L-B-L.1 Script2The Mississippi River in America Good afternoon.Today were going to talk about the Mississippi River.The Mississippi River is the largest river of the North America.Its major tributaries drain an area of approximately 3,000,000 square kilometers,or about one-eighth of the entire continent.The Mississippi River lies entirely in the United States.From its source at Lake Itasca in Minnesota,it flows from the North almost due south across the continen