英语句子成分和句子类型.pptx

会计学1英语句子成分和句子类型英语句子成分和句子类型一、句子成分一、句子成分n n（一）句子成分的定义：（一）句子成分的定义：n n构成句子的各个部分叫做句子构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。成分。n n句子成分有主要成分和次要成句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；分；n n主要成分有主语和谓语；主要成分有主语和谓语；n n次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和状语、补足语、同位语和插入插入插入插入语语语语。第1页/共62页二）主语：二）主语：n n主语主语主语主语 (Subject)(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事，表示句子说的是什么人或什么事，表示句子说的是什么人或什么事，表示句子说的是什么人或什么事，是一是一是一是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在但在there be结构、疑问句（当结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。和主语从句等表示。第2页/共62页1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）第3页/共62页7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）第4页/共62页（三）谓语（三）谓语 n n谓语谓语谓语谓语 (Predicate)(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或说明主语所做的动作或说明主语所做的动作或说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：n n1 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：成。如：成。如：成。如：He practices running every morning.He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.The plane took off at ten oclock.第5页/共62页（三）谓语（三）谓语 n n2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：如：You may keep the book for two weeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词现在分词,过去分词构成。如：过去分词构成。如：Do you speak English？They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。保持一致。第6页/共62页（四）表语（四）表语 n n表语表语(Predicative)n n用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。等）之后。n n表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：及表语从句表示。例如：第7页/共62页1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（现在分词）（现在分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one.（数词）（数词）第8页/共62页6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）（介词短语）9.Time is up.The class is over.（副词）（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（表语从句）第9页/共62页注意：系动词（注意：系动词（注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)Linking verb)用于连接主语和用于连接主语和用于连接主语和用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只用来表示主语状态，只有有be一词，例如：一词，例如：He is a teacher.2）持续系动词持续系动词用来表示主语继续或用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：例如：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词表像系动词用来表示用来表示“看起来像看起来像”这一概念，主要有这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：He seems(to be)very sad.第10页/共62页注意：系动词（注意：系动词（注意：系动词（注意：系动词（Linking verb)Linking verb)用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词感官系动词主要有主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）变化系动词变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，表示主语变成什么样，主要有主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：例如：The river was beginning to run dry.6）终止系动词终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，表示主语已终止动作，主要有主要有prove,turn out,表达表达“证明证明是是;结果是结果是”，之意，例如：，之意，例如：The rumor(谣言谣言)proved false.His plan turned out a success.第11页/共62页（五）宾语（五）宾语 n n宾语（宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：词后面。例如：1.He is doing his homework.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）第12页/共62页4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）第13页/共62页n n宾语种类宾语种类：n n（1）双宾语（间接宾语双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）直接宾语），例如：例如：n n Lend me your dictionary,please.to:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,bring,throw等，例如：等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.for:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，等，例如：例如：She bought a gift for her mother.n n（2）复合宾语（宾语复合宾语（宾语+宾补），宾补），例例如：如：n n They elected him their monitor.第14页/共62页n n下列动词只能接不定式做宾语下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：等，如：He refused to lend me his bike.第15页/共62页n n下列动词只能接动名词做宾语下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：等，如：John has admitted breaking the window.第16页/共62页n n下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,mean,try,remember,forget,regretremember,forget,regret等。等。等。等。n nforget to doforget to do表示表示表示表示“未发生的动作未发生的动作未发生的动作未发生的动作”，forget doingforget doing表示表示表示表示“已完成的动作已完成的动作已完成的动作已完成的动作”。如：。如：。如：。如：n nDont forget to come here earlier Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(tomorrow.(还没来还没来还没来还没来)n nI forgot returning the book to him.I forgot returning the book to him.n n(书已还给他了书已还给他了书已还给他了书已还给他了)n n第17页/共62页（六）宾语补足语（六）宾语补足语 n n宾语补足语（宾语补足语（宾语补足语（宾语补足语（Object ComplementObject Complement），），），），用于用于用于用于补充说明宾语的动作补充说明宾语的动作补充说明宾语的动作补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾，一般位于宾，一般位于宾，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复复复复合宾语合宾语合宾语合宾语。n n需接复合宾语的动词有：需接复合宾语的动词有：需接复合宾语的动词有：需接复合宾语的动词有：telltell，letlet，helphelp，teachteach，askask，seesee，havehave，orderorder，makemake等。等。等。等。“宾补宾补宾补宾补”一般可由名词、形容一般可由名词、形容一般可由名词、形容一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：从句充当。例如：从句充当。例如：从句充当。例如：第18页/共62页1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）第19页/共62页（七）定语（七）定语 n n修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语句称为定语(Attribute)。n n定语可由以下等成分表示：定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词（形容词）2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词（分词）3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）（代词）第20页/共62页5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句定语从句)第21页/共62页（八）状语（八）状语 n n修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。）。可由以下形式表示可由以下形式表示：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）第22页/共62页4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin,you must continue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）第23页/共62页9种状语种类如下：种状语种类如下：1.How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）第24页/共62页n n She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）第25页/共62页 （九）同位语（九）同位语（Appositive）对前）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：或从句担任，如：This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.This is good news that he has found his son.（十）插入语（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常句话做一些附加的解释，通常有有to be honest,I think(suppose,believe)等，如：等，如：To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.第26页/共62页句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分详解表句子成分句子成分意义意义充当词类充当词类例句例句主语主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么表示句子说的是什么人或什么事事名，代，数，不定名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或式，动名词，短语或句子句子We study in Shenzhen Middle School.谓语谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样么样动词或动词词组动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象表示动作行为的对象同主语同主语Both of us like English.表语表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语定语用来修饰名词或代词用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名形，代，数，名,副，介词短语或句子副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句副词，介词短语或句子子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语宾语补足语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词形容词，名词，介词短语等短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！第27页/共62页练习练习一一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：子成分：n n1.The students got on the school bus.n n2.He handed me the newspaper.n n3.I shall answer your question after class.n n4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!n n5.They went hunting together early in the morning.S.AttributeO.PredicateAdverbialAttributeAdverbialAdverbial第28页/共62页n n6.His job is to train swimmers.n n7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.n n8.There is going to be an American film tonight.n n9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.n n10.His wish is to become a scientist.n n11.He managed to finish the work in time.n n12.Tom came to ask me for advice.n n13.He found it important to master English.AttributePredicativeO.AdverbialPredicateS.PredicateS.PredicativePredicateO.AdverbialFO.RO.第29页/共62页n n14.Do you have anything else to say?n n15.To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.n n16.Would you please tell me your address?n n17.He sat there,reading a newspaper.n n18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.n n19.He noticed a man enter the room.n n20.The apples tasted sweet.O.AttributeParenthesisAdverbialO.AdverbialAdverbialFS.PredicativeO.C.O.C.Predicative第30页/共62页划分划分句子成分句子成分1.We are working.2.I can swim very well.3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me.4.Why does the wind blow.5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day.6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone.8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow.第31页/共62页9.I have a lot of clothes to wash.I have a lot of clothes to be washed.10.He gave his son some advice on reading.11.Read me the first paragraph.12.Ive ordered some soup for you.13.He began leaning English ten years ago.14.My being late worried my teacher.15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us.16.April Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone.第32页/共62页17.He usually takes a nap after lunch,as is his habit.18.I found the book in the corner of the room.19.he finished lunch and went into the garden.20.The telephone rang.21.We study hard.22.His father might have died.23.Will you leave the door open when going out.24.Can you make the dog stand still?第33页/共62页25.The landlord had them working day and night.26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing.27.We all breathe,eat,drink.28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning.29.The book weighs five kilos.30.They will be flying to London.31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me.32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.第34页/共62页33.Please pass a newly-published magazine to me.34.He lived in Guang Zhou.35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees.36.His uncle left him some money.37.She is teaching the piano to several of the village children and she has taught us English for 3 years.38.I like popular music.39.She knows what to do next.40.It excited all of us that the president would visit our school.第35页/共62页二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（主语（主语（主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：）、谓语（）、宾语（）：）、谓语（）、宾语（）：）、谓语（）、宾语（）：n nI hope you are very well.Im fine,but tired.Right now it is the summer I hope you are very well.Im fine,but tired.Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm.August is the hottest vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm.August is the hottest month here.It is the time of year for the rice harvest,so every day I work month here.It is the time of year for the rice harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.Sometimes we go on working after dark by the from dawn until dark.Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors.We grow rice in the south of the States,but in the lights of our tractors.We grow rice in the south of the States,but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat.We have a lot of machines on north where it is colder they grow wheat.We have a lot of machines on the farm.the farm.第36页/共62页n nAlthough the farm is large,my Dad has only two men working for him.But he employs more men for the harvest.My brother takes care of the vegetable garden.It doesnt often rain in the summer here.As a result,we have to water the vegetable garden.Every evening we pump water from a well.It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.第37页/共62页三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、）、状语（）、）、状语（）、）、状语（）、补语（）：补语（）：补语（）：补语（）：n nMost Saturday evenings there is a party,even at Most Saturday evenings there is a party,even at harvest time.These parties often make us very happy.harvest time.These parties often make us very happy.We cook meat on an open fire outside.Its great!We cook meat on an open fire outside.Its great!Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion.Some of my friends drink beer.I dont,opinion.Some of my friends drink beer.I dont,because I have to drive home after the party.In your because I have to drive home after the party.In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States.There are five different time areas in the the States.There are five different time areas in the States.In my state we are fourteen hours behind States.In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time.How many different time areas do you Beijing time.How many different time areas do you have in China?Well,I must stop and get some sleep.have in China?Well,I must stop and get some sleep.Please give my best regards to your parents.Please give my best regards to your parents.第38页/共62页四、选择填空：四、选择填空：n n()1._ will leave for Beijing.n nA.Now there the man n nB.The man here nown nC.The man who is here now n nD.The man is here nown n()2.The weather _.n nA.wet and cold B.is wet and coldn nC.not wet and coldD.were wet and coldn n()3.The apple tasted _.n nA.sweets B.sweetly n nC.nicely D.sweet第39页/共62页n n()4.He got up _ yesterday morning.n nA.lately B.late n nC.latest D.lattern n()5.The actor _at the age of 70.n nA.dead B.died n nC.dyed D.dyingn n()6._ were all very tired,but none of _ would stop to take a rest.n nA.We,us B.Us,we n nC.We,our D.We,we第40页/共62页n n()7.He found the street much _.n nA.crowd B.crowding n nC.crowded D.crowdedlyn n()8.I think _necessary to learn English well.n nA.its B.it n nC.that D.th