英语阅读理解技巧.pptx

分析题干能力训练分析题干能力训练体裁分析能力训练体裁分析能力训练猜词能力训练猜词能力训练猜答案能力猜答案能力训练训练教学内容教学内容第1页/共37页1“指读”2“声读”3“译读”4“回读”5“析读”6“参照读”7“视幅过窄”8“毛病”（bad habits）:教学过程中，发现学生在阅读时常做些不利于阅读的坏动作。有的同学晃头、颠腿、转笔、听音乐、咬指头、趴在桌子上、揪头发等等。摒弃不良的阅读习惯。摒弃不良的阅读习惯。第2页/共37页高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体，即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清主线，弄清whowho、whatwhat、wherewhere、whywhy与与howhow。描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。体裁分析能力体裁分析能力第3页/共37页论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手.文章的结构往往容易把握，用主题句开门见山。文章的结构往往容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过作者往往通过信号词信号词(signal words(signal words或或transitional words)transitional words)和和关联词关联词(referents(referents来组织段落、文章来组织段落、文章.对信对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。体裁分析能力体裁分析能力第4页/共37页细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information 1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?in the passage?2)The author mentions all of the following except.2)The author mentions all of the following except.3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the 3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?passage?4)The 4)The writer writer mentions mentions all all of of the the items items listed listed below below except except _._.5)Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?5)Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?6)What is the example of.as described in the passage?6)What is the example of.as described in the passage?7)The reason for.is.7)The reason for.is.8)According to the passage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.).8)According to the passage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.).9)From the passage we know that _.9)From the passage we know that _.10)In the passage,the author states that _.10)In the passage,the author states that _.分析题干能力分析题干能力第5页/共37页细节理解题：细节理解题：细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-wh-题，它们大多是根据 文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子，再对相关的部分进行细读，找出正确答案。第6页/共37页1 1、是非题出题形式：、是非题出题形式：a.三正一误：Which of the following is true except?Which of the following is mentioned exceptb.三误一正：Which of the following is true?这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系：Which of the following mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned?这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如first，second，third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落，根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项，剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案。分析题干能力分析题干能力第7页/共37页2 2、例证题、例证题 例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为:The author provides in line(或Paragraph)an example in order to意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；此外，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。分析题干能力分析题干能力第8页/共37页3 3、年代与数字、年代与数字:这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。4 4、比较、比较:比较考点的表现形式主要有：比较考点的表现形式主要有：a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构；b.表示绝对意义的字眼：first(第一)，least(最不)，most(最)等；c.表示惟一性的词汇：only,unique等；阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题时回原文定位。分析题干能力分析题干能力第9页/共37页5 5、原因：、原因：这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示：result,reason;result in(结果)，result from(由于，baseon(以为基础)，be due to(由于)；because,for,why;as a result,consequently等。阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。分析题干能力分析题干能力第10页/共37页Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian,host of the well received TV programme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin,Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition,she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years.However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage,dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners,designed by the Asia TV Station.“Its really a hard job for me.I wont enter for such competition any more.Anyhow,I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time,in Shanghai,Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience,said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q：Which of the following is NOT true?A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B.Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.解析：解析：A、C 和和D都可在原文找到答案，而都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文列的是：项原文列的是：taken to Hong Kong可判断不是可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents，因此选，因此选B。return第11页/共37页主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种：主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种：1 1）The The generalgeneral/main/main idea of the passage is about _ idea of the passage is about _ 2 2）Which of the following Which of the following bestbest states the theme of the passage states the theme of the passage？3 3）In this passage the author discussesIn this passage the author discusses primarily primarily _ _ 4 4）The passage is The passage is mostly mostly about _about _ 5 5）The passage is The passage is mainlymainly concerned about _ concerned about _ 6 6）What is What is the main topicthe main topic of the passage of the passage？7 7）What is What is the best titlethe best title for the passage for the passage？8 8）The subjectThe subject discussed in this text is _ discussed in this text is _ 9）The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 10）The passage is meant to.11）The purpose of this article is to 分析题干能力分析题干能力第12页/共37页在解主题大意时，以下方法可供参考。在解主题大意时，以下方法可供参考。1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓抓住住反反复复出出现现的的中中心心词词，即即高高频频词词，也也叫叫做做主主题题词词。（0404年年全全国国卷卷1 1（河河南南等等）E E篇篇中中majormajor出出现现过过八八次次，尽尽管管其其词词性性、词词义义有有所不同，但它就是关键词）。所不同，但它就是关键词）。3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。例如：On the whole,in short,therefore I agree with the opinion thatGiven all these points above,I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above,I would prefer 掌握了找主题句的方法，就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误，需要同学们注意。1以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。2过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。3把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。分析题干能力分析题干能力第13页/共37页 如何寻找主题句Sample 1 People have different tastes in food.Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat.Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal.Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti,eggplant,and fresh fruit.Others could live on what were called fast-foods:a hamburger or hot dog,French fries and a soft drink.（1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。第14页/共37页Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do.Others prefer to be left to work on their own.Still others like a democratic discussion type of class.No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.（2 2）主题句也会出现在段尾。）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。本即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。它是此段内容的结论。第15页/共37页 Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat.Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark.In fact,the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations.Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand.A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（3 3）在短文中间）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问通常前面只提出问题，题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释而后又作进一步的解释,支支撑或发展撑或发展.return第16页/共37页有关推理的试题常常包括以下类型：有关推理的试题常常包括以下类型：1)It can be 1)It can be inferredinferred from the text that _.from the text that _.2)From the text we know that _.2)From the text we know that _.3)The story 3)The story impliesimplies that _.that _.4)The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.4)The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.5)The writer5)The writer s s attitude towardattitude toward.is _.is _.6)The author 6)The author impliedimplied（suggestedsuggested）thatthat 7)It may be 7)It may be concludedconcluded from the passage that from the passage that 8)Which of the following statements does the passage 8)Which of the following statements does the passage supportsupport？9)9)WithWith which of the following does the author which of the following does the author agreeagree？分析题干能力分析题干能力第17页/共37页考作者观点态度的提问方式有：考作者观点态度的提问方式有：1)The author seems to think that _.1)The author seems to think that _.2)The writer is trying to present a point of view in _.2)The writer is trying to present a point of view in _.3)The author wants to appeal to _.3)The author wants to appeal to _.4)The authors style is _.4)The authors style is _.5)The authors tone would be best described as _.5)The authors tone would be best described as _.6)What is the authors opinion of _?6)What is the authors opinion of _?7 7)The writer believe that_?The writer believe that_?8)What is the authors main purpose in the passage?8)What is the authors main purpose in the passage?9 9）In the authors opinion_?In the authors opinion_?分析题干能力分析题干能力第18页/共37页推断题推断题 1.1.解推断题应注意：解推断题应注意：(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；(2)推理的根据来自于上下文。推理的根据来自于上下文。2.2.解推断题的方法：解推断题的方法：解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。第19页/共37页确定作者态度，可以有两种思路：1、问全文主体事物的(包括主题)，可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度；2、如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度，则可以定位到具体相关句，然后确定答案。分析题干能力分析题干能力第20页/共37页Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant，“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches(蟑螂蟑螂)and two spiders.”“What do you need these things for?”the shop assistant was very surprised.“Well，”replied the man，“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”Q：The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house,it was _.A.very clean B.just cleaned by the landlordC.tidy and comfortable D.dirty and full of insects解析：他要搬出所租的房子，而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原解析：他要搬出所租的房子，而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原样，所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行样，所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行“恢复恢复”，因此推出，因此推出答案为答案为D D。第21页/共37页Example 2 Some people are never right.They never have good luck.They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing.And even if what they say or do is OK，they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time.So these people always have problems.They often break dishes.They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.Mr.Neff is different.He is always right.He is never wrong.He usually has good luck.He seldom has problems.He never breaks dishes.He never misses buses or airplanes.Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or air planes.Mr.Neff knows almost everything.He doesnt ask questions；he answers questions.He never says，“I dont know.”Q：Which of the following best describes the writers attitude to Mr.Neff?A.He finds Mr.Neff hard to understand.B.He thinks Mr.Neff wonderful.C.He feels pity for Mr.Neff.D.He does not like Mr.Neff.解析：从作者的语气中我们可以体会他的态度，特别是解析：从作者的语气中我们可以体会他的态度，特别是Even if he does miss them，it is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes.误了车或飞机误了车或飞机本该是人的失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢？明显是讥讽，也是暗示他对本该是人的失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢？明显是讥讽，也是暗示他对Mr.Neff的讨厌之情。答案为的讨厌之情。答案为D。return第22页/共37页如何根据上下文判断词语的涵义如何根据上下文判断词语的涵义这种题型常见的设题方式有：这种题型常见的设题方式有：1 1）The The underlinedunderlined word word（phrasephrase）in the passage means _in the passage means _ 2 2）The word itThe word it（themthem）in the first paragraph in the first paragraph refers torefers to _ _ 3 3）The underlined sentence in the last paragraph The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _means _ _4 4）Which of the following is Which of the following is closest in meaning toclosest in meaning to the underlined the underlined word in the second paragraph word in the second paragraph？分析题干能力分析题干能力第23页/共37页（一）根据常识、经验猜生词（一）根据常识、经验猜生词 例如：The old man put on his spectacles and began to read The door was so low that I hit the head on the lintel 猜词能力猜词能力第24页/共37页（二）根据上下文解释做出判断：（二）根据上下文解释做出判断：其方法主要有：其方法主要有：其方法主要有：其方法主要有：1 1根据文中的定义、解释猜生词根据文中的定义、解释猜生词 。例如：Skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get the main idea before you begin to read it carefully The harbor is protected by a jettya wall built out into the water 2 2利用事例或解释猜生词利用事例或解释猜生词 。例如：The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of the eye 3 3利用重复解释的信息猜生词利用重复解释的信息猜生词 。例如：Mr.Smith always arrives home punctually，neither early nor late猜词能力猜词能力第25页/共37页4 4根据同位关系进行判断：根据同位关系进行判断：根据同位关系进行判断：根据同位关系进行判断：阅读中出现一些难词，有时后面就是一个同位语，对前面的词进阅读中出现一些难词，有时后面就是一个同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这种解释有时也用连词行解释，这种解释有时也用连词“or”连接。连接。a）（）（NMET2001，D篇），篇），and other Germanic and Nordic peoples，who spoke what we now call Anglo-Saxon（or Old English），），a Germanic language b）（NMET2002，A篇）The Chunnel，a tunnel（隧道）connecting England and France，is now complete猜词能力猜词能力第26页/共37页（三）（三）（三）（三）利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义 One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizingsaying the words to themselves in a low voice The early scientific study of chemistry，known as alchemy，grew up in Egypt in the first few centuries AD 猜词能力猜词能力第27页/共37页（四）根据上下文的指代关系进行选择（四）根据上下文的指代关系进行选择（四）根据上下文的指代关系进行选择（四）根据上下文的指代关系进行选择文文章章中中的的代代词词it，that，he，him或或them可可以以指指上上文文提提到到的的人人或或物物，其其中中it和和that还还可可以以指指一一件件事事。有有时时代代词词指指代代的的对对象象相相隔隔较较远远，要要认认真真查查找找；也也有有时时需需要要对对前前面面提提到到的的内内容容进进行行总总结结，才才能能得得出出代代词词所所指指代代的的事事。例例如如（NMET2002，A篇篇）原题第57题：题：What does the underlined word it（paragraph 2）refer to？ADiscovering the moons inner space BUsing the earths inner space CMeeting the moon people“again DTraveling to outer space 原文：However，the question that moon people asked is still an interesting oneA growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it猜词能力猜词能力由此可以看出it指上句中的the question，而the question又指第一段中月球人所提的问题。所以根据第一段中的问题Why are you traveling to outer space when you dont even use your inner space？就可以判断出答案为B。第28页/共37页（五）根据转折或对比关系进行判断（五）根据转折或对比关系进行判断（五）根据转折或对比关系进行判断（五）根据转折或对比关系进行判断根根据据上上下下句句的的连连接接词词，如如：but，however，otherwise等等就就可可以以看看到到前前后后句句在在意意义义上上的的差差别别，从从而而依依据据某某一一句句的的含含义义，来来确确定定另另一一句句的的含含义义。分分号号（；）还还可可以以表表示示转转折折、对对比或不相干的意义比或不相干的意义。He has been getting better，but during the night his condition deteriorated 猜词能力猜词能力第29页/共37页(六六六六)根据因果关系进行判断根据因果关系进行判断根据因果关系进行判断根据因果关系进行判断根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。（NMET2001，A篇）篇）Biggest power failure in the citys historyAll of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted 猜词能力猜词能力后一句承接前一句，前一句的原因导致后一句的结果。根据因果关系，停电很可能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品溶化，所以melted的词义应为溶化。第30页/共37页（七）根据构词法（合成、派生、转化）进行判断（七）根据构词法（合成、派生、转化）进行判断（七）根据构词法（合成、派生、转化）进行判断（七）根据构词法（合成、派生、转化）进行判断英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是生词，但掌握了一定的构词法知识，就不难猜出它的词义。例例如如（NMET2002，B篇篇）Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences-but their knowledge of organic food is far from c