英语中三大类从句.pptx

从句概述从句只能做主句的某一部分,依附于主句而存在,不能独立。从句也具有句子的特征，即有自己的主谓结构；而且带有引导词。根据从句在句中的作用，可分为名词性从句、形容词性（定语）从句和副词性（状语）从句三类。第1页/共55页一、名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其关联词有连词that,if,whether；连接代词what,who,which和连接副词when,where,why,how等。从句从句连接词连接词主语从句主语从句宾语从句宾语从句介词后介词后宾语从句宾语从句形容词后形容词后宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句同位语从句同位语从句thatwhetherifWh-词（含词（含how)带后缀带后缀ever的词的词第2页/共55页连接词的用法(一)1.that 连词 that本身无实际意义，在从句中不担当任何成分，在宾语从句中有时可以省略。如：I hear(that)he has joined the football club.That light travels in a straight line is known to all.Is it certain that they will win?第3页/共55页为保持句子平衡，that 引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语而把真正的主语从句后置。主要有以下几种情况：It is+n.(a pity/a shame/a fact/no wonder,etc)+that-clause It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.It is no wonder that he is not hungry;he has been eating sweets all day.It is+adj.(certain/likely/probable/true,etc.)+that-clause It is probable that he told her everything.It is true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week.第4页/共55页Itis+p.p.(said/reported/believed,etc.)+that-clauseItisreportedthatChinahassentanotherman-madesatelliteintoorbit.It+v.(seems/happened,etc.)+that-clauseItseemsthatAliceisnotcomingtothepartyatall.IthappenedthatIwasoutthatday.其他情况:Itdoesntmatterwhetherhewillcomeornot.Itmakesnodifferencewherewehadthemeeting.Itsuddenlyoccurredtomethatshehadforgottentolockthedoor.第5页/共55页连接词的用法(二)2.whether 和 if 连词whether和 if表“是否”之意，在从句中不可省略。在下列情况中只用whether不用if:引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时；The question is whether it is worth trying.Whether she comes or not makes no difference.I have no idea whether I should believe him or not.从句作介词的宾语时；Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings.or not紧随其后时；I dont care whether or not he has a holiday.后接不定式时。She cant decide whether to go.第6页/共55页Who,whom,whose,what,which连接代词Who,whom,whose,what,which等在从句中既起连接作用，又担当主语、宾语、表语等成分，并保留其特殊疑问词词义。如：No one knows who he was waiting for.Tell me whose house it is.Let me know which train you will be arriving on.连接词的用法(三)第7页/共55页连接词的用法(四)where,when,why,how连接副词where,when,why,how等在从句中作状语，其词义与特殊疑问词词义相同。I dont know where we are going to have the meeting.She always thinks of how she can work well.What Im anxious to know is when we can visit the museum.Please tell me when you will arrive.第8页/共55页连接词的用法(五)5.whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever,whosever 连接代词 whoever=anyone who,whomever=anyone whom,whatever=anything that,whichever=anything that.如：Whoever comes to the club is welcome.Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.You may do whatever you will.Whosever book is overdue will be fined.You may offer the book to whoever wants it.You may offer the book to whomever you like.第9页/共55页二、定语从句在复合句中，修饰主句的某个名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句，叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句位于先行词之后。定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词等引出。关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as 和关系副词when,where,why须位于从句之首、先行词之后。起着连接先行词和定语从句的作用，同时又在定语从句中充当某一成分。关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。关系副词when,where,why在定语从句中作状语。第10页/共55页限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句起修饰、限定或确定的作用，同先行词的关系十分密切，是先行词不可缺少的定语。如果将从句去掉，主句的意思就不完整，甚至不合乎逻辑。常翻译成带“的”字的定语性词组。如：The boys who are planting trees on the hill are middle school students.在山上种树的男孩都是中学生。非限制性定语从句跟先行词的关系不密切，它只是对先行词起附加说明作用。如果将其去掉，主句的意义仍然完整并合乎逻辑。从句和主句之间用逗号隔开。常翻译成并列分句。如：Toms father,who is over sixty,still works hard day and night.汤姆的父亲已年过六旬，依然努力工作着。第11页/共55页关系代词的用法（一）who who 指人，是主格，在从句中作主语。如：指人，是主格，在从句中作主语。如：Do you know the boy who is standing under the tree?He is one of the students who have been to Beijing.He is the only one of the students who has been to Beijing.注：关系代词在从句中作主语时，其人称和数要与其先行词一致。注：关系代词在从句中作主语时，其人称和数要与其先行词一致。whomwhom指人，是宾格，在从句中作宾语如：指人，是宾格，在从句中作宾语如：The student who(whom)we visited yesterday is a famous artist.注：注：whowho在口语中可代替在口语中可代替whomwhom。关系代词在从句中作宾语时，一。关系代词在从句中作宾语时，一般可省去。般可省去。whosewhose是所有格，多指人，也可以指物指物时可与是所有格，多指人，也可以指物指物时可与of whichof which换用。换用。Mrs Wang is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to Shanghai.He lives in the house whose(the windows of which)faces the south 第12页/共55页关系代词的用法（二）which which指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。指物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。He likes to use the dictionary which was published in 1986.注：关系代词作介词宾语时，介词可置于关系代词注：关系代词作介词宾语时，介词可置于关系代词之前或之后。介词前置时，关系代词不可省。指之前或之后。介词前置时，关系代词不可省。指人时亦不可用人时亦不可用whowho代替代替whomwhom。如：。如：This is the house in which we lived last year.This is the house(which)we lived in last year.注：短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开；在定语从注：短语动词中的介词不可与动词拆开；在定语从句中，其介词不可前置句中，其介词不可前置 Is this the book she is looking for?第13页/共55页关系代词的用法（三）that that指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。代替指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语或宾语。代替who,who,whom whom 或或whichwhich。但。但 thatthat在定语从句中可作介词的宾语时，在定语从句中可作介词的宾语时，介词不可前置。如：介词不可前置。如：The girl(that/who/whom)our teacher is speaking to is our monitor.asas作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，常用在作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，常用在such,the such,the samesame之后。之后。Such stamps as(Stamps such as)you have collected are very valuable.This is the same pen as I used yesterday.c.f.This is the same pen that I used yesterday第14页/共55页定语从句只用that不用which的几种情况 that指物时一般可以和which换用，但在下列几种情况下只用that不用which：先行词为all,anything,everything,nothing,something等；如:We are ready to do something that is of some help to others.先行词被all,only,no,some,any,every,each,few,little等修饰时；如：I have read all the books(that)you gave me.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时；如：The first lesson(that)Mr Green gave us will never be forgotten.第15页/共55页如果有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时；如：We know nothing about the doctors and hospitals(that)you are talking about.当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时;如 Who is that boy that was here just now?当引导词在从句中作表语时。如；China isnt the country that it used to be.第16页/共55页定语从句不能使用that的情况 定语从句中介词置于关系代词之前时，指人用whom，指物用which。如：Do you know the man to whom he is speaking?This is the house in which I lived last year.引导非限制性定语从句不能用that。如：Mr Smith has two sons,both of whom worked abroad.Beijing,which is the capital of our country,has changed a lot.They arrived at a farm house,in front of which sat a boy of seventeen.第17页/共55页which 与as 引导的非限制性定语从句which which 与asas均能引导非限制性定语从句，区别在于：which which引导非限制性定语从句可以修饰某个先行词，也可以修饰整个主句；asas引导的非限制性定语从句则揭示整个主句的内容。The new car,which I paid several thousand The new car,which I paid several thousand pounds for,is not running well.pounds for,is not running well.They rely on themselves,which is much better.They rely on themselves,which is much better.asas表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、依据、解释或评论；whichwhich引导的从句是对所谈及的事物进行补充说明，表明事物的状态或结果。which which引导非限制性定语从句不能放在句首；而asas可以。第18页/共55页 asas在句中有“正如”、“就象”、或“由而知”等意，从句的谓语动词多是see,watch,know,hear,say,tell,remember,see,watch,know,hear,say,tell,remember,或be expected,be be expected,be known,be said,be reported,be announced,be usual,be known,be said,be reported,be announced,be usual,be mentioned,be statedmentioned,be stated等，而且常带有can,could,maycan,could,may等情态动词；whichwhich引导的从句时，其谓语动词多为实意动词。第19页/共55页asas引导的从句所说明的内容与主句所包含的内容相似；whichwhich引导的从句所说明的内容与主句所包含的内容相同。当非限制性定语从句为否定句时，一般用whichwhich引导。whichwhich有时在定语从句中作定语；asas没有此功能。第20页/共55页介词介词+which/whom引导定语从句介词的确引导定语从句介词的确定方法定方法1.1.根据先行词来确定根据先行词来确定 This is the pot in which I boiled the milk.(in the pot)Yesterday we had a meeting,at which we discussed many problms.(at the meeting)第21页/共55页 2.2.根据从句中的谓语动词或形容词根据从句中的谓语动词或形容词来确定来确定The person to whom I complained is the manager.(complained to)The dog,of which he used to be afraid,is her favorite animal now.(be afraid of)第22页/共55页3.3.根据从句所表达的意思来确定根据从句所表达的意思来确定 Water,without which man cant live,is really important.注：当介词和从句中的动词构成固定词组时，介词不能前置注：当介词和从句中的动词构成固定词组时，介词不能前置 The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy.第23页/共55页关系副词的用法when表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词一般是表示时间概念的名词。Gone forever are the days when we were oppressed.where表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词一般是表示地点意义的名词。（注意不可用there)Two years ago I was taken to the village where I was born.why表示原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。其先行词一般是reason。Do you know the reason why she doesnt like drawing?第24页/共55页关系代词与关系副词的区别用法 当定语从句修饰具有时间、地点或原因意义的名当定语从句修饰具有时间、地点或原因意义的名词时，关系词的选用取决于其在定语从句中担当的词时，关系词的选用取决于其在定语从句中担当的成分。若作主语或宾语，用成分。若作主语或宾语，用thatthat或或whichwhich；若作状；若作状语，分别用语，分别用when,wherewhen,where或或whywhy。如：。如：I still remember the days when(in which)we stayed by the seaside.I still remember the days which(that)we spent by the seaside.This is the company that(which)supports the Super Girls.This is the company where(in which)he worked for over 10 years.Can you tell me the reason why(for which)you came late.Can you tell me the reason that(which)prevented you coming to the party?第25页/共55页难点：同位语从句与定语从句的辨别从定义上辨别：从定义上辨别：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句对前面的名词起修饰限制作用，语从句。定语从句对前面的名词起修饰限制作用，相当与形容词的功能，又叫形容词性从句。而同位相当与形容词的功能，又叫形容词性从句。而同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，表示其具体内容。语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，表示其具体内容。如：如：The news that Lily told us yesterday was very exciting.(定语从句)The news that our school football team had won the match was inspiring.(同位语从句)第26页/共55页 从引导词上辨别：从引导词上辨别：thatthat引导定语从句是既指代先行词，又在定语从句中作主语、引导定语从句是既指代先行词，又在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分，常可被宾语、表语等成分，常可被whichwhich代替代替,且作宾语时可以省略。且作宾语时可以省略。而而thatthat引导同位语从句时既无词义也不作任何成分，不可被引导同位语从句时既无词义也不作任何成分，不可被whichwhich代替，通常也不可以省略。如：代替，通常也不可以省略。如：The plan(that/which)Lily drew up yesterday was excellent.The plan that we should go to the Great Wall was wonderful.when,where,whywhen,where,why引导定语从句时都有一定语意，也都在从引导定语从句时都有一定语意，也都在从句中充当状语。但定语从句须有分别表示时间、地点和原因的名句中充当状语。但定语从句须有分别表示时间、地点和原因的名词作先行词，而同位语从句无此限制。如：词作先行词，而同位语从句无此限制。如：Do you still remember the day when we met for the first time?I have no idea when they met for the first time.what,whetherwhat,whether能引导同位语从句，但是不能引导定语从句。能引导同位语从句，但是不能引导定语从句。第27页/共55页难点：what从句与that从句的辨别what只能引导名词性从句，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，在意义上相当于一个名词或代词 that。而that既可以引导名词性从句，此时that不担当成分，只起连接作用；也可以引导定语从句修饰前面的名词或代词，此时that要担当成分，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。如：A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago.（what从句作介词宾语，what=the place that/which,不可误认为定语从句用which)Well do all(that)we can to help the child come back to school.(that从句修饰先行词all，that作宾语，可以省略。也可用what代替all(that)）试比较:What he said at the meeting surprised us all.That he said nothing at the meeting surprised us all.第28页/共55页状语从句 状语从句按意义和作用可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步、条件和比较等九种。状语从句放在主句之前常用逗号隔开；放在主句之后不用逗号。1 时间状语从句：when,whenever,as,while,before,after,until,since,once,as soon as等引导的时间状语从句。When the bell rang,the guard was waiting in his seat.You may come to my restaurant whenever you like.While ants grow,they change their forms three times.After the students were all in the chemistry lab,the professor brought out three bottles.Three months went by before they knew it.She went on cutting and cutting until she came to the end of a brook.I wait till he had finished his task.Once you remind me of the old man,I will certainly remember him.As soon as she got home,she began her housework.第29页/共55页由the minute,the moment,the instant,the day,the week,the year,the first time,any time,next time,every time,each time,the last time,all the time,from the time,by the time,immediately,instantly,directly等引导的时间状语从句I recognized you the minute I saw you.The machine starts the moment/the instant the button is pressedWe were there the week/the day it snowed heavily.Doctor Li was in the United States the year the Second World War broke out.Next time you come,you will see your grandpa.You are welcome to come any time you want to.Every time I catch a cold.I have pain in my back.The first/last time I saw James,he was lying in bed.Twelve of us took a European meal all the time we were in China.The truck will have arrived by the time you have all the things packed up.You must show the gentleman in immediately he comes.Directly he appeared,there was a dead silence.第30页/共55页when,while,as when,while,as 的用法区别的用法区别when when 引导的时间状语从句，其中的动词既可以是延续引导的时间状语从句，其中的动词既可以是延续性的也可以是瞬间性的；而且可以表示主句的动作和从句性的也可以是瞬间性的；而且可以表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。的动作同时发生，或者从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前。如：如：When the bell rang,we all stopped talking.When I was a middle school student,I always played table tennis.注：注：whenwhen可连接两个并列分句，表示可连接两个并列分句，表示“正在这时那时正在这时那时”。前面的分句可以用一般过去时，过去完成时或前面的分句可以用一般过去时，过去完成时或was/were was/were about to,was/were on the point of,was/were about to,was/were on the point of,was/were on the way to.on the way to.如：如：I was thinking about this when I heard my name called.I was on my way to school when I saw a traffic accident.He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.第31页/共55页 while while 表示表示“在在期间期间”，强调主句的动作发生在从句所表达的时间内。其引，强调主句的动作发生在从句所表达的时间内。其引导的从句的动作是延续性的。如：导的从句的动作是延续性的。如：Please dont talk so loud while others are working.注：注：whilewhile亦可作并列连词，连接两个并列分句，表示对比转折。亦可作并列连词，连接两个并列分句，表示对比转折。She thought I was talking about his daughter,while,in fact,I was talking about my daughter.第32页/共55页 as引导的时间状语从句中的动词既可以是延续性的（此时as=when/while)也可以是瞬间性的（此时as=when)；表示一个较长的时间背景。如：As/When they opened the door,Marie said,”Dont light the lamp,look!”As/When/While I was walking one day in Hyde Park,I noticed an elderly lady.第33页/共55页注：当要表述两个发展变化中的情况时通常用as.如：Asyougrowolderandolder,youllknowmoreandmoreaboutphysics.Ashetalkedon,hebecamemoreandmoreexcited,表示“一边一边”时，常用as如：Ashewasreading,hewasshakinghishead.表示随着短暂动作的发生，另一行为伴随发生时，常用as如：Hiscapwasblownawayashesatdown.as+名词=when从句。如：Asayoungman(=whenhewasayoungman),hewasfondofhunting第34页/共55页till 和untiltill 和until表示的意义相同，但要注意以下的情况：用于肯定句中，表示“一直到为止”，主句中谓语动词为延续性动词。如：Ill stay here till/until the rain stops.否定句中意为“直到才”，主句中谓语动词为瞬间性动词。如：I wont go with you till/until I finish my homework.注:until可用于句首，而till一般不可用于句首 not until位于句首时，主句须用肯定形式的倒装语序。如：Not until years later did I realize the value of that kind of giving.not until 结构可用于强调句型中，即It was not untilthat。如：It was not until the war ended that Einstein went back to his work.第35页/共55页2.地点状语从句 地点状语从句可以由where,wherever,anywhere,everywhere引导.Make a mark where you have any questions.Where there is plenty of sun and rain,the fields are green.You are free to go wherever you like.Ill take you anywhere you like.Everywhere he goes,he is warmly welcomed.第36页/共55页3.原因状语从句 引导原因状语从句的连词有 because,since,as,now that because:语气最强，所表示的是直接理由，因果关系。不能同so连用。它既可以回答why所提出的问题，又可以用在强调句型中Why are you late?Because there is a traffic jam.It is because you are lazy that you have lost the job.since:“既然.”表对方已知的事实或理由，常放在句首。Since you have got enough money with you now,you can come and buy it next time.第37页/共55页 as:“由于.”语气较弱，较口语化，表明显的原因或已知的事实，常放在句首。As he had been ready for the worst,he was not disappointed at the result.now that 和 since同义，其中可省去，用来表示提出一种新的情况，再另以推论。Now(that)you are free today,you may have a rest at home or go out for a walk.注：for是一个等立连词，连接的是两个并列的分句，而且for分句不能放在句首。It must have rained last night,for the ground is wet.第38页/共55页4.目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的连词有so that,in order that;从句中常有can,could,may,might等。He ran fast so that he might arrive there before 10 oclock.He worked day and night in order that he could succeed.My mother gets up early every morning to cook breakfast so that I can go to school on time.第39页/共55页注：当从句和主句的主语一致时，可以用so as to,in order to等不定式代替。如上述句分别可改成：He ran fast so as to arrive there before 10 oclock.He worked day and night in order to succeed.如果要把第句改为不定式，则应该作相应变动。如：My mother gets up early every morning to cook breakfast to(so as to/in order to)let me go to school on time.My mother gets up early every morning to cook breakfast for me to(so as for me to/in order for me to)go to school on time.第40页/共55页5.结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连词有so.that,such.that,so that等。so that引导的结果状语从句 They started early,so that they got to the stat