托福阅读长难句学习教案.pptx

托福托福(tu f)阅读长难句阅读长难句第一页，共34页。This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.第1页/共34页第二页，共34页。This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.第2页/共34页第三页，共34页。This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。猫。这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里鼠偷吃了放在屋里(w l)的蛋糕。的蛋糕。屋子是杰克盖的。屋子是杰克盖的。第3页/共34页第四页，共34页。长难句类型长难句类型(lixng)(lixng)：1 1、主语或宾语拉长、主语或宾语拉长、主语或宾语拉长、主语或宾语拉长 2 2、分词短语打头、分词短语打头、分词短语打头、分词短语打头 3 3、多个谓语动词、多个谓语动词、多个谓语动词、多个谓语动词(dngc)(dngc)连用连用连用连用 4 4、插入语、插入语、插入语、插入语 5 5、并列结构使得句子变长、并列结构使得句子变长、并列结构使得句子变长、并列结构使得句子变长 6 6、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加总原则总原则(yunz)(yunz)：浓缩主干，找出核心句型浓缩主干，找出核心句型第4页/共34页第五页，共34页。1、主语或宾语拉长主语或宾语拉长解决方法解决方法(fngf)：有效分解：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。The deserts,which already occupy about a fourth of the Earths land surface,have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace.(OG Practice 2)Note:occupy 占据；占据；surface 表面；表面；alarming 令人担忧的；令人担忧的；第5页/共34页第六页，共34页。1、主语或宾语拉长主语或宾语拉长解决方法：有效解决方法：有效(yuxio)分分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。The deserts,which already occupy about a fourth of the Earths land surface,have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace.(OG Practice 2)Note:occupy 占据；占据；surface 表面；表面；alarming 令人担忧的；令人担忧的；第6页/共34页第七页，共34页。1、主语或宾语拉长主语或宾语拉长解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。断开之后各个击破。The deserts,which already occupy about a fourth of the Earths land surface,have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace.(OG Practice 2)Note:occupy 占据；占据；surface 表面；表面；decade 十年；十年；alarming 令人担忧的；令人担忧的；pace 步伐步伐(bf)，速度，速度第7页/共34页第八页，共34页。2、分词短语打头、分词短语打头 句子呈现三段（或三段以上）句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式的长句式 解决解决(jiju)方法：理清主动和方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。词与主语之间是被动关系。Working in a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland,Pennsylvania,the Conservancys Bud Smith is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth and environmental protection.Note：Conservancy 大自然保护大自然保护协会协会第8页/共34页第九页，共34页。2、分词短语、分词短语(duny)打头打头 句子呈现三段（或三段以上）句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式的长句式 解决方法：理清主动和被动关解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。语之间是被动关系。Working in a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland,Pennsylvania,the Conservancys Bud Smith is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection.Note：Conservancy 大自然保护大自然保护协会协会第9页/共34页第十页，共34页。2、分词短语打头、分词短语打头 句子呈现三段（或三段以上）句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式的长句式 解决方法：理清主动和被动关解决方法：理清主动和被动关系系(gun x)。一般来说现在分词。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系与主语之间是主动关系(gun x)；而过去分词与主语之间是被动；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系关系(gun x)。Working in a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland,Pennsylvania,the Conservancys Bud Smith is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth and environmental protection.Note：Conservancy 大自然保护大自然保护协会协会第10页/共34页第十一页，共34页。2、分词短语打头、分词短语打头 句子呈现三段（或三段以上）句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式的长句式 解决方法：理清主动解决方法：理清主动(zhdng)和被动关系。一般来和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动说现在分词与主语之间是主动(zhdng)关系；而过去分词与关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。主语之间是被动关系。Having little understanding of natural causes,it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces,and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.（TPO）Note：it refers to society第11页/共34页第十二页，共34页。2、分词短语打头、分词短语打头 句子句子(j zi)呈现三段（或三段呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式以上）的长句式 解决方法：理清主动和被动关解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。语之间是被动关系。Having little understanding of natural causes,it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces,and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces.Note：it refers to society第12页/共34页第十三页，共34页。介词短语介词短语(duny)位于句首类位于句首类似分词短语似分词短语(duny)形式。形式。In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States,many Americans are turning to Japan,a country of high academic achievement and economic success,for possible answers.第13页/共34页第十四页，共34页。介词短语位于句首类似介词短语位于句首类似(li s)分词短语形式。分词短语形式。In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States,many Americans are turning to Japan,a country of high academic achievement and economic success,for possible answers.第14页/共34页第十五页，共34页。介词短语位于句首类似分词介词短语位于句首类似分词(fn c)短语形式。短语形式。In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States,many Americans are turning to Japan,a country of high academic achievement and economic success,for possible answers.turn to sb for sth有一段时间，美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意，许多人于是转向日本，想从中有一段时间，美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意，许多人于是转向日本，想从中寻求可能的解决办法，因为日本不仅经济实力强，而且寻求可能的解决办法，因为日本不仅经济实力强，而且(r qi)学术成就也很高。学术成就也很高。第15页/共34页第十六页，共34页。3 3 3 3、多个谓语、多个谓语、多个谓语、多个谓语(wiy)(wiy)(wiy)(wiy)动词连用动词连用动词连用动词连用 解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。英语句子语动词和从句的谓语动词。英语句子语动词和从句的谓语动词。英语句子语动词和从句的谓语动词。英语句子(j zi)(j zi)本身就犹如本身就犹如本身就犹如本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。用。用。用。第16页/共34页第十七页，共34页。Scratchy throats,stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery,but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.Notes:scratchy 痒的；痒的；stuffy 不通气的；不通气的；Spell：引起：引起(ynq)；make a difference 有影响，有关系有影响，有关系第17页/共34页第十八页，共34页。Scratchy throats,stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery,but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.Notes:scratchy 痒的；痒的；stuffy 不通气不通气(tng q)的；的；Spell：引起；：引起；make a difference 有影响，有影响，有关系有关系第18页/共34页第十九页，共34页。Later,people tried to lift a building off its foundation,and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations.Foundation 地基Insert 插入(ch r)Vibration 震动第19页/共34页第二十页，共34页。Later,people tried to lift a building off its foundation,and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations.Foundation 地基Insert 插入(ch r)Vibration 震动第20页/共34页第二十一页，共34页。Later,people tried to lift a building off its foundation,and insert rubber and steel between the building and its foundation to reduce the impact of ground vibrations.Foundation 地基Insert 插入Vibration 震动后来，人们试图解除了它的基础建设，并插入橡胶(xingjio)之间的建筑物和地基钢铁以减少地表震动的影响。第21页/共34页第二十二页，共34页。4 4 4 4、插入语、插入语、插入语、插入语 提示词提示词提示词提示词such as;for example;such as;for example;such as;for example;such as;for example;including,including,including,including,破折号前后逗号隔开破折号前后逗号隔开破折号前后逗号隔开破折号前后逗号隔开.快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即忽略不看。忽略不看。忽略不看。忽略不看。但是，如果根据文章问题回原文定但是，如果根据文章问题回原文定但是，如果根据文章问题回原文定但是，如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了以上插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案以上插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案以上插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案以上插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案往往往往往往往往(wngwng)(wngwng)(wngwng)(wngwng)就在此处。例如：就在此处。例如：就在此处。例如：就在此处。例如：第22页/共34页第二十三页，共34页。It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones,some stained with pigment,have been found nearby.(TPO)第23页/共34页第二十四页，共34页。It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones,some stained with pigment,have been found nearby.(TPO)Pigment:颜色(yns)第24页/共34页第二十五页，共34页。It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones,some stained with pigment,have been found nearby.(TPO)Pigment:颜色(yns)第25页/共34页第二十六页，共34页。Finally,other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid,material resources,and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.QQ：Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of is an example of A.instrumental support A.instrumental support B.informational support B.informational support C.social companionship C.social companionship D.the strengthening of self-respect D.the strengthening of self-respect第26页/共34页第二十七页，共34页。在主语后面(hu mian)加上同位语、插入语、或非限制性定语从句，（甚至是一个句子的主干主语）注意：发现主语后面(hu mian)有一个逗号，立刻寻找另一个逗号，中间的内容跳读！第27页/共34页第二十八页，共34页。A recent study,published in last weeks Journal of the American Medical Association,offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver.Get a lift 搭便车第28页/共34页第二十九页，共34页。5 5 5 5、并列结构连用、并列结构连用、并列结构连用、并列结构连用(linyng)(linyng)(linyng)(linyng)使得句子变长（单词，使得句子变长（单词，使得句子变长（单词，使得句子变长（单词，短语，句子都可以并列）短语，句子都可以并列）短语，句子都可以并列）短语，句子都可以并列）并列结构是托福阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人并列结构是托福阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人并列结构是托福阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人并列结构是托福阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。例如：的句子即可。例如：的句子即可。例如：的句子即可。例如：第29页/共34页第三十页，共34页。5.5.并列结构并列结构One,set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.,sees humans as naturally imitativeas taking pleasure in imitating persons,things,and actions and in seeing such imitations.(TPO)Note：set forth 提出(t ch)；imitative 模仿的；seeas把看作；第30页/共34页第三十一页，共34页。5.5.并列结构并列结构One,set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.,sees humans as naturally imitativeas taking pleasure in imitating persons,things,and actions and in seeing such imitations.(TPO)Note：set forth 提出(t ch)；imitative 模仿的；seeas把看作；pleasure 乐趣；第31页/共34页第三十二页，共34页。6 6 6 6、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等(dn(dn dn)dn)）。）。）。）。解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。例如：重要。例如：重要。例如：重要。例如：（1 1）Other,however,have adopted the Other,however,have adopted the philosophy that it is best philosophy that it is best toto use the water use the water while it is still economically profitable while it is still economically profitable toto do so do so and and toto concentrate on high-value crops such concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.(TPO)as cotton.(TPO)第32页/共34页第三十三页，共34页。6 6 6 6、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加、多重复合句叠加一个长句子一个长句子一个长句子一个长句子(j zi)(j zi)当中可能包含了好几种句式当中可能包含了好几种句式当中可能包含了好几种句式当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子解决方法：分清主从句，理清句子(j zi)(j zi)逻辑关逻辑关逻辑关逻辑关系至关重要。例如：系至关重要。例如：系至关重要。例如：系至关重要。例如：（1 1）Other,however,have adopted the Other,however,have adopted the philosophy that it is best philosophy that it is best toto use the water use the water while it is still economically profitable while it is still economically profitable toto do so do so and and toto concentrate on high-value crops such concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton.(TPO)as cotton.(TPO)第33页/共34页第三十四页，共34页。