非谓语动词讲义-高考英语一轮复习.docx

非谓语动词非谓语动词也叫非限定动词(Non-Finite Verbs)指的是由动词变化而成仍具有动词的性质与原义但不能作动词使用的词。非谓语动词和动词一样可以带有宾语、副词、补语等，主要有以下三大类:分词(Participle)不定式(Infinitive)和动名词(Gerund)。非谓语动词可以充当多种成分如主语宾语表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。一、 非谓语动词作主语1、不定式和动名词作主语的区别:(1) 不定式和动名词可以在中充当主语,但分词却不可以;如:To know oneself is difficult. 要了解自己很难。(不定式)Working on such a hot day is no easy job. 在这么热的天气下工作不是件容易事。(动名词)(2) 不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作,而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作;如:Smoking is not good for health，抽烟不利于健康。(抽象)It is not good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟不好。(具体)(3) 不定式和动名词都可以用t来代作形式主语;动名常用在“It is no use/no good/fun/a waste of time/a good pleasure 等名词+doing”结构和“It is useless/nice/good/interesting/worthwhile等形容词+doing”结构中作主语。如:It is a waste of time seeing that movie. 看那部电影是浪费时间。It is useless speaking. 光说没用(4) 动名词也可在“There is/was no+doing”结构中作主语。如:There is no telling what he is going to do.说出他要干什么是不可能的。2、非谓语动词的逻辑主语(1)不定式虽然不能有自己的主语,但在意思上仍有履行该动作的人或物称为逻辑主语动词不定式逻辑主语可用for或of作为标记。当不定式和逻辑主语有被动关系时,不定式就需用被动形式。如:She taught me to read. 她教我阅读。(不定式的逻辑主语为me)The simplest thing is for him to resign. 对他来说最简单的就是辞职。(不定式的逻辑主语为himIt's foolish of him to do it. 他这样做很愚蠢。(不定式的逻辑主语为 him)二、 非谓语动词作宾语不定式和动名词可以作动词宾语或介词宾语。大多数动词既能接不定式、又可接动名词作宾语。但有些动词或固定结构有特定的用法。1、动名词作宾语(1)下列动词(短语)只能接动名词或名词作语:abandon(抛弃,放弃) give up(放弃) admit(承认) acknowledge(承认) confess(坦白) advocate(提倡) avoid(避免) escape(逃避) enjoy(喜欢,享受) excuse(原谅) appreciate(感激) mention(提到) risk(冒险) pardon(原谅), resist(抵制) tolerate(容忍) endure(忍受) forgive(原谅) forbid(禁止) mind(介意) suggest(建议) delay(推迟) put off(推迟)等(2)非谓语动词作介词的宾语,通常情况下要用动名词形式不能用不定式。某些固定结构可以省略介词但仍然要跟动名词形式；feel like doing sth. 想要做某事be get used to doing sth. 习惯做某事be busy (in) doing sth. 忙于做某事spend time (in) doing sth. 花时间做某事waste/lose time (in) doing sth. 浪费时间做某事have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难have fun (in) doing sth. /have a good time (in) doing sth. 做某事很开心there is no point (in) doing sth. 做某事没有任何意义2.不定式作宾语(1)下列动词后只能接不定式作宾语:agree(同意) offer(提出) plan(计划) aim(打算) ask(要求) demand(要求) claim(要求) endeavor(尽力) manage(设法) determine(决心) resolve(决心)fail(未能) pretend(假装) refuse(拒绝) tend(往往) long(渴望) prepare(准备) volunteer(自愿)等如：Jack offered to drive his friend to the airport. 杰克提议开车送他朋友去机场。After the divorce Mary resolved never to marry again. 离婚后,玛丽决定不会再婚。(2) 当非谓语动词位于 but except 后作宾语时,习惯上要用不定式;而且,当其前有动词do (do does did done)时;则不定式不带 to; 若其前没有动词 do, 则不定式通常带 to。如:We had no choice but to wait.我们除了等待之外别无选择。He never did anything at home but watch TV.除了看电视,他在家从不干任何事。It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果。I could do nothing except agree. 我除了同意,没有别的办法。3.能接不定式和动名词作宾语的动词(1)有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词两者意思基本相同有时甚至可以互换。区别不大，主要在于不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作；动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。这类动词主要有:love喜欢like喜欢hate增恨prefer宁可continue继续attempt试图cease 停止begin 开始start开始bother 麻烦intend 打算*注意:在 like,love,hate,prefer 前有 would,should 时,其后只能跟不定式。如:We would prefer to stay at home.我们宁愿待在家。(3) 有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词但二者的意义差别很大。这类动词有: to do sth.记得/忘记做某事(动作未发生)remember/forget doing sth. 记起/忘记做过某事(动作已发生) （3）英语中有些动词,如advise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend 等接动名词作宾语接不定式作宾语补足语。He doesnt allow smoking in his office.他不允许在他办公室抽烟。(动名词作宾语)He doesnt allow his family to smoke at all他根本不允许他家人抽烟。(不定式作宾语补足语)三、非谓语动词作补语1.不定式和分词都可以作主语补足语和宾语补足语,但所表达的意义不同:现在分词表示动作正在进行或一直处于某种状态;过去分词表示被动意义;不定式表示动作未发生。She suddenly heard someone knocking at the door.她突然听到有人敲门。(正在进行)She kept us waiting here for an hour, 她让我们在这等了一个小时了。(一直处于某种状态)I heard the song sung.我听到有人唱这首歌。(song与sing之间是被动关系)Please remind me to take my medicine this afternoon.下午请提醒我服药。(未发生)The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 杀人被带了进来,他的手是被捆在背后的。(tie与 hands 之间是被动关系)2表示劝请要求的动词后常用带 to 的不定式作宾补;这类动词有:ask,invite, tell,want,encourage.wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like over/prefer 等;以上动词可用于 sb. to do sth. 结构,但 hope,suggest,agree, decide, demand 等不可接 sb.to do sth.He doesn't allow his family to smoke.他不让家人抽烟。I advised him not to go there. 我建议他不去那里。(此处advised 不可用 suggested替换。)3.在使役动词 make let have 后,一般用不带 to的不定式作宾补但在其被动式后作主语补足语时要加上 to。He made his son study English. 他让儿子学习英语。His son was made to study English.他儿子被要求学习英语。4.help 作宾补时,不定式带不带 to 均可；He helped me(to) clean the room.他帮我清洁房间。5. want, wish等后接 to be done 作宾补时,to be可省略直接用过去分词作宾补；When do you wish it (to be)finished? 你希望它什么时候完成?四、非谓语动词作表语1.动名词、不定式和分词都可以作句子表语。One of our aims is to help the unemployed find a job.我们的目标之一就是帮失业的人找到工作。(不定式,表一次性的、具体的动作)Her job was washing clothes.她的工作是洗衣服。(动名词,表经常发生的、日常的)The problem remains unsolved.问题仍未解决。(过去分词)2、 有些现在分词和过去分词也常常被认作是形容词；如：amusing, exciting, interesting, misleading, surprising, amazed, delighted, disappointed, excited, exhausted, experienced, interested, tired, worried等；They are excited to hear the news.他们听到消息,很兴奋。(过去分词)The news is exciting.消息是令人兴奋的。(现在分词)五、非谓语动词作定语1、分词作定语和所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系,现在分词一般表示正在发生的动作,过去分词表示已经发生的动作或表被动的意义；a racing horse=a horse that is racing 正在比赛的马the girl standing there = the girl who is standing there 站在那里的女孩a fallen leaf = a leaf that has already fallen 落叶the building completed three years ago = the building that was completed three years ago 三前竣工的楼房2.动名词定语一般表示所修饰词的用途,它和所修饰词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系；the sleeping bus = the bus for sleeping 卧铺汽车a changing room =a room for changing clothes 更衣间a walking stick =a stick for walking 手杜3.不定式作定语,通常表示未发生的动作，且常后置。The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknwn.会议上将要讨论的议题仍未知。六、非谓语动词作状语1.不定式在句中作状语常表目的、结果或原因;分词作状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等；Having finished the homework,I went home.做完了家庭作业，我就回家了。(表时间)Being a model Party member,I should work even harder. 作为一名模范党员,我应该更努力工作(表原因)Given more time,I could write the composition better.若是再多些时间,我会把文章写得更好。(表条件)He ran out of the classroom,shouting at the boy.他跑出教室,冲那男孩大喊。(表伴随)To give the teacher a good impression, I decided to sit in the front row.为了给老师一个好印象,我决定坐在前排。(表目的)He is old enough to join the army.他到了可以参军的年龄。(表结果)I am only too pleased to accept your kind invitation. 我非常乐意接受你的盛情邀请。(表结果)2。独立主格结构/独立分词结构(1)分词作状语应注意其逻辑主语必须与主的主语一致否则分词要有自己的逻辑主语这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立主格结构(Absolute Structure). 分词的独立结构由逻辑主语(名词代词)+分词构成,可以表示时间原因、条件、方式或伴随状态。如:Time permitting (=If time permits), wed better have a meeting this Friday afternoon. 时间允许,我们最好本周五开个会。The guest having departed (-When The guest had departed), Calvin kicked off his shoes and stretched out on sofa.宾客离开后,加尔文踢掉脚上的鞋子,躺在沙发上)(2) 独立结构中的逻辑主语前有时可以加 with 或 without,作伴随状语或定语。如:He sat in the chair with his legs crossed.他坐在椅子上,腿交叉着。The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.女孩把盒子藏起来了,没有人知道它在哪里。3. 有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语而实际上已经变成了习惯用法。如:generally/strictly speaking(总的/严格说来)provided/providing/supposing/given(假设)judging from(从.··判断) talking of(谈到) considering/given(考虑到)regarding/concerning(关于)including(包括)seeing(that)(既然)等如：Judging from what he said,she must be an honest girl 根据他所说的来判断，她应该是一个诚实的女孩。4、独立不定式有些不定式不属于句中的任何人或事物,而是修饰全句,这类不定式为独立不定式(Absolute Infinitive);常用的有:to tell the truth(老实说)to be plain with you(坦白地说)to be brief(简言之)to conclude(最后,总而言之)to cut/make a long story short(长话短说)to sum up(总而言之)needless to say(不用说)strange to say(说来也奇怪)to say the least(不夸张地说),to be sure(的确,当然)to begin/start with(起初,首先)to say nothing of/not to speak of/not to mention(更不用说)如：To tell the truth,I thought I would keep silent.老实说,我本来不想说的。To be brief, he was happy with the result.简言之,他对这个结果感到高兴。To conclude,I wish you all good health and a long life.最后,祝大家健康长寿He can speak French,German and Japanese, not to mention English.他会说法语、德语和日语更不用说英语了。It is a good idea to be sure, but it costs too much.的确,这是个好主意,可是花钱太多。学科网（北京）股份有限公司