八年级上册英语外研版(新)各模块知识点归纳总结(完美)(2).pdf
英语初二上册重点知识点讲解Module 1 How to learn English 1pair n.一对,一副a pair oftwo pairs of2Correct v.改正,纠正3advice(1)为不可数名词,可用 some,much,a piece of,pieces of等修饰(2)表示“有关的建议”时,用介词 on,接名词、代词或由疑问词引导的不定式。4、常见搭配:take/follow ones advice接受某人的建议ask for advice 征求意见offer advice to sb.向某人提供建议advise sb.to do sth.advise that sb.(should)do sth.2.let sb.do sth.让某人做某事6.practice doing sth.练习做某事7.matchwith把与搭配起来pletewith用完成9.It s+adj.+(for sb.)+to do sth.做某事对某人来说是怎样的12.a way to do sth.做某事的方式17.Why dont you do sth.?/Why not do sth.?为什么不做某事?18.forget to do sth.忘记做某事19.It s a good idea to do sth.做某事是个好主意。23.be good at(doing)sth.=do well in(doing)sth.擅长(做)某事24.so many+n(复)/so much+n(不可数)如此多25.need to do sth.需要做某事29.write to sb.写信给某人30.agree with sb.同意某人的意见agree to do sth.同意做某事agree on sth.同意某事33.advice on sth.在某方面的意见34.look up sth.in the dictionary/look sth.up in the dictionary 在字典中查找36.smile at sb.对某人微笑 laugh at sb.嘲笑某人38.send sb.sth.=send sth.to sb.送某人某物44.be afraid to do sth./be afraid of(doing)sth.害怕做某事51.say hello to sb 向某人问好52.make friends with sb 与某人交朋友53.take/show sb.around 带领某人参观5、Try 的用法(1)(2)译为“尽量”、“尽最大努力(可能)”,主要用于as.as possible/one can。6、time 的用法:(1)time 用作不可数名词,前面可much,little,a lot of,plenty of 等修饰。(2)当作“次数;倍数”讲时,time 是可数名词。(3)time 构成的短语:at a time一次,每一次at one time曾经,一度at times/from time to time有时,偶尔all the time总是,一直in time及时,迟早on time准时(4)time 构成的句型:It s time for sb.to do sth./Its(high)time sb.did sth.该是某人干 的时间了。each time(每次),next time(下次),the first/last time(第一次/最后一次 的时候)等词组引导的时间状语从句。7、suggest,做动词,表示“建议,提议”的意思,对应的名词是suggestion。suggest的用法:Module 2 My home town and my country 1、population n.意思是“人口,居民”,它是一个集体名词,它的用法有时较为特殊,所以很容易用错。population 常与定冠词 the 连用,作主语用时,谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。当主语是表示“人口的百分之几、几分之几”时,谓语动词用复数形式。有时 population 可用作可数名词,其前可用不定冠词。表示人口的“多”或“少”,不用“much”或“little”,而要用“large”或“small”。在问具体人口时用“What.?”。2、形容词比较级用法 表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级,最明显的提示词是than,其结构为“A+比较级+than+B”。有表示程度的副词a little,a bit,a few,a lot,much,even,still,far,rather,any 等修饰时,用形容词比较级。比较级前面可以加上表示具体数量差别的结构,表示具体“大多少”,“小多少”,“长多少”,“短多少”等。表示“两者之间最 一个(of the two)”时,常用“the+比较级”结构。表示“越来越”,用比较级重叠结构,即“比较级+and+比较级”,多音节词和部分双音节词时用常用搭配:2.the 比,the 比越越3.比较级 and 比较级4.The 比 of the two 两者中较怎样的10.near next to close to 附近13.in fact 事实上14.in the 1980s 在 20 世纪 80 年代17.as adj/adv as+对象和一样20.as soon as 一就21.as well 也22.as well as 除了还;和一样好23.as many+可数 as 和一样多24.as much+不可数 as 和一样多27.over(=more than)超过31.many other+复数许多其他32.any other+单数任何其他33.much(=a lot)+比较级更得多5.be famous for/as以著名/作为著名6.a university 一所大学7.such as+n/doing sth 例如13.is part of 的部分14.an island.一座岛屿15.the areas of 的区域17.What(a/an)adj.n 主+be/v!21.at any time of the year 在一年的任何时间Module 3 Sports 2.not at all 根本不3.be sure about 对。确信5.never mind 别介意6.look+adj 7.get+adj 8.plenty of+可数/不可数大量的11.whats the matter with you?你怎么啦?(两种)=whats wrong with you?12.as usual 和往常一样13.lose the match 输掉比赛win the match 赢得比赛14 beat sb 打败某人16 lose to sb 输给某人17.be good at(doing)sth 擅长做。(两种)=do well in(doing)sth 18.warm up 热身运动19.have time to do sth 有时间做。20.be late for sth 做。迟到=be late to do sth 21.cheer(sb)on 为。加油22.have a chance to do sth 有机会做。(两种)。=have a chance of doing sth 23.what a pity!多么遗憾啊25.play against 与。比赛26 be against 反对。,违反。27 stop sb against 阻止。做30 do better 做的更好32.it is+adj/adv for sb to do sth 做。是。36.sth happen to sb 某人发生某事。37 sb happen to do sth 某人碰巧做。40 be pleased with sb 对。感到满意41 be pleased to do sth 对做。感到满意开心42 take part in+活动参加。(活动)43 join in+活动参加。活动Module 4 Planes,ships and trains(1)规则变化:类别构成方法原级最高级单音节词和少数双音节词一般直接加-est long tall longest tallest 不发音的 e结尾时加-st late large latest largest 辅音字母加 y 结尾时把 y 变 i,再加-est easy happy easiest happiest 重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-est big hot biggest hottest 多音节词和部分双音节词在原级前加 most careful beautiful most careful most beautiful 在原级前加 least important useful least important least useful(2)不规则变化:原级最高级good/well(身体好的)best many/much most bad/ill worst little least far farthest(更远的)furthest(最大程度)old oldest eldest(较年长的)(3)形容词最高比较级用法 表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时,用最高级形式。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the,句末常跟一个 in/of 短语来表示范围。(of 表示同范围,in 表示不同范围)e.g.He is the strongest of the three boys.在三个男孩子中,他是最强壮的。Shanghai is the biggest city in China.上海是中国最大的城市。表示在三者或三者以上的人或物进行选择时,用“Which/Who is+the+最高级,A,B or C?”结构。e.g.Which city is the most beautiful,Beijing,Shanghai or Fuzhou?哪个城市最漂亮,北京,上海还是福州?表示“最的之一”时,用“one of the+形容词最高级”结构,该形容词后面的名词要用复数形式。e.g.Zhou Jielun is one of the most popular singers.周杰伦是最受欢迎的歌星之一。形容词最高级前面可以加序数词,表示“第几最”。e.g.The Changjiang River is the first longest river in China.长江是中国第一大长河。形容词最高级前面可以有物主代词,指示代词,名词所有格等修饰,但此时不能再用定冠词the。e.g.This is our last lesson today.这是我们今天的最后一节课。形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。e.g.Li Lei is the tallest student in his class.李雷是班上最高的学生。=Li Lei is taller than any other student in his class.李雷比班上其他任何一个学生都高。=Li Lei is taller than the other students in his class.李雷比班上其他所有的学生都高。=Li Lei is taller than anyone else in his class.李雷比班上其他任何人都高。Module 5 Lao She Teahouse 重点知识讲解1offer(1)做动词,意思是“提供;提议;提出”。常用的搭配:offer sth.e.g.Many people willingly offered their blood.很多人自愿献血。offer sb.sth.=offer sth.to sb.把某物给予某人e.g.The young man offered the old man his own seat on the bus.=The young man offered his own seat to the old man on the bus.那个年轻人在公共汽车上将自己的座位让给了那位老人。offer to do sth.主动提出做某事e.g.She offered to lend me her bike.她提出将自行车借给我。(2)做名词,表示愿做某事或给予某物(后接 of/to do sth)。e.g.Thank you for your kind offer of helping me.=Thank you for your kind offer to help me.谢谢你提供的帮助。2.Show show 做及物动词,意为“展示;显示;给 看”,show后可接双宾语。show sb.sth.或 show sth.to sb.给某人看或者展示某物e.g.Show me your pen,please.=Show your pen to me,please.请让我看一下你的钢笔。Show your tickets,please.请出示车票。注意:在“show+间接宾语+直接宾语”结构中,若直接宾语为指物的代词it 或 them时,只能用“show it(them)to sb.”结构。你有一支钢笔,请给我看看。You have a new pen,please show it to me.You have a new pen,please show me it.意为“带领”,常构成短语 show sb.to,意为“带某人去”;show sb.around,意为“带某人参观”。e.g.Please show me to your school.请带我到你们学校去。Uncle Wang is going to show us around his farm.王叔叔将带领我们参观他的农场.show+that从句 看出或者显示说明 e.g.Your homework shows that you are careful.从你的作业上可以看出你很认真。此外,show还可用作名词,意为“展览;陈列;演出”,常构成短语 on show,意为“陈列,展览”。e.g.There is going to be a picture show in our school.我们学校将举办一次画展。His pictures are on show now.他的画现在正在展览。3If you like the Beijing Opera,traditional music or magic shows,you can enjoy them at the teahouse.如果你喜欢京剧、传统音乐和魔术表演,你可以在这家茶馆里欣赏到它们。(1)这个句子是一个由 if 引导的条件状语从句。if 是连词,意思是“如果;若”。主句是 you can enjoy them at the teahouse,从句是 you like the Beijing opera,traditional music or magic shows。思考:如何使用 if 条件状语从句呢?在句中做条件状语的从句是条件状语从句,可以放在句首,也可以放在句末。常见的if 条件状语从句表示在某条件下,某事很可能发生。紧跟在if 后面的句子是从句。e.g.If you ask him,he will help you如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。If you fail in the exam,you will let him down 如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。另外,if 从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设。从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时,表示对现在或过去的一种假设。e.g.If I were you,I would invite him to the party如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。学习小窍门:if 条件句不一般,几个要点记心间;条件句,放在前,逗号要放句中间。条件句表可能,主句多用将来时;条件句表事实,主句常用现在时。if:当“是否”讲时,引导宾语从句。e.g.I don t know if he will be free tomorrow.我不知道他明天是否有空。注意:if 引导的条件状语从句中,如果主句使用的是一般将来时,或含有情态动词的句子或祈使句,从句通常用一般现在时。e.g.If it rains tomorrow,we will not go to the zoo.如果明天下雨的话,我们将不去动物园。If he comes,let me know.如果他来,让我知道。(从句用一般现在时,主句是祈使句)难点知识讲解:动词不定式(I)(1)动词不定式的含义生活中我们常遇到“我努力去理解”、“决定留下来”等表达方式,其中连续出现了两个动词,这种情况下英语应该如何表达呢?首先请看下面的例句:We decided to stay for a cup of tea.我们决定留下来喝杯茶。I tried to understand the words.我努力理解这些话。I want to go to the teahouse.我想去茶馆。这三个句子中使用了decide to do sth.,want to do sth.,try to do sth.的表达方式,即行为动词后的动词都采用了“to+动词原形”的结构。我们把这种结构称为动词不定式。其否定形式是“not to do”。(2)动词不定式作宾语的用法动词不定式置于谓语动词之后,作动词的宾语,表明意图、希望或决定的内容。在英语中,并不是所有两个动词连用时都采用“动词+不定式”的形式,一般说来,用不定式时,所表示的多为将来的行为。但是在具体使用中同学们还要注意记忆,因为动词不同,其后动词形式的要求也就不同。常见的后面接“to 十动词原形”作宾语的动词有:plan,decide,hope,want,agree,offer,try,like,love 等。口诀(接不定式作宾语的动词)想要学习早打算(want learn plan)快准备 有希望(prepare hope wish expect)同意否 供选择(agree offer choose)决定了 已答应(decide determine promise)尽力去 着手做(manage undertake)别拒绝 别假装(refuse pretend)失败不是属于你(fail)e.g.Tom refused to lend me his pen.汤姆拒绝把他的钢笔借给我。We hope to get there before dark.我们希望在天黑之前到达那儿。The girl decided to do it herself.这个女孩决定自己做。注意:某些及物动词可用-ing 也可用动词不定式作宾语,但意义不同的有:Module 6 Animals in danger 1.形容词变成副词的规律。一般在形容词的词尾加-ly 可以变成副词。例如:quickquickly,slowslowly,loudloudly,sudden suddenly等。特殊情况:构成方法例子一些以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词,要把 y 改为 i 再加-ly。happyhappily,angryangrily 有些以-ble 或-le 结尾的形容词,去掉e加-y。possiblepossibly terribleterribly 少数以 e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly。但绝大多数以 e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly。truetruly politepolitely widewidely 以-l 结尾的形容词变为副词时仍然要在词尾加-ly,而不是只加-y。除非是以-ll结尾的才在词尾只加-y。carefulcarefully usefulusefully full fully 温馨提示:副词修饰行为动词这一点。如:He is very _(careful).He does everything _(carefully)第一句中是作表语,用形容词careful;第二句中修饰行为动词does用副词 carefully。常考的形容词和副词辨析有:hard 努力hardly 几乎不;late 迟的,晚的lately 近来;deep 深deeply 深深地;near靠近nearly 差不多;wide 宽widely 广泛地;high 高的highly 高度地;close 靠近的 closely 密切地;free免费的 freely 自由地。典例剖析:Tom studies _ but his sister _ studies.Ahard,hardBhardly,hardly Chard,hardlyDhardly,hard 答案:C 解题技巧:此题第一个陷阱是hard和 hardly 的区别,通常我们会认为hard 的副词是 hardly,事实上 hard既是 adj.又是 adv.,而 hardly 是另外一个 adv.,中文是“几乎不”。hard作为 adv.时,通常在修饰的动词之后,而 hardly 通常在动词之前,译这句中文“Tom 学习努力,而他的妹妹则几乎不学习。”同根副词意义有别的。4-ing 形容词和-ed形容词的区别。-ing 形容词-ed形容词例句interesting有趣的interested感兴趣的 I have an interesting book.He is interested in science.exciting 令人兴奋的 excited感到兴奋的Have you heard of the exciting news?We are excited about the traveling.moving 令人感动的 moved受感动的Titanic is a moving film.We are moved by Hong Zhanhui deeply.表示主动意义,多指事物对人的影响,一般修饰事物。表示被动意义,多指人对事物的感受,主语一般是人,常用于“sb.+-ed 形容词+介词”结构。We are all interested in the interesting story.5复习动词不定式。(1)不定式的基本形式是“to 动词原形”,或省略 to 用动词原形。在句中使用时不能作谓语,但可以和自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。e.g.The mother wants her to read English every day.母亲要她的儿子每天读英语。My mother asked me not to read in bed.我的母亲要求我不要躺在床上看书。(2)不定式的句法作用:动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的作用,它可以作宾语、宾补和状语。作宾语e.g.He wants to go out with her.他想和她一起出去。(want to do sth.意为“想要做某事”)注意:a.一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语,常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望,如:would like,want,wish,hope,decide,plan,expect 等。e.g.Would you like to see a film this evening?你今晚想去看电影吗?b.在 find,think 后跟不定式作宾语时,常用it 代替,而将真正的宾语放在句末。e.g.I find it easy to read English every day.我发现每天读英语很简单。作宾语补足语:动词不定式作宾补时,它与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。e.g.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.露丝要他关小收音机。(他关小收音机)注意:动词不定式在使役动词make,let 和感官动词 see,watch,hear,feel等词后作宾补时,常省去不定式符号 to。had better,would rather后的不定式也不带to,help 后的不定式可带 to,也可不带 to。e.g.Her mother makes her do homework every evening.她母亲要她每天晚上都写作业。Let s see the dolphins.我们去看海豚吧。I hear her sing every day.我听见她每天都唱歌。Youd better do homework first.你最好先做作业。但 make,see,hear 等词在被动语态中,其后的不定式要带to。e.g.She was heard to speak English.有人听到她说英语。作目的状语,表示某一动作或状态的目的,常常翻译成“为了”。它可置于句首或者句末。为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时,还可以在前面加in order to 或 so as to。e.g.Mrs.Wang went to Shanghai to see her daughter.王女士去上海看望她的女儿。To arrive in time,we ll start early.为了及时到达,我们将早出发。We should work hard in order to pass the exam.=We should work hard so as to pass the exam.我们应该努力学习以便我们能通过考试。注意:不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加not。e.g.They told us not to play basketball too long.他们告诉我们不要打太长时间的篮球。Youd better not go to bed late.你最好不要睡觉太晚。M7 A famous story 1.a girl called Alice.此处 called为过去分词,修饰girl,放在名词之后。相当于named.2.fall down 跌倒,掉下fall behind 跟不上,落在 后面fall into 落入中fall off 从上掉下来fall back 退回fall asleep 入睡fall ill 生病Eg:She fell down and hurt her leg yesterday.Leaves fall off the trees in fall.They felt tired and fell asleep quickly.3.It was sitting in a tree and smiling at everyone.in a tree(外来物或人)在树上on a tree(树上本身有的东西:apple等)在树上Eg:There is a bird in the tree.There are a lot of apples on the tree.smile at sb 对 sb微笑Eg:Lucy is very kind and always smiles at others.4.“到达”的表达:arrive in+大地点get to+地点reach+地点at+小地点(get hometherehere)5.have a tea party 举办茶会6.To see if you remember the story.To see 为不定式,在此处作目的状语,表示“为了看看”If 引导的是一个宾语从句,表示“是否”,不充当任何成分,与whether 可以互换7.have nothing to do 没什么事可做nothingsomething to eatdrink nothing 作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数8.once or twice=from time to time 偶尔Eg:Once or twice he goes to school on foot.once 一次twice 两次三次及以上:数词+times three times six times 9.what for?=why?为什么?;有什么用?Eg:(1)-What are you sitting on the eggs for?-I m sitting on them to hatch the chicks.(2)-Why are you late again?-Because there is an accident on the road.10.nothing strange 没什么奇怪的事形 容词 strange 作后 置定 语,修 饰 不 定 代 词 nothing。在英 语中,当 形 容 修 饰 不定 代词somethinganythingnothingeverything等时,形容词必须放在不定代词后面,作后置定语。Eg:I have something important to do.There is something strange appeared in the sky.11.hear sb do sth 听到sb 做 sth(此处是省略to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语,类似的有makelethavehelp sb do sth 等)hear sb doing sth 听到 sb 正在做 sth Eg:I heard her play the piano in the next room just now.I hear someone singing in the room.12.take sth out of sp 把 sth从 sp掏出rushjump out of sp 从 sp冲 跳出去13.across 表示动作是在物体的表面进行,如过河,过桥,过马路。through 表示动作是在物体的内部空间进行,如穿过森林、门、隧道,光线射入等Eg:Be careful to look both ways before you go across the road.The driver must slow down when they drive through the tunnel.14.too to 太而不能 Eg:He is too young to carry the heavy bag.拓展:(1)tooto 可以和 sothat 互换Eg:She is too young to go to school.=She is so young that she cant go to school.(2)too to 可以和 not enough to 互换(not后的形容词与 too后的形容词是相反的)Eg:She is too young to go to school.=She is not old enough to go to school.15.land on 落到上;着陆Eg:The plane will land on the island in five minutes.16.宾语从句:(1)定义:在主从复合句中,充当宾语成分的从句就叫做宾语从句。(2)位置:常在及物动词或介词之后。(3)引导词:that 无意义,不充当任何成分,常可以省略;ifwhether 表示“是否”,不充当任何成分,两者可以互换,但有or not 时只能用 whether;whowhatwherewhenwhy 等表示“谁”、“什么”、“哪里”、“何时”、“为什么”,分别可以充当主语、宾语、地点状语、时间状语和原因状语,不可以省略。(4)语序:陈述句语序,即“主语+谓语”(5)时态:当主句为现在或将来时态时,宾语从句可以使用任何时态;当主句为过去时态时,宾语从句可以使用过去的某种时态(一般过去时,过去进行时等);当主句为过去时态时,宾语从句表示一种客观真理、事实时,用一般现在时。Eg:I know(that)you met him yesterday.He asked if I would come.I don t understand what you say.He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.The teacher said that light travels faster than sound.M8 Accidents1.on the phone 通过电话通话(on 表示“通过”)2.look pale 看起来很苍白此处 look 作为半系动词,后跟adj.常见的半系动词有tastesmellsoundfeel.Eg:The music sounds good.The food tastes delicious.The sofa feels comfortable.3.listen 听(强调听的过程,后接宾语时需加to,即 listen to)hear 听到(强调听到的结果,后接do 或 doing)Eg:We should listen to the teachers carefully.I hear someone singing in the next room.(我听到有人正在隔壁房间唱歌)I hear someone sing in the next room.(我听到有人在隔壁房间唱歌)4.appear(v.)出现 appearance(n.)disappear(v.)消失Eg:He suddenly disappeared in front of us.5.hit 撞击;打Eg:The bus hits the bridge.He hits me on the head.此外,hit 还可以作名词,表示“轰动一时的成功”Eg:His song made a hit.6.be glad to do sth 很高兴去做 sth Eg:I am glad to see you again.7.in time 及时on time 准时,按时Eg:I hope you can come back in time.Please hand in your homework on time.8.fall off=fall down from 从摔下来你fall asleep 入睡fall into 掉入 fall in love with sb 爱上某人fall behind 落在后面9.the risk of 的风险 side by side 肩并肩pay attention to 注意(to 是一个介词,后接名词或doingEg:We should pay more attention to developing economy.10.sometimes 有时 some times 几次;几倍sometime (将来或过去)某个时候some time 一段时间Eg:He sometimes sends me an e-mail.Remember it some times,or you will forget it.Let s have a party sometime next week.I will stay with you for some time.11.try to do sth 试图去做某事try ones best to do sth 尽某人全力去做某事 have a try 试一试Eg:The little boy tries to go across the road by himself.We should try our best to save the animals in danger.Do you have a try?12.pick up 捡起,拾起(代词只能放中间,名词放在中间或后面均可)pick sb up (开车)接某人 pick sth up 学会某事Eg:A