英语语言学讲课.pptx

1.Inroduction(1)Phonetics and phonology are very useful.With some phonetic knowledge we can give a much more precise description to speech sounds.And with some phonological knowledge we can become more aware of the functions of sounds in different languages.More importantly,phonetics and phonology have made the greatest contribution to“teaching”machines to“talk”.第1页/共38页(2)Linguistics is only interested in speech sounds.Sounds made by a human being but not used in language are not considered as speech sound,e.g.coughing,vomitting,snoring.第2页/共38页2.PhoneticsPhonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.It studies the characteristics of human sound-making,particularly the sounds used in speech,and provides methods for their transcription,description and classification.第3页/共38页 Three branches of phonetics:(1)Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 is the study of how speech sounds are produced.(2)Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how speech sounds are perceived by the hearer.(3)Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 studies the transmission of speech sounds through the air.第4页/共38页Our primary interest will be in articulatory phonetics.第5页/共38页Speech organs/ArticulatorsThe articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas:The pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 the throat;The oral cavity 口腔 the mouth.The speech organs located in this cavity are the tongue,the soft palate,the hard palate,the teeth ridge,the teeth and the lips;The nasal cavity鼻腔 the nose.第6页/共38页3.IPA and broad vs.narrow transcription The international phonetic alphabetIPAsystem was devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1988 and has undergone a number of revision since then.The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.The application of the phonetic symbols is universal to all languages.第7页/共38页Broad transcription 宽式标音:the transcription with letter-symbols only.Narrow transcription 严 式 标 音:the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics变音符.Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.第8页/共38页4.Classifications of English speech sounds Question:Analyze the important features of vowels and consonants.第9页/共38页(1)Classification of consonants In terms of manner of articulation,English consonants can be classified into the following types:第10页/共38页Stops/plosives 塞音/破裂音Fricatives 擦音Affricates 塞擦音Liquids 流音:llateral边音 rretroflex卷舌音Nasals 鼻音Glides/semi-vowels 滑音/半元音第11页/共38页In terms of place of articulation,English consonants can be classified into the following types:第12页/共38页 Bilabial 双唇音Labiodental 唇齿音Dental 齿音Alveolar 齿龈音Palatal 腭音Velar 软腭音Glottal 喉音第13页/共38页(2)Classification of vowels Vowels can be classified into monophthongs单元音 and diphthongs双元音.第14页/共38页Monophthongs can be classified according to:A.the position of the tongue in the mouth:front vowelscentral vowelsback vowels第15页/共38页B.the openness of the mouth:close vowelssemi-close vowelssemi-open vowelsopen vowels第16页/共38页 C.the shape of the lips:unrounded vowelsrounded vowelsD.the length of the vowels:long vowelstense vowel紧元音short vowelslax vowels松元音 第17页/共38页5.PhonologyPhonology studies how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Question:How does phonology differ from phonetics?第18页/共38页Phone音 素,phoneme音 位,and allophone音位变体 A phone is a phonetic unit or segment.The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.Question:Can a phone distinguish meaning?第19页/共38页and,at,add,lead,tell,tenHow many phones are there in the above words?How many phonemes?第20页/共38页A phoneme is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit.第21页/共38页The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.E.g.,clear l and dark l are allophones of the phoneme/l/in English;aspirated p and unaspirated p are allophones of the phoneme/p/in English.第22页/共38页Phonemic contrast音位对立,complementary distribution互补分布,and minimal pair最小对立体If two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes,they are said to form a phonemic contrast.Question:Do/f/and/v/form a phonemic contrast?How about/f/and/k/?第23页/共38页If they are allophones of the same phoneme,they do not distinguish meaning,but complement each other in distribution.第24页/共38页A minimal pair is a pair of words which differ from each other only by one sound.And the two different sounds must occur in the same position.第25页/共38页Questions:1.Do ran and rang form a minimal pair?How about lead and leave,why and high,bought and but,peek and keen,seed and soup?第26页/共38页2.What is a minimal set?Do rap,rack,ratch,ram,ran,and razz form a minimal set?How about heed,hid,head,hard,hoard,heard,hood,and hide?第27页/共38页6.Some rules in phonology(1)Sequential rules 序列规则Sequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.What is not permissible in English might be permissible in another language.第28页/共38页(2)Assimilation rule 同化规则The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by“coping”a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.第29页/共38页 indiscreet The consonant following n is an alveolar stop.inconceivable The consonant following n is a velar stop.input The consonant following n is a bilabial stop.Another example is the various forms of the negative prefix in-in different words.第30页/共38页(3)Deletion rule 省略规则The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.第31页/共38页7.Suprasegmental features超切分特征 The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.(1)Stress The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning.第32页/共38页(2)ToneThe meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in what we call tone languages.(3)Intonation 第33页/共38页Read the following tongue-twisters or ditties.She was a thistle sifter and sifted thistles through a thistle sieveThe sixth sheikhs sixth sheeps sickI can think of six thin things and of six thick things tooAround the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran第34页/共38页Did you eever iver ever in your leaf life loafSee the deevil divil devil kiss his weef wife woaf?No,I neever niver never in my leaf life loafSaw the deevil divil devil kiss his weef wife woaf.第35页/共38页She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore.The shells she sells are sea-shells I am sure,For if she sells sea-shells on the sea-shoreThen I am sure she sells sea-shore shells.第36页/共38页A flea and a fly in a flueWere imprisoned,so what could they do?Said the flea,“let us fly”Said the fly,“let us flee”So,they flew through a flaw in the flue.第37页/共38页感谢您的观看！第38页/共38页