时态语态1.ppt

动词时态、语态 P20 梯度训练梯度训练假设你是王华，给某英文报编辑写信，反映当地有人假设你是王华，给某英文报编辑写信，反映当地有人毁坏海岸林带的情况，主要内容如下：毁坏海岸林带的情况，主要内容如下：1 1992年至年至2006年，许多市民自愿捐款，义务植树，年，许多市民自愿捐款，义务植树，至至2006年底已在沿海岸植树数亿棵。年底已在沿海岸植树数亿棵。2 自自2003年来，许多树被砍伐。年来，许多树被砍伐。3 多次向当地政府反映，未见采取任何措施。多次向当地政府反映，未见采取任何措施。4 希望通过贵报，使人们认识环保的重要性，并采取希望通过贵报，使人们认识环保的重要性，并采取积极行动。积极行动。Dear editor,Yours truly/sincerely,Wang Hua书信书信Writing Practice1）1992年至年至2006年，许多市民自愿捐款，义务植树。年，许多市民自愿捐款，义务植树。2)至至2006年底已在沿海岸植树数亿棵年底已在沿海岸植树数亿棵3）自）自2003年来，许多树被砍伐。年来，许多树被砍伐。4）多次向当地政府反映，未见采取任何措施。）多次向当地政府反映，未见采取任何措施。5）希望通过贵报，使人们认识环保的重要性，并采取）希望通过贵报，使人们认识环保的重要性，并采取积极行动。积极行动。我写信给您反映我们这有人毁坏海岸林带的情况。我写信给您反映我们这有人毁坏海岸林带的情况。fromto;collect/offer/donate money;voluntarily by;billions of ;along the coast since;so far;inform;take measures through;realize;protect the environment;take actionI would like to write to tell you the destruction of trees on the coast in our area.一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时/被动语态被动语态现在完成时现在完成时/被动语态被动语态一般现在时一般现在时现在完成时现在完成时A possible versionFrom 1992 to 2006,many citizens in our city voluntarily collected money and planted trees along the coast.By the end of 2006,we had planted several hundred million trees.However,many of the trees have been cut down since 2003.we informed the local government by letter or by telephone,so far they dont seem to have taken any measures to stop people from cutting down trees.We really hope that,through the effort of your newspaper,we can make people realize the importance of protecting the environment and take immediate action.Pay attention to the agreement of the tensesChinese young peoples life goals today Recently we did a survey on young peoples life goals.According to the survey,53.5%of the respondents aimed at earning money to buy them a car and a house of their own and 44%just wanted to improve their life quality.There are 43%in favor of being rich and only 23.9%wanted to find a good job.However,over 71%said that they will work hard in order to realize their goals.have done aim want wantsay Personally speaking,it is harmful for everyone to have a bad temper.Take my experience for example.When I was a little girl,I have a bad temper and I always lose my temper and shouted at others,which made my friends and family unhappy.Sometimes I hurt them so much that some of my friends avoided me.Later I have realized the harm of losing temper and I have corrected it.hadrealizedcorrectedlost 动词的分类动词的分类 及物动词及物动词(带宾语带宾语)tell,ask,learn,produce等。等。不及物动词不及物动词(不不)go,work,come,rise,wait等。等。状态动词状态动词 belong,contain,exist,know,love,own等。等。动作动词动作动词 表示人或物的特征和状态表示人或物的特征和状态appear,be,feel,look,seem,sound,taste,smell,等。等。表示状态的变化表示状态的变化become,come,fall,go,get,grow,turn等。等。表示状态的延续或持续表示状态的延续或持续stay,continue,keep,remain等。等。助动词助动词 be,do,does,did,have,has,shall,will,would等。等。情态动词情态动词 can(could),may(might),must,shall(should),Will(would),need,dare等。等。动动词词行行为为动动词词系系动动词词 延续性动词延续性动词(动作可以持续一段时间动作可以持续一段时间)work,stay,sleep等等 非延续性动词非延续性动词(表示短暂动作表示短暂动作,不能持不能持续续)arrive,finish,lend,open,start,leave,come等等动词的主要用法动词的主要用法谓语动词谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词时态时态语态（主动，被动）语态（主动，被动）虚拟语气虚拟语气不定式不定式 to do(目的目的/将来将来)动词动词-ing形式形式 doing(主动主动/进进行行)过去分词过去分词 done(被动被动/完完成成)do does did done doing汉语的时态大多是通过汉语的时态大多是通过副词副词来表达的，而英语来表达的，而英语的时态是的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考或较常用英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考或较常用的只有的只有1010种种，而且重点测试完成时态。要掌握，而且重点测试完成时态。要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词词(do,be,have)(do,be,have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。和时间状语这两个核心问题。时态时态 主动主动 被动被动一般现在时一般现在时现在进行时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成时现在完成进行时现在完成进行时一般将来时一般将来时将来进行时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成时一般过去时一般过去时过去进行时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时过去将来时过去将来时含情态动词含情态动词do/doesam/is/are doing have/has done have/has been doingwill dowill be doingwill have donedidwas/were doinghad donewould docan do Please list the following tenses,using the verb“do”as a representative.am/is/are doneam/is/are being donehave/has been donewill be donewill be being donewill have been donewas/were donewas/were being donehad been donewould be donecan be doneThe techniques in doing exercises on tenses看语境：找出适合该语境的最佳时态看语境：找出适合该语境的最佳时态区分动词：区别是瞬间动词还是延续性动区分动词：区别是瞬间动词还是延续性动词词找副词：副词在不同的时态中的含义，如找副词：副词在不同的时态中的含义，如just固定的表达方法固定的表达方法句子结构句子结构确定时态的技巧确定时态的技巧1 every day,every Friday afternoon,twice a week,often,always,usually2 yesterday,last month,in 1998,two years ago,before liberation,just now3 tomorrow,next week,when spring comes,if we have time4 for two years,in the past ten years,since 1990,already,just,yet,recently/lately,ever,never5 at ten last night,the whole evening,this time yesterday,when he came in6 by 1999,by the end of last term,two weeks before,before he came here7 now,Look!Listen!Be quiet!Hurry!一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时一般将来时一般将来时现在完成时现在完成时过去进行时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时现在进行时现在进行时非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词的形式He pretended _(read)newspaper when I left.The bridge _(build)costs a lot._(know)the news,she cried._(do)the work,we held a party to celebrate it._(build)in 1007,the castle remains strong.to read /to be reading/to have read built/being built/to be built 一般式一般式 否定式否定式 进行式进行式完成式完成式被动式被动式不定式不定式 to donot to doto be doingto have doneto be done-ing 形形式式 doing not doingdoinghaving donebeing done过去分词过去分词 donebeing donedonedone Knowing Having done Built/Having been built12._ she _(do)morning exercises every day?13.Your parents _(not,receive)the letter until next week.14.Our teacher told us that the earth _(go)around the sun.15.He _(get)up very early yesterday morning,but he _ (not,do)anything.16._ you _(clean)the room yet?Yes.We _(do)it a moment ago.17.He said he _ (come)today,but we _ (not,see)him yet.Doesdowont receivegoesgotdidnt doHavecleaneddidwould comehavent seen 考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，主句一般将来时考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，主句一般将来时(情情态动词用一般现在时态动词用一般现在时)，从句一般现在时，从句一般现在时(现在完成时现在完成时)。If he accepts the job,he will get more money soon.As long as you have finished your homework,you can go out to play.考点三：在the morethe more(越越)句型中,若主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时。The harder you study,the better results you will get.1.一般现在时一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有习惯性的动作，句子中常有often,always,from time to time等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。do/does;am(is,are)+pp2.一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常与明确性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常与明确的过去时间状语连用，如：的过去时间状语连用，如：yesterday,last week,in 1945,at that time,a few days ago did;was(were)+pp考点一：考点一：used to+do表示表示过去过去经常但经常但现在现在已不再维持的已不再维持的习惯动作。习惯动作。would“过去常常过去常常”，与现在无关，可以与时，与现在无关，可以与时间长度及间长度及when引导的时间状语连用。引导的时间状语连用。I used to live here but now I live in Beijing.When he was there,he would go hunting after work.比较：be/become/get used to+doing表示习惯于He has got used to getting up early.考点二：讲话时动作已结束考点二：讲话时动作已结束-Hey！Lily.I didnt/dont recognize you.-Pardon？I missed your number.-I thought you lost your job.It is four years since I was a teacher.It is four years since I became a teacher.It is five years since I lived there.Its five years since I moved there.3.现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动.句子中常有now,at the moment,Look/Listen!等时间状语或词。am(is,are)+ppam(is,are)+being+pp考点一：与频率副词，如考点一：与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用，表示说话人的某种感情色等连用，表示说话人的某种感情色彩彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。The little boy is always making trouble.考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时这时多有表示将来的时间状语多有表示将来的时间状语),动作限于动作限于begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,open,close,return,stay等）等）。Mary is leaving on Friday.4.过去进行时表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。What were you doing at nine last night?The radio was being repaired when you called me.was/were+ppwas(were)+being+pp考点一：动作一直持续到讲话者前结束。-Look out!-Sorry.I was looking at the plane in the sky.5.现在完成时现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语。的时间状语。have(has)+been+pp考点一：考点一：for+时间段；时间段；since+时间点时间点;They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.I have learned English for ten years.考点二考点二:常见的时间状语常见的时间状语:lately,recently,so far,yet。Has it stopped raining yet?考点三：在表示考点三：在表示“最近几世纪最近几世纪/年年/月以来月以来”时间状语时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。中，谓语动词用现在完成时。in the past few years/months/weeks/days In the past 30 years China has made great advances in socialist construction.考点四：表示考点四：表示“第几次做某事，后面用现在完成时。第几次做某事，后面用现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China.This was my first time that I had visited China.6.现在完成进行时：强调进行的过程，动作仍在现在完成进行时：强调进行的过程，动作仍在继续继续动作过去发生，但持续到现在甚至将来动作过去发生，但持续到现在甚至将来.Eg.-Why do you look so tired now?-I have been studying nearly all the morning.Eg.-Your clothes are so dirty!-I have been cleaning the rubbish.动作在现在以前反复发生动作在现在以前反复发生We have been seeing quite a lot of films recently.(最近我们常常看电影最近我们常常看电影)7.过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在动作发生在“过去的过去过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。had+pp/had been+pp By the end of last term we had finished the book.Yesterday when I got to the cinema,the film had been on for 15 minutes.常用过去完成时的句型：1）S.+had done+before did.when by the time2).didafter/until/till+S.had done.3)No sooner had+S.+done+than+S.+did Hardly/Scarcely had+S.+done+when+S.+did.4)It was four years since I had left the school.考点一：用于考点一：用于hardly/scarcely.when;no sooner.than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.（注意倒装）考点二：动词考点二：动词hope,expect,think,intend,mean,want,suppose,plan用过去完成时用过去完成时,表示未实现的愿望、打算表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。和意图。I had hoped that I could do the job.I had intended to see you but I was too busy.8.一般将来时一般将来时表示在将来某个时间发生的动作或情况。常和表示在将来某个时间发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow,next year,in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用等表示将来的时间状语连用.will do/will be+pp考点一：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive,come,go,leave,start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.考点二：“祈使句+and/or+句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.8.将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发表示将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。生的事情。Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow.明天这明天这会我正在写作业。会我正在写作业。1）shall/will+do,表示单纯的将来表示单纯的将来2)be going to+do3)现在进行时表示将来，现在进行时表示将来，go,start,set out,leave,die,reach,arrive,return,come,move,take off,meet,write,spend,show 4)be about to+do，（，（正要，就要）正要，就要）5)be to+do，（，（准备要，预定要）准备要，预定要）6)The train starts at 7:30 p.m.7)Youd better go to see her tomorrow.9.将来完成时表示在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来时间，如：by the end of this year,by 8 oclock this evening,by March next year以及由by the time,等引导的从句。By the end of next month,he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station,the train will have left.By next Tuesday,I will have got ready for the exams.will have been done It will be some time+before+从句从句(一般现在时一般现在时)It will not some time+before+从句从句(一般现在时一般现在时)It is+时间段时间段+since+从句从句(一般过去时一般过去时)It was+时间段时间段+since+从句从句(过去完成时过去完成时)It +was+时间点时间点+when+从句从句(一般过去时一般过去时)It was ten _ they arrived at the airport.It is twenty years _ he joined the Party.It was three years _ he had served in the army.It will be some time _ we graduate from school.It wont be long _ we are a college student.whensince since beforebefore表示将来的方法10.动词的语态一般用于强调受者，做题时谓语动词后通常不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，需要注意以下考点。考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组come true,take place,happen,become,rise,occur,belong to,break out,appear,arrive,cost,last,exist It took place before liberation.考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义,而且常与well,quite,easily,badly等副词连用：lock,wash,sell,read,wear,ride,write Glass breaks easily.玻璃容易破碎。The car rides smoothly.这车走起来很稳。The case locks easily.这箱子很好锁。The book sells well.这本书很畅销。考点三:get+pp (get hurt,get married,get changed,get lost)强调状态强调动作:be+pp考点四：一些常用经典被动句型 It is said,It is reported,It is believed，It is expected,It is estimated,这些句子一般翻译为据说，人们认为使用被动语态应注意下面几点：使用被动语态应注意下面几点：1.短语动词短语动词的被动语态，要保持短语动词的完的被动语态，要保持短语动词的完整性，动词后面的介词或副词切记不可遗漏。整性，动词后面的介词或副词切记不可遗漏。如：如：put on,put up,take care of,call on,depend on,make use of,pay attention to,etc.Eg:These books must be taken good care of.The children were well looked after.3带复合宾语的动词带复合宾语的动词(A)(see,watch,hear,make,let,have,feel等等)的被动语态：变为被动的被动语态：变为被动语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。语态时，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。宾语补足语为不定式的，原来不带宾语补足语为不定式的，原来不带to，要加上，要加上to.Eg:I saw her step in and have a talk with Hong.She was seen to step in and have a talk with Hong.主动形式表被动意义：主动形式表被动意义：(主语是动词主语是动词doing的的承受者承受者)*need(want,require)+doingEg:The baby wants washing.(The baby wants to be washed.)The house needs repairing.(The house needs to be repaired.)*be worth doing Eg:The book is worth reading.Beijing is worth visiting.*S+be+adj.+to do Eg:The man is difficult to deal with.The book is hard to read.The endThe end