职称英语串讲讲义理工类.pptx
比如：2010理工类（B）9WhataremychancesofpromotionifIstayhere?AretirementBadvertisementCadvancementDreplacement2010理工类（A）9Ienjoyedtheplay-ithadacleverplotandveryfunnydialoguesAboringBoriginalChumorousDlong复习重点：近义词和同义词的掌握。第1页/共36页（二）阅读判断的必背解题技巧一、题型要求题目是若干个陈述句(statement),要求根据原文所给的信息，判断每个陈述句是对(Right)、错(Wrong)，还是未提及(NotMentioned)。这种题型的难度在于，在对和错之外还有第三种状态：未提及。很多同学难以区分“错”和“未提及”。实际上，这种题型本身有一定缺陷，即不严密，有些题目很难自圆其说，但大多数题目还是有规律可循的，同学们应认真阅读下面的方法和规律，争取做对大多数的题目。第2页/共36页二、解题步骤对于考生而言，职称英语考试的时间非常紧张，阅读判断题型不适合先阅读文章后做题，而应当先阅读题目后看文意，这样便于节省时间。第一步：寻找关键词回归定位，找出题目在原文中的出处。注意：准确确定题目中的关键词，然后寻关键词在文章中所在的句子及段落。在这里我们必须明确一下“关键词”的有关知识理论：、关键词的确定依据：在文章中出现频率较低;醒目好找，有利于及时确定答案。、关键词的属性：名词或名词性短语;形容(副)词或形容(副)词性短语;专有名词;数字或年代.第3页/共36页、关键词的例外原则文章标题中的单词一般不宜作为关键词;在文章中出现频率较高的词一般不宜作为关键词;动词一般不宜作为关键词。、关键词的优先原则：短语优先于单词作为关键词;形容(副)词的比较级、最高级优先于原级作为关键词。第4页/共36页第二步：判断，根据下列原则和规律，确定正确答案。注意区分：Wrong和NotMentioned1）NotMentioned的特征第一种情况：题目中的某些内容在原文中没有提及。第二种情况：题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围，也就是更具体。第三种情况：原文是某人的目标、目的、想法、愿望、保证、发誓等，题目 是事实。原文中常用aim(目的)，purpose(目的)，promise(保证)，swear(发誓)及vow(发誓)等词。题目中用实义动词。第四种情况：题目中有比较级，原文中没有比较。2）Wrong的特征：张冠李戴和混淆是非第5页/共36页Energybeameddownfromspaceisonestepclosertoreality，nowthatCaliforniahasgiventhegreenlighttoanagreementthatwouldseethePacificGasandElectricCompanybuy200megawatt(兆瓦)ofpowerbeameddownfromsolar-powersatellitesbeginningin2016ButsomemajorchallengeswillhavetobeovercomedifthetechnologyistobeusedwidelyAstart-upcompanycalledSolarenisdesigningthesatellites，whichitsayswilluseradiowavestobeamenergydowntoareceivingstationonEarthTheattractionofcollectingsolarpowerinspaceisthealmostuninterruptedsunshineavailableineosynchronous(与地球同步的)orbitEarth-basedsolarcells，bycontrast，canonlycollectsunLightduringdaytimeandwhenskiesareclearCalifornia Gives Green Light to Space Solar Power三、真题举例第6页/共36页Butspace-basedsolarpowermustgrapple(努力克服)withthehighcostperkilogramoflaunchingthingsintospace，saysRichardSchwartzofPurdueUniversityinWestLafayette，Indiana，IfyouretalkingaboutitbeingeconomicallyviableorpoweroftheEarth，itsatoughgohesays.CalBoerman，Solarensdirectorofenergyservices，saysthecompanydesigneditssatelliteswithaviewtokeepinglaunchcostsdownWeknewwehadtocomeupwithadifferent，revolutionarydesign，hesaysApatentthecompanyhaswondescribeswaystoreducethesystemSweight，includingusinginflatableminorstofocussunlightonsolarcells，soasmallernumbercancollectthesameamountofenergy第7页/共36页ButusingminorsintroducesotherchaHenges，includingkeepingthesolarcellsfromoverheating，saysSchwartzYouhavetotakecareofheatdissipation(散发)becauseyourenowconcentratingalotofenergyinoneplace，hesaysAccordingtothecompanyspatent，SolarenssolarcellswillbeconnectedtoradiatorstohelpkeepthemcoolThoughBoermansaysthecompanybelievesitcanmakespace-basedsolarpowerwork，itisnotexpectingtocrowdoutotherformsofrenewableenergyLawsinCaliforniaandotherstatesrequireincreasinguseofrenewableenergyincomingyears，hepointsoutTomeetthoseneeds，weregoingtoneedalltypesofrenewableenergysources，hesays第8页/共36页16Solar-powersatelliteswilluseradiowavestobeamenergydownfromspaceARightBWrongCNotmentioned17Solarenisgoingtodesign200solar-powersatellitesARightBWrongCNotmentioned18Space-basedsolarcellscouldcollectsolarpoweronlywhenskiesareclearARightBWrongCNotmentioned19Oneadvantageofspace-basedsolarpowersystemisthatitiseconomicalARightBWrongCNotmentioned第9页/共36页20Inflatableminorsareusedtoreducethespace-basedsolarpowersystemARightBWrongCNotmentioned21Space-basedsolarpowerwillruleoutotherformsofrenewableenergysourcesARightBWrongCNotmentioned22Manycountrieswillgrantpermissionfortheuseofspaced-basedsolarpowersoonARightBWrongCNotmentioned第10页/共36页（三）概括大意与完成句子真题示例：（10年C级）CellPhones1Believeitornot，cellphoneshavebeenaroundforoveraquarterofacenturyThefirstcommercialcellphonesystemwasdevelopedbytheJapanesein1979ButcellphoneshavechangedalotsincethattimeTheearlycellphoneswerebigandheavybuttheyhavedevelopedintosmallandlightpalm-sizedmodelsTherehavebeenhugedevelopmentsintheirfunctions，tooWehavehadcellforwarding，textmessaging，answeringservicesandhands-freeuseforyears，butnowtherearecountlessnewfacilities，suchasinstantaccesstotheinternetandreceivingandsendingphotos第11页/共36页2Cellphoneshavebecomeverycommoninourlives；recentstatisticssuggestasmanyasoneinthreepeopleontheplanetnowhaveacellphone，andmostofthemsaytheycouldntlivewithoutoneCellphonesareusedineveryareaofourlivesandhavebecomeanecessarytool，usedforessentialarrangements，socialcontactandbusinessTheyhavemadeiteasiertocallforhelponthehighwayTheyhavemadeitpossibletokeepintouchwithpeopleonthemove“whenpeoplearetraveling3CellphoneshavemadecommunicationeasierandhavereducedtheneedforfamilyargumentsWecanusecellphonestoletourfamilyknowwellbelateoriftheresachangeofplanoranemergencyCellphoneshaveeasedtheworriesofmillionsofparentswhentheirteenagersareoutlate，theycannowcontacttheirchildrenatanytime第12页/共36页4ThisdoesnotmeanthatcellphonesareallgoodnewsTheyhavebroughtwiththemanumberofnewheadachesfortheirowners：itcostsalottoreplacestolenphones，somethingthatisbecomingafrequentoccurrence，andhaveyoueverseensuchhugephonebills?Moreserious，however，isthepotentialhealthproblemtheybring：therearefearsthatradiationfromthephonesmaycausebraintumor(肿瘤)。Thismay第13页/共36页beatimebombwaitingtohappentoyoungerpeoplewhohavegrownupwithcellphonesthattheysimplycantlivewithout.23Paragraph 1_24Paragraph 2_25Paragraph 3_26Paragraph 4_ACell phones and the familyBCommercial cell phone systemsCCell phones in everyday lifeDCell phones for teenagersEHistory of cell phonesFProblems with cell phones第14页/共36页27Nowadayscellphonesareequippedwith_28Cellphonesarecommoninourlivesandhavebecome_29Wecanusecellphonestocommunicatewithotherswhenweencounter_30Inspiteofmanybenefits，cellphoneshavebroughtfortheirowners_AanecessityBanemergencyCanumberofnewheadachesDfamilyargumentsEbigandlightpalm-sizedmodelsF.countlessnewfacilities第15页/共36页（四）阅读理解常见的题型分类：一、主旨题这类问题主要测试考生把握主题与中心思想的能力。主要形式有：1.Themainideaofthispassageis_.2.Thepassagemainlydiscusses_.3.Whatisthepassageprimarilyconcernedabout?4.Whatisthemaintopicofthispassage?除了上述直接形式外，还有隐蔽型主旨题：Whichofthefollowingistheauthorsadvicetothereader?标题是主旨题的变体。主要形式有：1.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?2.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe_.第16页/共36页作者的态度、写作目的与主题和中心思想关系密切，可以看作主旨题的延伸。主要形式有：问写作目的：1.Theauthorwritesthispassagemainlyto_.2.Theauthorspurposeinwritingthispassageis_.问态度：1.Theauthorsattitudetowards.is_.2.Thetoneofthispassagecanbedescribedas_.此外，对于文章内容、风格与读者对象的评判也可归入此类题型。如：1.Thepassageappearstobe(ismostlikely)apartof_.2.Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablybefound?第17页/共36页二、细节题这类问题测试考生把握文章细节的能力，主要与文中的考点相联系，如：最高级、惟一性、其他对比、数字年代、原因等。主要形式有：（）是非题（三正一误或三误一正）1.WhichofthefollowingisTRUE?2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUE?3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTMENTIONEDinParagraph?(二）例证题TheauthorgivesanexampleinParagraphmainlytoshowthat_.（三）其他具体题，如问原因的1)Whichofthefollowingmayleadto(cause)_.2)Themainreasonfor.is_.第18页/共36页三、词义题这类问题主要测试考生使用词语搭配和根据上下文判断词义的能力。主要形式有：1.Theword.inLine(Paragraph)mostprobablymeans_.2.InParagraph,theword.refersto(standsfor)_.3.Theword.inParagraphcanbebestreplacedby_.指代题It(They)inLinemostprobablyrefersto_.和句子意思题(Whichofthefollowingstatementsisclosestismeaningtothesentence.inParagraph?)也可以归入此类。第19页/共36页四、推理题这类问题主要测试考生能否在理解字面意义的基础上，根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推理，进而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。主要形式有：1.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat_.2.Thepassageimplies(suggests)that_.3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat_.4.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat_.5.Fromthepassagewecaninfer(drawtheconclusion)that_.第20页/共36页真题示例：（10年B级）TheIcemanOnaSeptemberdayin1991，twoGermanswereclimbingthemountainbetweenAustriaandItalyHighuponamountainpass，theyfoundthebodyofamanlyingontheice.Atthatheight(10,499feetor3，200meters)，theiceisusuallypermanent，but1991hadbeenanespeciallywarmyearThemountainicehadmeltedmorethanjustusualandsothebodyhadcometothesurfaceItwaslyingfacedownwardTheskeleton(骨架)wasinperfectcondition，exceptforawoundintheheadTherewasstillskinonthebonesandtheremainsofsomeclothesThehandswerestillholdingthewoodenhandleofanaxandonthefeettherewereverysimpleleatherandclothbootsNearbywasapairofglovesmadeoftreebark(树皮)andaholderforarrows第21页/共36页Whowastheman?Howandwhenhadhedied?EverybodyhadadifferentanswertothesequestionsSomepeoplethoughtthatitwasfromthiscentury，perhapsthebodyofasoldierwhodiedinWorldWarIsinceseveralsoldiershadalreadybeenfoundintheareaASwisswomanwhobelieveditmightbeherfather,whohaddiedinthosemountainstwentyyearsbeforeandwhosebodyhadneverbeenfoundThescientistswhorushedtolookatthebodythoughtitwasprobablymucholder，maybeevenathousandyearsold第22页/共36页Withmoderndatingtechniques，thescientistssoonlearnedthattheicemanwasabout5，300yearsoldBorninabout3300BC，helivedduringtheBronzeAgeinEuropeAtfirstscientiststhoughthewasprobablyahunterwhohaddiedfromanaccidentinthehighmountains.Morerecentevidencehowever，tellsadifferentstoryAnewkindofX-rayshowsanarrowheadstillstuckinhisshoulderItleftonlyatinyholeinhisskin，butitcausedinternaldamageandbleedingHealmostcertainlydiedfromthiswound，andnotfromthewoundonthebackofhisheadThismeansthathewasprobablyinsomekindofbattleItmayhavebeenpartofalargewar，orhemayhavebeenfightingbanditsHemayevenhavebeenabandithimself第23页/共36页Bystudyinghisclothesandtools，scientistshavealreadylearnedagreatdealfromtheIcemanaboutthetimeshelivedinwemayneverknowthefullstoryofhowhedied，buthehasgivenusimportantcluestothehistoryofthosedistanttimes41Thebodyoftheicemanwasfoundinthemountainsmainlybecause_AtwoGermanswereclimbingmountainsBhewasjustonamountainpassCthemeltedicemadehimvisibleDhewaslyingontheice第24页/共36页42Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph2?ATheicemancouldhavediedfromthewoundintheheadBTheicemanwasstruckdeadfrombehindCTheicemanwaskilledwhileworkingDTheicemanlivedapoorlife43AllthefollowingareassumptionsoncemadeabouticemanEXCEPT_AhewasasoldierinWorldWarIBhecamefromItalyChewasaSwisswomanslong-lostfatherDHewasbornaboutathousandyearsago第25页/共36页44Thescientistsmadethedeductionthattheiceman_AwashitintheshoulderbyanarrowheadBhasatinyholeinhisskincausinghisdeathCwasprobablyinsomekindofabattleDhadgotawoundonthebackofhishead45Thewordbanditsinparagraph4couldbebestreplacedby_ArobbersBshootersCsoldiersDhunters第26页/共36页五）补全短文原则：根据上下文解题真题示例：（10年B级）SemcoAt21，RicardoSemlerbecamebossofhisfatherSbusinessinBrazil，Semco，whichsoldpartsforshipsSemlerJuniorworkedlikeamadman，from7：30am，untilmidnighteverydayOneafternoon，whiletouringafactoryinNewYork，hecollapsedThedoctorwhotreatedhimsaid，Theresnothingwrongwithyou ButifyoucontinuelikethisyoullfindanewhomeinourhospitalSemlergotthemessageHechangedthewayheworkedInfact，hechangedthewayshisemployeesworkedtoo第27页/共36页HelethisworkerstakemoreresponsibilitysothattheywouldbetheonesworryingwhenthingswentwrongHeallowedthemtosettheirownsalaries，andhecutallthejobshethoughtwereunnecessary，likereceptionistsandsecretaries_(46)EveryoneatSemco，eventopmanagers，meetsguestsinreception，doesthephotocopying，sendsfaxes，typeslettersanddialsthephoneHecompletelyreorganizedtheoffice：insteadofwalls，theyhaveplantsatSemco，SObossescantshutthemselvesawayfromeveryoneelse_(47)Asforuniforms，somepeoplewearsuitsandotherswearT-shirts第28页/共36页Semlersays，WehaveasalesmanagernamedRubinAgaterwhositstherereadingthenewspaperhourafterhourHedoesntevenpretendtobebusyButwhenaSemcopumpontheothersideoftheworldfails，millionsofgallonsofoilareabouttospillintotheseaRubinspringsintoaction_(48)ThatSwhenheearnshissalaryNoonecaresifhedoesntlookbusytherestofthetimeSemcohasflexibleworkinghours：theemployeesdecidewhentheyneedtoarriveatworkTheemployeesalsoevaluatetheirbossestwiceayear_(49)Itsoundsperfect，butdoesitwork?Theanswerisinthenumbers：inthelastsixyears，SemcoSrevenueshavegonefrom$35millionto$212millionThecompanyhasgrownfromeighthundredemployeesto3，000Why?第29页/共36页Semlersaysitsbecauseofpeerpressure Peerpressuremakesemployeesworkhardforeveryoneelse_(50)Inotherwords，RicardoSemlertreatshisworkerslikeadultsandexpectsthemtoactlikeadultsAndtheydoAThissavedmoneyandbroughtmoreequalitytothecompanyBHeknowseverythingthereistoknowaboutourpumpsandhowtofixthemCAndtheworkersarefreetodecoratetheirworkspaceastheywantDMostmanagersspendtheirtimemakingitdifficultforworkerstoworkEIfsomeoneisntdoinghisjobwell，theotherworkerswillnotallowthesituationtocontinueFAlso，Semcoletsitsworkersusethecompanysmachinesfortheirownprojects，andmakesthemtakeholidaysforatleastthirtydaysayear第30页/共36页（六）完形填空真题示例：完形填空(第5165题，每题1分，共15分)下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。ObtainingDrinkingWaterfromAirHumidityNotaplanttobeseen，thedesertgroundistoodryButtheaircontainswater，andresearchscientistshavefounda_(51)ofobtainingdrinkingwaterfromairhumidityThesystemisbasedcompletelyonrenewableenergyandisthereforeautonomousCrackspermeatethedried-outdesertgroundandthelandscapebearstestimonytothelackofwaterButevenhere，wheretherearenolakes，riversorgroundwater，considerablequantitiesofwaterarestoredintheairIntheNegevdesertinIsrael，forexample，annualaveragerelativeairhumidityis64percent-ineverycubicmeterofairthereaye115millilitersofwater第31页/共36页GermanresearchscientistshavefoundawayofconvertingthisairhumidityautonomouslyintodrinkablewaterTheprocesswehavedevelopedisbasedexclusivelyonrenewableenergysources_(52)thermalsolarcollectorsandphotovoltaicceils，_(53)makesthismethodcompletelyenergy-autonomousItwill_(54)functioninregionswherethereisnoelectricalinfrastructuresaysSiegfriedEgner，headoftheresearchteamTheprincipleofthe_(55)isasfollows：hygroscopicbrine-salinesolutionwhichabsorbsmoisturerunsdownatower-shapedunitandabsorbswaterfromtheairItisthensucked_(56)atankafewmetersoffthegroundinwhichavacuumprevailsEnergyfromsolarcollectors_(57)upthebrine，whichisdilutedbythewaterithas_(58).第32页/共36页Becauseofthevacuum，theboilingpointoftheliquidislowerthanitwouldbeunder_(59)atmosphericpressureThiseffectisknownfromthemountains：astheatmosphericpressurethereislowerthaninthevalley，waterboilsattemperaturesdistinctlybelow100CTheevaporated，non-salinewateriscondensedandrunsdownthroughacompletelyfilledtubeinacontrolledmannerThegravityofthiswatercolumn_(60)producesthevacuumandsoavacuumpumpisnotneeded.Thereconcentratedbrine_(61)downthetowersurfaceagaintoabsorbmoisturefromtheairTheconceptissuitableforvariouswater_(62)Single-personunitsandplantssupplyingwatertoentirehotelsareconceivable，saysEgnerPrototypeshavebeenbuiltfor_第33页/共36页(63)systemcomponents-airmoistureabsorptionandvacuumevaporation-andtheresearchscientistshaveMready_(64)theirinterplayonalaboratoryscaleInafurther_(65)theresearchersintendtodevelopademonstrationfacility51AroadBchannelCwayDpath52AinspiteofBbecauseofCasaresultofDsuchas53AwhoBwhereCwhenDwhich54AmeanwhileBthereforeChoweverDstill55AprospectBprocessCprogressDproduct56AfromBatCaboveDinto57AkeepsBbringsCbreaksDheats第34页/共36页58AattractedBAffectedCallowedDabsorbed59AnormalBdifferentCeasyDavailable60AcontinuouslyBsuddenlyCtypicallyDseriously61AtakesBputsCfliesDruns62AusersBdesignersCownerDworkers63AbothBeveryCsameDeither64ArepairedBcancelledCtestedDcopied65AinstrumentBstepCcaseDground第35页/共36页感谢您的观看！第36页/共36页
