高考英语阅读理解分类及方法.ppt

Welcome to my class山东魏桥中学中学 郑士勤 阅读理解分类及方法高考阅读理解命题特点及发展趋势(一)词汇量加大，阅读速度提高(二)语篇结构较为复杂，长难句有所增加(三)体裁分布比较均匀，题材趋向多样化 （一）细节理解题（二）词义辨析题（三）推理判断题（四）主旨大意题（一）细节理解题一）细节理解题一般针对某个特定细节而提出，难度较小，一般针对某个特定细节而提出，难度较小，属浅层理解，通读短文后一般能直接找出答属浅层理解，通读短文后一般能直接找出答题依据。题依据。解题方法：解题方法：1.通读全文，领悟大意，理解文章结构层次及通读全文，领悟大意，理解文章结构层次及细节。做细节理解题，我们具备细心观察的品细节。做细节理解题，我们具备细心观察的品质。文章本身的内容是我们答题的唯一依据。质。文章本身的内容是我们答题的唯一依据。2.选用排除法。排除不符合原文细节的选项，选用排除法。排除不符合原文细节的选项，剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。The cold is the most common of mans ailments.Yet it stumped the medical authorities.Many of more terrible diseases have come under the control of modern man as the result of the knowledge gained in the lab of science research.Investigators have thought that the cold is usually caused by a virus.However,no method of studying this virus has been devised.The chimpanzee is the only animal to which the disease can be given experimentally.The use of this animal is limited by its cost and by the fact that so many of the animals die of pneumonia during the experiments.This leaves for all practical purposes only human volunteers to be used in research projects.Many inmates of prisons have helped in this work,but because of these limitations,research into the cause and cure of cold has progressed very slowly.Research into the cause and cure of cold has _.A.gone ahead very slowly B.gone ahead very quickly C.been very common D.been impossible 要求正确理解短文中一些关键词、短语或句要求正确理解短文中一些关键词、短语或句子的含义。常用的手段是利用多种表达法、子的含义。常用的手段是利用多种表达法、词的多义性、同近义语替换、习语释义等。词的多义性、同近义语替换、习语释义等。在做阅读理解时，我们经常会遇到不认识的单词、在做阅读理解时，我们经常会遇到不认识的单词、短语，这个时候我们不要紧张，因为我们会猜。短语，这个时候我们不要紧张，因为我们会猜。猜词是不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要猜词是不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要运用学过的语言知识，运用逻辑思维去正确的猜运用学过的语言知识，运用逻辑思维去正确的猜测。测。(二)词义辨析题解题方法常见的设问形式有：常见的设问形式有：1）The underlined word in the paragraph refers to/means _.2)What does“_”in paragraph stand for/mean?3)which of the following could best replace“_”？4)The expression/phrase“_”means _.1.They traveled a long way,at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.?2.2.The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650yuan a year.?3.We are on the night shift-from midnight to 8 a.m.-this week.?4.She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.?1.1.同位法。同位语部分同位法。同位语部分a large building a large building in old times in old times 给出了给出了 castle castle 的确切词的确切词义，即义，即“城堡城堡”。1.They traveled a long way,at last got to a castle,a large building in old.?2.The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650yuan a year.?3.We are on the night shift-from midnight to 8 a.m.-this week.?4.She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.?2.定义法。定语从句中定义法。定语从句中who looks after sheep 就表明就表明herdsman 的词义为的词义为牧人牧人。1.They traveled a long way,at last got to a castle,a large building in old.?2.The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650yuan a year.?3.We are on the night shift-from midnight to 8 a.m.-this week.?4.She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.?3.3.同位法。两个破折号之间的短同位法。两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明语很清楚地表明night shift night shift 是是“夜班夜班”的意思。的意思。1.They traveled a long way,at last got to a castle,a large building in old.?2.The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 650yuan a year.?3.We are on the night shift-from midnight to 8 a.m.-this week.?4.She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.?4.4.对比法。对比法。but but 一词表转折，因此一词表转折，因此but but 前后的前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天 第一节第一节上了一半才来上了一半才来，因此反向推理，可得出她平，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向时一向 准时准时 的结论。的结论。三推理判断题 主要对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、写作的思路及主要对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、写作的思路及目的等进行考查，目的等进行考查，纵观全文，在汇集短文提供的各项信息纵观全文，在汇集短文提供的各项信息的基础上，严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述事实，进行正的基础上，严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述事实，进行正确的、合乎逻辑的推论和引申，包括事情的前因后果、人确的、合乎逻辑的推论和引申，包括事情的前因后果、人物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向态度等。物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向态度等。解题方法读懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻读懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容理解文章内容,注意文章结构层次注意文章结构层次和和逻辑关系，逻辑关系，仔仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。历年高考题中出现的设问形式：历年高考题中出现的设问形式：历年高考题中出现的设问形式：历年高考题中出现的设问形式：From the text,we learn that the diary is now From the text,we learn that the diary is now owned by _.(NMET99)owned by _.(NMET99)Vanvergarges remark suggests that _.Vanvergarges remark suggests that _.(NMET 98)(NMET 98)After reading the story,what can we infer about After reading the story,what can we infer about the hospital?(NMET 96)the hospital?(NMET 96)What did Greg Rota probably do in the end?What did Greg Rota probably do in the end?（20042004全国全国全国全国）Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine?Do you know what is meant by“Take only as directed?”Read the following directions and see if you understand them.“To reduce pain,take two tablets(药片)with water,followed by one tablet every eight hours,as required.For night-time and early morning relief(缓解疼痛)take two tablets at bedtime.Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.For children six to twelve years old,give half the amount(量).For children under six years old,ask your doctors advice.Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.”It can be inferred from the directions that this medicine_.A.helps you to fall asleep quickly B.may be dangerous to small children C.cannot be taken if one feels sleepy D.shouldnt be taken by children under six(四）主旨大意题此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、主题句或主此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、主题句或主题段、作者的写作目的题段、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面，要求等方面，要求考生在准确理解全文后归考生在准确理解全文后归纳短文要点、概括中心纳短文要点、概括中心思想，也分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节等。思想，也分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节等。解题方法领会全文大意，灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑领会全文大意，灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑方法，真正理解文章的话题和中心思想。做这类试题需要方法，真正理解文章的话题和中心思想。做这类试题需要考生具有总体把握文章的能力，以及善于运用概念、判断、考生具有总体把握文章的能力，以及善于运用概念、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维能力。同时应特别注意的是，一切归纳、推理等逻辑思维能力。同时应特别注意的是，一切从文章本身出发，切忌主观臆断。从文章本身出发，切忌主观臆断。What is the topic of the text?(NMET93)What is the topic of the text?(NMET93)The text is mainly about _.(NMET95)The text is mainly about _.(NMET95)Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in Whats the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?(NMET98)the last paragraph?(NMET98)This article mainly tells about the story of _This article mainly tells about the story of _(NMET99)(NMET99)The writers purpose in writing this story is _.The writers purpose in writing this story is _.(NMET 2000)(NMET 2000)The subject discussed in this text is _.(NMET The subject discussed in this text is _.(NMET 2000)2000)What does the text mainly describe?(2004What does the text mainly describe?(2004全全全全国国国国 Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal.Such a person is not really a thief.They are sick and cannot help themselves.All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions.People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them.With medical help they may become normal citizens again.The things that a kleptomania steals are seldom of great value.They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them.Q:What is the topic of the text?A.Young Thieves.B.An Unusual Illness.C.Reasons for Stealing D.A Normal Childs Actions.1.1.先看问题，再读文章：带着问题阅读短文，确定先看问题，再读文章：带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻方向，根据不同题型，选用不同阅读方法。主攻方向，根据不同题型，选用不同阅读方法。2.2.细读全文，认真推敲：针对题目的要求，细心阅细读全文，认真推敲：针对题目的要求，细心阅读与试题有关的词汇、句子或段落，要特别留心一些读与试题有关的词汇、句子或段落，要特别留心一些信息词，它们既是检查的重点，也是把握全文意思的信息词，它们既是检查的重点，也是把握全文意思的突破口。因此必须准确判断，仔细斟酌，以便选出最突破口。因此必须准确判断，仔细斟酌，以便选出最佳答案。佳答案。3.3.复读全文，验证答案：在选出全部答案后，应复读全文，验证答案：在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全文，看前后意思是否贯通，将答案带入问题中重读全文，看前后意思是否贯通，有无矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重有无矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重选答案。选答案。1.所选有据，避免主观阅读他人作品，理解他人的意图，所选有据，避免主观阅读他人作品，理解他人的意图，必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实细节逻必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实细节逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点和看法混为一谈，自以为是。法与原文或作者的观点和看法混为一谈，自以为是。2.符合原文的答案正确答案符合原文的答案正确答案最佳答案最佳答案阅读题要求选的是最佳答案，有的答案从某个枝节来看是阅读题要求选的是最佳答案，有的答案从某个枝节来看是对，但从全文来看则不是最佳的。因此，必须通盘考虑，对，但从全文来看则不是最佳的。因此，必须通盘考虑，取主题，舍枝节。取主题，舍枝节。3.解题有法，但无定法，贵在得法。要答好阅读理解题，解题有法，但无定法，贵在得法。要答好阅读理解题，必须多读、巧读和善于思考。要不断扩大词汇量，拓宽必须多读、巧读和善于思考。要不断扩大词汇量，拓宽阅读面，提高阅读速度，同时也要探索和总结适合自己阅读面，提高阅读速度，同时也要探索和总结适合自己方法，实践出真知，多练出效益。方法，实践出真知，多练出效益。A I entered high school having read hundreds of books.But I was not a good reader.Merely bookish,I lacked a point of view when I read.Rather,I read in order to get a point of view.I searched books for good expressions and sayings,pieces of information,ideas,themesanything to enrich my thought and make me feel educated.When one of my teachers suggested to his sleepy tenth-grade English class that a person could not have a“complicated idea”until he had read at least two thousand books,I heard the words without recognizing either its irony(嘲讽)or its very complicated truth.I merely determined to make a list of all the books I had ever read.Strict with myself,I included only once a title I might have read several times.(How,after all,could one read a book more than once?)And I included only those books over a hundred pages in length.(Could anything shorter be a book?)There was yet another high school list I made.One day I came across a newspaper article about an English professor at a nearby state college.The article had a list of the“hundred most important books of Western Civilization”“More than anything else in my life,”the professor told the reporter with finality,“these books have made me all that I am.”That was the kind of words I couldnt ignore.I kept the list for the several months it took me to read all of the titles.Most books,of course,I hardly understood.While reading Platos The Republic,for example,I needed to keep looking at the introduction of the book to remind myself what the text was about.However,with the special patience and superstition(迷信)of a schoolboy,I looked at every word of the text.And by the time I reached the last word,pleased,I persuaded myself that I had read The Republic,and seriously crossed Plato off my list.B When people want to know about the weather,they usually go to their radios,TVs,newspapers,or to the Internet.However,you can also find many weather signs among wildlife,because of their highly developed senses.Drops in air pressure produce an effect on small animals in many ways.Mice and deer are good weather indicators.People who spend a lot of time outdoors have observed that,before a storm,field mice come out of their holes and run around.Deer leave high ground and come down from the mountains.Birds are especially good weather indicators because they also show the effect of a pressure drop in many ways.For example,some birds become irritable(急躁的)and quarrelsome and will fight over a piece of bread.Other birds chirp(叽叽喳喳)and sing just before a storm.It seems they know they wont get another chance for an hour or two.Birds also seek safe places before a storm.You will sometimes see birds settling in trees or gathering together on a wire close to a building.Pre-storm low pressure makes the air so thin that birds have difficulty flying.It is unusual to see many birds flying overhead in the summer time,rather than during the periods in the spring or autumn.Watch for other weather signs if you see this.If they fly in the wrong direction,they may be flying ahead of a storm.By paying closer attention to some important signs in nature,we can become better prepared for any kind of weather.“If you wish to succeed,you should use persistence as your good friend,experience as your reference,prudence as your brother and hope as your sentry.”-Edison如果你希望成功，你应当以恒心为良友，以经验为参谋，以谨慎为兄弟，以希望为哨兵。-爱迪生Homework:Using all the methods weve learned today，read the five passages in the English Weekly.