初中英语被动语态讲解12968.pdf
一、被动语态的构成形式 1.被动语态的基本时态变化 被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由 be过去分词构成，be 随时态的变化而变化。以 do 为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1）am/is/are+done(过去分词)一般现在时 例 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2）has/have been done 现在完成时 例 All the preparations for the task have been completed,and were ready to start.3）am/is/are being done 现在进行时 例 A new cinema is being built here 4）was/were done 一般过去时 例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5）had been done 过去完成时 例 By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing。6）was/were being done 过去进行时 例 A meeting was being held when I was there.7)shall/will be done 一般将来时 例 Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8）should/would be done 过去将来时 例 The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9）shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例 The project will have been completed before July。2.被动语态的特殊结构形式 1）带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例 The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter。2）有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例 His mother gave him a present for his birthday。可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday。3）当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.可改为 The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词 have，make,get 以及感官动词 see，watch,notice,hear,feel,observe 等后面不定式作宾语补语时,在主动结构中不定式 to 要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加 to。例 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building。可改为 A stranger was seen to walk into the building。5)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组,如“动词介词”,“动词副词”等,也可以用于被动结构,但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例 The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3.非谓语动词的被动语态 v。+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态）.例 I dont like being laughed at in the public。二、如何使用被动语态 学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构,还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者（这时可省 by 短语).例 My bike was stolen last night。2。借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer。3。为了更好地安排句子。例 The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people。（一个主语就够了)三、It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如 believe，consider,expect，report，say,suppose，think 等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that 从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”.有:It is said that 据说，It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信,It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为,It is suggested that据建议。例 It is said that the boy has passed the national exam。（The boy is said to have passed the national exam。）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 1.英语中有很多动词如 break,catch，clean，drive，lock，open,sell,read,write,wash 等,当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物.例 This kind of cloth washes well。注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响.试比较：The door wont lock（指门本身有毛病)The door wont be locked（指不会有人来锁门，指“门没有锁是人的原因)2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen,last，take place,break out，come out，come about,come true，run out,give out,turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义.例 How do the newspapers come out？这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3。系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词 feel,sound,taste,book，feel 等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例 Your reason sounds reasonable 五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。1 在 need,want，require，bear 等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式.例 The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。2 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式.例 The picturebook is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read)3。动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义.例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon(to do 与 things 是动宾关系，与 I 是主谓关系。）试比较：Ill go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted？(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者。)4.在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义.这些形容词有 nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant,interesting等。例 This problem is difficult to work out.（可看作 to work out 省略了 for me）.5 在 too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例 This book is too expensive（for me)to buy。6.在 there be句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语,重点在物。例 There is no time to lose（to be lost)（用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose;用 to be lost，谁 lost time 不明确。）7.在 be to do 结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动，被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响，下列动词 rent,blame,let 等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?六、介词 in,on，under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1。“under+名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control(受控制)，under treatment（在治疗中）,under repair（在修理中），under discussion(在讨论中),under construction（在施工中）。例 The building is under construction(is being constructed)。2“beyond+名词结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有:beyond belief(令人难以置信),beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制）,beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例 The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3。“above+名词结构，表示“（品质、行为、能力等)超过、高于。例 His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough 4“for+名词”结构，表示“适于、为着”。如：for sale(出售),for rent（出租）等。例 That house is for sale。（=That house is to be sold).5“in+名词结构,表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中)，in sight(在视野范围内）,等。例 The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6“on+名词”结构，表示“在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale（出售），on show（展出)，on trial(受审).例 Today some treasures are on show in the museum（=are being showed)。7“out of+名词”结构；表示“超出 之外“，常见的有:out of control（控制不了）,out of sight（超出视线之外),out of ones reach（够不着)，out of fashion(不流行)等。例 The plane was out of control（cant be controlled）.8“within+名词”结构,“在内、不超过.例 He took two days off within the teachers permission
