2023年上海GRE考试模拟卷（1）.docx

2023年上海GRE考试模拟卷（1）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Copper was the first (metallic. used by humans (and is) second only (to iron) in its utility through (the ages).A. metallicB. and isC. to ironD. the ages2.Acrylic (paints) are (either) applied (using. a knife or diluted and (spreading. with a paintbrush.A. paintsB. eitherC. usingD. spreading3.The United States census (for) 1970 (showed that) the French-speaking residents of Louisiana (were. one of the countrys most compact regional linguistic (minority).A. forB. showed thatC. wereD. minority4.The Western world is beset (with) the range of (problem) that characterize (mature., postindustrial (societies).A. withB. problemC. matureD. societies5.Some marine invertebrates, (such as the. sea urchin and the starfish, (migrates) from deep water (to shallow) during spring and early summer (to spawn).A. such as theB. migratesC. to shallowD. to spawn6.Marshes, wetland (areas characterized. by (plant grassy) growth, are distinguished (from) swamps, wetlands (where trees) grown.A. areas characterizedB. plant grassyC. fromD. where trees7.Wampum, beads used as (a form) of exchange by some Native Americans, was made of (bits of. seashells cut, (drill), and strung into belts.A. a formB. byC. bits ofD. drill8.(Despite. the fact that lemurs are (general) nocturnal, the ring-tailed lemur (travels) by day in bands of four (to) twelve individuals.A. DespiteB. generalC. travelsD. to9.Proper city planning (provides for) the (distribution) of public utilities, public buildings, parks, and (recreation centers), and for adequate and (the inexpensive. housing.A. provides forB. distributionC. recreation centersD. the inexpensive10.Kangaroos use (their) long and (powerful) tails (for) balance themselves (when sitting. upright or jumping.A. theirB. powerfulC. forD. when sitting11.(Most) traditional dances are (made up of.a prearranged series of steps and movements, but modern dancers are generally (free to) move as they (choice.A. MostB. made up ofC. free toD. choice12.In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program. The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar to that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an areas a marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. People are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmed or removed. The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce. Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after 1978. They range in size from the very small (less than I square kilometer) Fagatele BayNational Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National MarineSanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers. The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management practices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, are offered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species. Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and other countries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the United States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Carbbean Sea. Others rangefrom the well-known Australian Great Barrer Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come to recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas. whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important role in preserving that diversity.What does the passage mainly discussA. Differences among marine parks, sanctuaries, and reservesB. Various marine conservation programsC. International agreements on coastal protectionD. Similarities between land and sea protected environments13.Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the worlds finest large farming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity. Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York Citys importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadephia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New Yorks location at the western end of one of the worlds most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland. This account does not alone explain New Yorks primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.What does the passage mainly discussA. The development of trade routes through United States citiesB. Contrasts in settlement patterns in United StatesC. Historical differences among three large United States citiesD. The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities14.The tern "art deco" has come to encompass three distinct but related design trends of the 1920s and 1930s. The first was what is frequently referred to as "zigzag moderne" the exotically ornamental style of such skyscrapers as the Chrysler Building in New York City and related structures such as the Paramount Theater in Oakland, California The word "zigzag" alludes to the geometric and stylized ornamentation of zigzags, angular patterns, abstracted plant and animal motifs, sunbursts, astrological imagery, formalized fountains, and related themes that were applied in mosaic relief. and mural form to the exterior and interior of the buildings. Many of these buildings were shaped in the ziggurat form, a design resembling an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower that recedes in progressively smaller stages to the summit, creating a staircase-like effect. The second manifestation of art deco was the 1930s streamlined moderne" stylea Futuristic-looking aerodynamic style of rounded corners and horizontal bands known as "speed stripes." In architecture, these elements were frequently accompanied by round windows, extensive use of glass block, and flat rooftops. The third style, referred to as cither "international stripped classicism," or simply " classical moderne," also came to the forefront during the Depression, a period of severe economic difficult in the 1930s. This was amore conservative style, blending a simplified modernistic style with a more austere form of geometric and stylized relief sculpture and other ornament, including interior murals. May buildings in this style were erected nationwide through government programs during the Depression . Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern, it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded it. For example, like "art nouveau" (1890-1910), art deco also used plant motifs, but regularized the forms into abstracted repetitive patterns rather than presenting them as flowing, asymmetrical foliage, Like the Viennese craftspeople of the Wiener Werkstatte, art deco designers worked with exotic materials, geometricized shapes, and colorfully ornate patterns. Furthermore, like the artisans of the Arts and Crafts Movement in England and the United States, art deep practitioners considered it their mission to transform the domestic environment through well-designed furniture and household accessories.What aspect of art deco does the passage mainly discussA. The influence of art deco on the design of furniture and household accessoriesB. Ways in which government programs encouraged the development of art decoC. Architectural manifestations of art deco during the 1920s and 1930sD. Reasons for the popularity of art deco in New York and California15.From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork, Where stone was the local building material, a mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for "goods in kind" from the customers field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood cut in the customers own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm. Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one historian, as "an orchestra conducted by nature." Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials, While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discussA. Farming practicesB. The work of artisansC. The character of rural neighborhoodsD. Types of furniture that were popular16.The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter, with a volume 1,300 times greater than Earths, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. It is thought to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive, Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiters interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures of millions of kilograms per square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might lock together to form a liquid with the properties of a metal. Some scientists believe that the innermost core of Jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth. Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours. As a result, its clouds, which are composed largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into alternating dark and bright bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes. Jupiters puzzling Great Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size (the Earth could easily fit inside it), lasts for hundreds of years. Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval heat or beat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet. Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its sixteen natural satellites, which, like a miniature model of the Solar System, decrease in density with distancefrom rocky moons close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-preserved sample of the early solar nebula, and with its satellites, might contain the most important clues about the origin of the Solar System.The word "attained" in line 4 is closest in meaning toA. attemptedB. changedC. lostD. reached17.Cities develop as a result of functions that t