2023年广东GRE考试真题卷.docx

2023年广东GRE考试真题卷本卷共分为2大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.The assumption that the tropical ecosystem of Amazonia has been created solely by natural forcesA has often been questioned by ecologists in the past.B has been shown to be incorrect by recent research.C was made by Peter Feinsinger and other ecologists.D has led to some fruitful discoveries. 2.The application of our new insights into the Amazonian past wouldA warn us against allowing any development at all.B cause further suffering to the Indian communities.C change present policies on development in the region.D reduce the amount of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn. 3.Information in the passage provides support for which of the following assertions concerning human cloning . A better understanding of the genetic reprogramming process would not likely allow us to clone higher mammals. . The threat to public health that cloning presents should concern us more than that its threat to individual health. . The lack of interest in cloning owes less to a lack of technology than a skepticism toward its possible benefits.A(A) onlyB(B) onlyC(C) onlyD(D) and onlyE(E) , , and 4.Previously, the sack-like rabbit appendix was thought to serve primarily as a reservoir for the bacteria involved in hindgut fermentation, a explanation that failed to account for the absence of an appendix in other animals with similar digestive systems or for its presence in humans. Microscopic research revealed that the appendix contains a significant amount of lymphoid tissue, similar aggregates of which tissue occur in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. These are involved, possibly, in the bodys ability to recognize foreign antigens in ingested material, but the evidence is inconclusive, to the extent that scientists have long discounted the human appendix as a "vestigial" organ. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the appendix, far from being a "vestigial organ", hag a significant function as a part of the body s immune system. The appendix achieves its greatest development shortly after birth, when immune response is first developing, then regresses with age, when the immune response mediated by the appendix may relate to such inflammatory conditions as ulcerative colitis, which in adults necessitates the organ s surgical removal.Which of the following hypothetical discoveries, if made, would cast MOST doubt on the most recent conclusions regarding the function of the human appendixAAfter laboratory experiments, scientists discover evidence to reject the notion hat the human appendix is a "vestigial" organ.BCertain animal species which had not previously been given attention are to possess an appendix resembling that of humans.CLymphoid tissue is discovered, after careful study, not to play a role in the recognition of foreign antigens in ingested material.DAfter re-examination of the evidence, ulcerative colitis is discovered to be caused by factors wholly unrelated to the human appendix.EIt is discovered that in rabbits, hindgut fermentation does not require the presence of an organ acting as reservoir for bacteria. 5.From the beginning, the idea of a finite universe ran into its own obstacle, the apparent need for an edge, a problem that has only recently been grappled with. Aristotles argument, that the universe is finite, and that a boundary was necessary to fix an absolute reference frame, held only until scientists wondered what happened at the far side of the edge. In other words, why do we not redefine the "universe" to include that other side Riemann ingeniously replied by proposing the hypersphere, the three- dimensional surface of a four-dimensional ball. Previously it was supposed that the ultimate physical reality must be a Euclidean space of some dimension, and thus if space were a hypersphere, it would need to sit in a four-dimensional Euclidean space that allows us to view it from the outside. But according to Riemann, it would be perfectly acceptable for the universe to be a hypersphere and not embedded in any higher-dimensional space; nature need not therefore cling to the ancient notion. According to Einsteins powerful but limited theory of relativity, space is a dynamic medium that can curve in one of three ways, depending on the distribution of matter and energy within it, but because we are embedded in space, we cannot see the flexure directly but rather perceive it as gravitational attraction and geometric distortion of images. Thus, to determine which of the three geometries our universe has, astronomers are forced to measure the density of matter and energy in the cosmos, whose amounts appear at present to be insufficient to force space to arch back on itself in "spherical" geometry. Space may also have the familiar Euclidean geometry, like that of a plane, or a "hyperbolic" geometry, like that of a saddle. Furthermore, the universe could be spherical, yet so large that the observable part seems Euclidean, just as a small patch of the earths surface looks flat.We must recall that relativity is a purely local theory: it predicts the curvature of each small volume of space-its geometry-based on the matter and energy it contains, and the three plausible cosmic geometries are consistent with many different topologies: relativity would describe both a torus and a plane with the same equations, even though the torus is finite and the plane is infinite. Determining the topology therefore requires some physical understanding beyond relativity, in order to answer the question, for instance, of whether the universe is, like a plane, "simply connected", meaning there is only one direct path for light to travel from a source to an observer. A simply connected Euclidean or hyperbolic universe would indeed be infinite-and seems self-evident to the layman-but unfortunately the universe might instead be "multiply-connected", like a torus, in which case there are many different such paths. An observer could see multiple images of each galaxy and easily interpret them as distinct galaxies in an endless space, much as a visitor to a mirrored room has the illusion of seeing a huge crowd, and for this reason physicists have yet to conclusively determine the shape of the universe.In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with_.Asearching for an accurate method of determining whether the universe is finite or infiniteBdiscussing problems and possibilities involved in providing a definite picture of the shape of the universeCdeclaring opposition to the notion that spherical geometry is a possible model for the shape of the universeDcriticizing discredited theories about the possible topologies of the universeErefuting the idea that there is no way to tell whether the universe is finite and if so what shape it has 6.Previously, the sack-like rabbit appendix was thought to serve primarily as a reservoir for the bacteria involved in hindgut fermentation, a explanation that failed to account for the absence of an appendix in other animals with similar digestive systems or for its presence in humans. Microscopic research revealed that the appendix contains a significant amount of lymphoid tissue, similar aggregates of which tissue occur in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. These are involved, possibly, in the bodys ability to recognize foreign antigens in ingested material, but the evidence is inconclusive, to the extent that scientists have long discounted the human appendix as a "vestigial" organ. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the appendix, far from being a "vestigial organ", hag a significant function as a part of the body s immune system. The appendix achieves its greatest development shortly after birth, when immune response is first developing, then regresses with age, when the immune response mediated by the appendix may relate to such inflammatory conditions as ulcerative colitis, which in adults necessitates the organ s surgical removal.Which of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the firstAThe second paragraph relies on different evidence in drawing a conclusion similar to that expressed in the first paragraph.BThe second paragraph provides further elaboration on why an assertion made at the end of the first paragraph proves true in most cases.CThe second paragraph provides additional information in support of a hypothesis stated in the first paragraph.DThe second paragraph provides an example of a case in which the assumption described in the first paragraph is unwarranted.EThe second paragraph describes a phenomenon that has the same cause as the phenomenon described in the first paragraph. 7.From the beginning, the idea of a finite universe ran into its own obstacle, the apparent need for an edge, a problem that has only recently been grappled with. Aristotles argument, that the universe is finite, and that a boundary was necessary to fix an absolute reference frame, held only until scientists wondered what happened at the far side of the edge. In other words, why do we not redefine the "universe" to include that other side Riemann ingeniously replied by proposing the hypersphere, the three- dimensional surface of a four-dimensional ball. Previously it was supposed that the ultimate physical reality must be a Euclidean space of some dimension, and thus if space were a hypersphere, it would need to sit in a four-dimensional Euclidean space that allows us to view it from the outside. But according to Riemann, it would be perfectly acceptable for the universe to be a hypersphere and not embedded in any higher-dimensional space; nature need not therefore cling to the ancient notion. According to Einsteins powerful but limited theory of relativity, space is a dynamic medium that can curve in one of three ways, depending on the distribution of matter and energy within it, but because we are embedded in space, we cannot see the flexure directly but rather perceive it as gravitational attraction and geometric distortion of images. Thus, to determine which of the three geometries our universe has, astronomers are forced to measure the density of matter and energy in the cosmos, whose amounts appear at present to be insufficient to force space to arch back on itself in "spherical" geometry. Space may also have the familiar Euclidean geometry, like that of a plane, or a "hyperbolic" geometry, like that of a saddle. Furthermore, the universe could be spherical, yet so large that the observable part seems Euclidean, just as a small patch of the earths surface looks flat.We must recall that relativity is a purely local theory: it predicts the curvature of each small volume of space-its geometry-based on the matter and energy it contains, and the three plausible cosmic geometries are consistent with many different topologies: relativity would describe both a torus and a plane with the same equations, even though the torus is finite and the plane is infinite. Determining the topology therefore requires some physical understanding beyond relativity, in order to answer the question, for instance, of whether the universe is, like a plane, "simply connected", meaning there is only one direct path for light to travel from a source to an observer. A simply connected Euclidean or hyperbolic universe would indeed be infinite-and seems self-evident to the layman-but unfortunately the universe might instead be "multiply-connected", like a torus, in which case there are many different such paths. An observer could see multiple images of each galaxy and easily interpret them as distinct galaxies in an endless space, much as a visitor to a mirrored room has the illusion of seeing a huge crowd, and for this reason physicists have yet to conclusively determine the shape of the universe.The "ancient notion" (line 14) to which the author refers to is the idea that_.Ainfinite space, by definition, can exist but cannot be observed from an external reference pointBin order for there to be an outside to the universe, the ultimate physical reality must be a Euclidean planar spaceCone cannot observe the edge of any object, including the universe, except by using a perspective external to itDthe universe can always be redefined to include what is beyond an absolute reference pointEthe universe is a hypersphere which must be embedded in higher-dimensional space than that given by Euclidean geometry 8.Previously, the sack-like rabbit appendix was thought to serve primarily as a reservoir for the bacteria involved in hindgut fermentation, a explanation that failed to account for the absence of an appendix in other animals with similar digestive systems or for its presence in humans. Microscopic research revealed that the appendix contains a significant amount of lymphoid tissue, similar aggregates of which tissue occur in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. These are involved, possibly, in the bodys ability to recognize foreign antigens in ingested material, but the evidence is inconclusive, to the extent that scientists have long discounted the human appendix as a "vestigial" organ. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the appendix, far from being a "vestigial organ", hag a significant function as a part of the body s immune system. The appendix achieves its greatest development shortly after birth, when immune response is first developing, then regresses with age, when the immune response mediated by the appendix may relate to such inflammatory conditions as ulcerative colitis, which in adults necessitates the organ s surgical removal.It can be inferred from the passage that the author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following assertions about the appendixAScientists have ruled out the possibility that the appendix is involved in hindgut fermentation in all species, including rabbits.BAs an organ, the appendix is more useful to the immune response of human beings in their first development than later in life.CThe human appendix contains greater amounts of lymphoid tissue than the aggregates of which that are found in other areas of the gastrointestinal tract.DThe appendix in a human child is generally less well developed than the appendix in a human adult.EThe presence of the appendix in humans suggests that the human digestive process resembles the rabbit digestive process more than that of other animal species. 9.From the beginning, the idea of a finite universe ran into its own obstacle, the apparent need for an edge, a problem that has only recently been grappled with. Aristotles argument, that