语言学教程学习.pptx
Whatdoyouexpectofthecourse?第1页/共70页 Textbook:Textbook:胡壮麟（主编），2011，语言学教程（第四版），北京大学出版社。Time for the courseTime for the course：two sessions,one yearAssessment method:Assessment method:final examination(70%)+attendance+homeworkMissmorethansixclasses,fail;Leave of absence for private affairs for more than eleven classes,fail.Course Description第2页/共70页Course DescriptionAim:Aim:This course will present you with some of the basic knowledge about language,including the nature of language,its system and organization,its relations with other factors such as psychology,culture,society,mind,literature,language learning and teaching,etc.Have a basic understanding on the key ideas and main branches of linguistics.Develop the ability of observation and analysis第3页/共70页uThemythsoflanguagewaitustoreveal:u四川人不怕辣，湖南人辣不怕，贵州人怕不辣。u我激动得说都不会话了。u菊清平乐相逢缥缈，窗外又拂晓。长忆清弦弄浅笑，只恨人间花少。黄菊不待清尊，相思飘落无痕。风雨重阳又过，登高多少黄昏。uIsbilingualenvironmentbeneficialforchildrensIQ?uIsEnglishorChineseamoredevelopedlanguagethanothers?uWhy bother to study linguistics第4页/共70页uItmakesyoudistinctfrommereEnglishlearnersandEnglishspeakers.uIthelpstodevelopyourabilitytothinkconsciously,theabilitytofindandsolveproblems.uItistestedifyoupursueyourgraduatestudyintheEnglishdepartment.Why bother to study linguistics第5页/共70页How to study网络教学平台Preview and reviewRelate it to your daily language use,use it as a tool to explainAn official account in Wechat:语言学午餐Ling-Lunch 第6页/共70页What is special about language of linguistics?LanguageofcommonsenseVs.LanguageofscienceThediscourseofsciencecannottranslateintocommonsensewithoutlostofmeaning.Inanytypicalgroupofsciencestudentstherewillbesomewhofindthemselvesindifficulty.第7页/共70页Is linguistics difficult to learn?人之为学有难易乎？学之，则难者亦易矣；不学，则易者亦难矣。第8页/共70页What to learn in this sessionChapter1InvitationstolinguisticsChapter2SpeechsoundsChapter3Morphology(wordformation)Chapter4Syntax(sentencestructure)Chapter5MeaningChapter8Languageinuse(meaninginuse)第9页/共70页C Chapter Onehapter OneThe basic issues in this chapter:1.What is Linguistics?1.What is Linguistics?1.1 The definition of linguistics 1.2 Main branches of linguistics 1.3 Important distinctions in linguistics2.What is Language?2.What is Language?2.1 The definition of language 2.2.Design features of language 2.3 Functions of language 第10页/共70页1.What is Linguistics?1.What is Linguistics?第11页/共70页 Linguistics is the scientific study of Linguistics is the scientific study of language.language.Two important messages are conveyed in this definition:first,scientific communicates the method that should be adopted in linguistic study;second,language communicates the proper object of study for linguistics.1.1 The definition of linguistics1.1 The definition of linguistics 第12页/共70页The method used in linguistic studyThe method used in linguistic study1.Collect and observe language facts,which are found to display some similarities,and generalizations are made.2.Hypotheses about the language structure are formulated.3.The formulated hypotheses are checked against the observed facts to prove their validity.第13页/共70页A one year old boy pronounces some unintelligible sounds.His mom finds it like the sound of ball.(collect and observe)Thirsty?Hungry?Ball?Circles?The boy smiles when mom call circles in a handkerchief ball.Something round is a ball.（hypotheses）Try other round objects.(check the validity of hypotheses)第14页/共70页The study object of linguisticsThe study object of linguisticsWhatislanguage?Whatarerulestherearethatgovernthestructureoflanguage?Whatdoalllanguageshaveincommon?Howsocialfactorsarereflectedinlanguage?Howdoesachildacquirehismothertongue?第15页/共70页1.2 Main branches of 1.2 Main branches of linguisticslinguistics第16页/共70页第17页/共70页 1.3 Important distinctions 1.3 Important distinctions in linguisticsin linguistics1.Descriptivevs.prescriptive2.Synchronicvs.diachronic3.Langueandparole4.Competenceandperformance5.Speechandwriting第18页/共70页1)Descriptive vs.prescriptive1)Descriptive vs.prescriptive The descriptivedescriptive study of language is to record linguistic phenomena or rules,to study language as a social phenomenon.The prescriptiveprescriptive study of language is to state that certain linguistic phenomena or rules should or should not be obeyed,like a grammar book does.Linguists usually use the first method in their study of language.第19页/共70页Prescriptive:网络语言不标准，不规范。Descriptive:网络语言的性质、词汇、句法、修辞特征；网络语言的规范以及对待网络语言的态度；网络语言与语文教学、当代社会文化、网民的社会心理特征、网络词语及其意义生成的认知机制等。第20页/共70页2)Synchronic vs.diachronic2)Synchronic vs.diachronic SynchronicSynchronic study of language takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.Diachronic Diachronic study examines language through the course of time.It studies the development or history of language.第21页/共70页第22页/共70页Synchronic Synchronic oror diachronicdiachronic?近代汉语副词研究60年（1949-2009）汉语基本颜色词的进化阶段与颜色范畴离合词形成的历史及成因分析主观化对句法限制的消解国外话语标记研究及其对汉语研究的启示中英文前言作者自称语语用对比研究第23页/共70页 3)LangueLangue and paroleand parole Saussure made the distinction between languelangue and paroleparole.LangueLangue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.It is a social phenomenon.ParoleParole is the actual speaking of language by an individual speaker.It is an individual linguistic phenomenon.第24页/共70页LangueParole1set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide bythe concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules2abstractconcrete3relatively stablevaries from person to person,from situation to situation第25页/共70页4)Competence&performance4)Competence&performance Chomskys competencecompetence refers to the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.It stresses the psychological or mental property of language.PerformancePerformance refers to the actual use of the language by a speaker in a real communicational context.It is the external realization of the internal linguistic competence.第26页/共70页How is Chomskys distinction between competence and performance similar to Saussures langue and parole?Similarity:the study object of linguistsDifferences:sociological view vs.psychological view第27页/共70页5.Speech and Writing5.Speech and Writing Is speech or writing the primary medium of human languages according to modern linguists?Why?From the point of view of linguistic evolutionFrom the ways that are gotten by usersFrom the information conveyed第28页/共70页2.What is Language?2.What is Language?第29页/共70页2.1 The definition of language Language is a system of Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.human communication.第30页/共70页2.2 Design features of language2.2 Design features of language Design features Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.They are devised to distinguish the communication system as possessed by human,which we term language,from communication systems as possessed by other life forms.第31页/共70页1)Arbitrariness By arbitrarinessarbitrariness we mean that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.e.g.A is called a“laoshu”in Chinese,while a“rat”or“mouse”in English.第32页/共70页And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field,and every fowl of the air;and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them:and whatsoever Adam called every living creature,that was the name thereof.Genesis 2:19 第33页/共70页OnomatopoeicOnomatopoeic words,as direct imitations of natural sounds,are not in conflict with this feature.e.g.a Chinese dog barks wangwangwang,while an English dog barks bowwow.Although they describe the same sound,the forms are different.第34页/共70页第35页/共70页第36页/共70页Arbitrariness at the syntactic levele.g.Hecameinandsatdown.Hesatdownandcamein.Hesatdownafterhecamein.Arbitrariness and conventionThelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention.第37页/共70页“When I I use a word,”Humpty Dumpty said in rather a scornful tone,“it means just what I I choose it to mean neither more nor less.”“The question is,”said Alice,“whether you cancan make words mean so many different things.”第38页/共70页By arbitrariness it means that there is no logical or intrinsic relation between sound and meaning for human language.However,this does not entail that speakers of human language can use language in his own manner,regardless of what other speakers would think.If language can be used to express meaning and exchange information,a mutual agreement as for what sound can express what meaning has to be reached at the first place,otherwise language would not exist at all.We call this mutual agreement conventionality.This is exactly what Alice remarks in the dialogue,i.e.you cannot use language in whatever way you yourself like it to be used.第39页/共70页2)Duality b k t l s f r :e u Old,sad,glad,let,back,farBy dualityduality we mean that each language is organized at two levels,one is sound and the other is meaning.The sounds at the basic level are meaningless by themselves,but they can be grouped into a large number of units of meaning at higher level of language.山东soundsoundswordsLower levelHigher level 第40页/共70页The advantage of this division is that we can use limited number of sounds to produce unlimited number of sound combinations with distinctive meanings.e.g.in the language of English we use around 48 sounds to produce almost infinite number of sound combinations(words).This feature is very economical for the system of language.第41页/共70页Alargenumberofwordscanbeformedoutofasmallsetofsounds.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeendlessnumberofsentences,whichinturncanformunlimitednumberoftexts.Sounds(smallnumber)words(largenumber)sentences(largenumber)texts(largenumber)第42页/共70页Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?Canyouexplainbydrawingasimplegraph?第43页/共70页Doesthetrafficlightsystemhaveduality?Canyouexplainbydrawingasimplegraph?第44页/共70页3)Creativity/Productivity3)Creativity/Productivity蒜你狠、富二代、裸婚、低头族A red-eyed elephant is dancing on a hotel bedBy creativitycreativity we mean that speaker of a language can produce new expressions and understand utterances that they have never heard before.第45页/共70页Canyoutellwhichfeatureoflanguagemakesitacreativesystem?duality第46页/共70页My goal for 2016 is to accomplish the goals of 2015 which I should have done in 2014 because I made a promise in 2013&planned in 2012Anothersenseofcreativityoflanguageisduetoitspotentialtocreateendlesssentences.（recursiveness递归性）第47页/共70页Attention:我骗了你。我知道你骗了我。我知道你知道我骗了你。张三知道我知道你知道我骗了你。第48页/共70页4.Displacement4.DisplacementWhereisthebook?相对论的基本假设是相对性原理，即物理定律与参照系的选择无关。Journey to the West By displacementdisplacement we mean that language can be used to refer to things that are present or not present,real or imagined.In other words,language can be use to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.第49页/共70页This feature enables speakers to communicate free of the barriers caused by time and space.It also gives human beings the ability to generalize and abstract.第50页/共70页5)Cultural transmission It refers to the fact that details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker.Language is not transmitted biologically from generation to generation.e.g.A Chinese-American child brought up in the States may not be able to say one single Chinese word if he is not purposefully taught to speak Chinese,he can only speak English.第51页/共70页2.3 Functions of Language Linguiststalkaboutthefunctionsoflanguagein an abstract sense,thatis,notintermsofusinglanguagetochat,tothink,tobuyandsell,topraiseandcondemnetc.Theysummarizethesepracticalfunctionsandattemptsomebroadclassificationsofthebasic functions of language.第52页/共70页ComprehensivetheoriesJakobsonstheoryHallidaystheory第53页/共70页Comprehensive theoriesInformativefunctionInterpersonalfunctionEmotivefunctionPerformativefunctionPhaticfunctionRecreationalfunctionMetalingualfunction第54页/共70页1.InformativeThe use of language to record facts,to state what things are like,and to exchange information.This serves as the primary function of language.e.g.第55页/共70页2.Interpersonal FunctionlThe most important sociological use of language,which serves to establish and maintain peoples status in a society(through expressing identity).lEg.honorable guests;dear teacher;lCan you think of other examples that performing the interpersonal function of language?第56页/共70页Do you like my new hair style?Its terrible.I apologize forTheinterpersonalfunctionissuchabroadcategorythatitisoftendiscussedundervariousothertermsasperformative,emotive(expressive),phatic,recreational.第57页/共70页 3.Performative Function Language can be used to do things(Austin and Searle),to change the social status or the immediate state of affairs of people.e.g.in Western countries,when the priest says:“I thereby pronounce you husband and wife.”The marriage status of the couple is recognized legally.Can you think of other examples showing performative function?第58页/共70页 4.Emotive Function Language can be used to express the emotional state of the speaker.e.g.exclamation.The expressions of gratitude and apology are also examples of this function.Expressive function第59页/共70页 5.Phatic Communion Ritual exchanges,exchanges that have little meaning but help to maintain our relationships with other people.e.g.SpeakerA:Whatsup?”SpeakerB:Hey,man,howsitgoing?(Andeachjustwalkson.)CanyoumentionsometypicalexpressionsofphaticcommunioninChinese?第60页/共70页 6.Recreational Function1.（初入江湖）化肥会挥发2.（小有名气）黑化肥发灰，灰化肥发黑3.（名动一方）黑化肥发灰会挥发；灰化肥挥发会发黑4.（天下闻名）黑化肥挥发发灰会花飞；灰化肥挥发发黑会飞花5.（一代宗师）黑灰化肥会挥发发灰黑讳为花飞；灰黑化肥会挥发发黑灰为讳飞花第61页/共70页Word play,word for words sake,the use of language to have fun.e.g.Tongue twisters such as she sells sea-shells on the sea-shore,and the shells that she sells on the sea-shore are sea-shells is uttered only for the sheer joy of language.The Chinese crosstalk and mini-comedy also belong to this category of language use.第62页/共70页 7.Metalingual Function Language can be used to explain or describe itself or other languages.e.g.Man is bipedal hairless primate.Man is a noun.It is composed of 3 phonemes.第63页/共70页Jakobsons framework of language functions第64页/共70页HowisJakobsonstheorysimilartolanguagefunctionswelearnedjustnow?CanyougiveexamplesforeachfunctionaccordingtoJakobsonstheory?第65页/共70页第66页/共70页1.1.We use language to talk about our experience of We use language to talk about our experience of the world,including the world in our own the world,including the world in our own minds,to describe events and states and entities minds,to describe events and states and entities involved in them.involved in them.(ideational function)(ideational function)2.2.We also use language to interact with other We also use language to interact with other people,to establish and maintain relations with people,to establish and maintain relations with them,to influence their behavior,to express our them,to influence their behavior,to express our own viewpoint on things in the
