综合英语教程第五册 课后答案 课件Unit-07-the art of smart guessing.ppt

Contents pageContentsLearningObjectivesPre-readingActivitiesGlobalReadingDetailedReadingConsolidationActivitiesFurtherEnhancementLearning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesRhetoricalskill:featuresoftypicalexpositionKeylanguage&grammarpointsWritingstrategies:exemplificationTheme:“quizandanswer”tosolveaFermiproblemPre-R:picture activationWhatdoyouseefromthepicture?Picture Activation|Pre-questionsPre-R:Q11.Whenmakingdecisions,wearesupposedtorelyontheexactinformation relevant.However,for reasons such as lack of time,orstatistics,wesometimeswouldhavetoresorttoguessing.Doyouoftenmakeguesses?Areallyourguesseswildonesoraretheysometimesbasedonestimations?Picture Activation|Pre-questionsOpendiscussion.Pre-R:Q22.Youmustknowaboutquiteanumberofgreatscientists.ButyoumaynothaveheardofEnricoFermi.TrytofindsomeinformationaboutEnrico Fermi,such as who he is and for what contribution he wasawardedtheNobelPrizeforPhysics.Picture Activation|Pre-questionsSeeNote5onyourstudentsbook.G-R:text introduction-1This expository essay discusses a significant topic:how to hazard aguesstimatesoastosolveaFermiproblem.A Fermi problem is named after Nobel Prize-winning scientist EnricoFermi,who used Fermi problems to teach his students how to thinkcreatively for themselves and how to obtain approximately correctanswers.AFermiproblemdoesnotcontainalltheinformationyouneedtosolveitprecisely.Itpresentsaspecificquestion,withorwithoutacontext,butitdoesnotrequiretheexactanswer;itmerelycallsforthemostapproximateanswer.Text Introduction|Culture Notes|Author|StructureG-R:text introduction-2GroupDiscussionCanyougiveanexampleofaFermiproblem?Text Introduction|Culture Notes|Author|StructureAs we all know,China has the largest population in theworld,themajorityofwhichareengagedinagriculture.HowmanywomeninChinadoyouthinkengageinagriculture?G-R:culture notes-1theMarianaTrench(Paragraph2)a depression in the floor of the Pacific Ocean,the deepest seafloordepressionintheworld.ItislocatedjusteastoftheMarianaIslandsinthewesternpartoftheoceanbasin,whichembracesthedeepestpointon earth:the Challenger Deep,which is estimated to be 11,033 m(36,198ft)deep.Text Introduction|Culture Notes|Author|StructureG-R:culture notes-2Fermi,Enrico(Paragraph9)(1901-1954),Italian-born American physicistand Nobel Prize winner,who made importantcontributionstoboththeoreticalandexperimentalphysics.Fermisbest-knowncontributionwasthedemonstrationofthefirstcontrolledatomicfissionreaction.Hewonthe1938 Nobel Prize in physics for his work inbombarding atoms with neutrons,subatomicparticleswithnoelectriccharge.Text Introduction|Culture Notes|Author|StructureG-R:culture notes-3StanMason(Paragraph15)Bornin1921inTrenton,NewJersey,Masoncreatedhisfirstinventionattheageof7:aclothespinfishinglurethathesoldtohisfriends.Masoncalls himself an inventorofordinary,everydayproducts nothigh-tech,but common,useful things.In the last 50 years,his over 100inventions and 55 patents include the squeezable ketchup bottle,granola bars,heated pizza boxes,heatproof plastic microwavecookware,stringlessBand-Aidpackaging,dentalflossdispensers,andinstantsplintsandcastsforbrokenlimbs.Text Introduction|Culture Notes|Author|StructureG-R:author info-1Bryan W.Mattimore,president of TheMattimore Group consulting company inStamford,Connecticut,majors in appliedbusiness creativity,and has designed andfacilitatedideationprogramsforsuchorganizations as Pepsi Co,Hagen-Dazs,AT&T,HeleneCurtis,andtheU.S.Government.Text Introduction|Culture Notes|Author|StructureG-R:author info-2AcumlaudegraduateofDartmouth,hewritestheannualBreakthroughIdeas cover story for Success magazine.He is author of 99%Inspiration:Tips,Tales&Techniques for Liberating Your Business Creativity(1993),fromwhichthecurrenttextistaken.Text Introduction|Culture Notes|Author|StructureG-R:structural analysisThe text,which comprises 20 paragraphs,may be divided into threeparts:Text Introduction|Culture Notes|Author|StructurePart1Part2Part3(1-5)theintroductorypartthatprovidesthebackgroundoftheessay(6-18)significanceofsmartguessingandsolvingFermiproblem(19-20)Thewriteranswersthequestionputforwardinthe beginning and tells us how guesswork helps usarriveatanapproximatelycorrectanswer.DR-p1 textTHEARTOFSMARTGUESSINGBryanW.Mattimore1.Severalyearsago,interviewingcandidatesforajob,Igrewtiredof asking what experience do you have?So I decided on a one-questionquiztofindouthowresourcefulathinkerthenewhiremightbe.Hereitis:Detailed ReadingDR-p2-3 text2.You are on a yacht sailing the Pacific Ocean.Your navigatorannouncesyouareoverthedeepestpoint,theMarianaTrench.Justthen,aclumsyguestaccidentallydropsa12-poundcannonballovertheside.HowlongwillittakeforthecannonballtoreachthebottomoftheOcean?3.Before reading on,please try to solve this yourself payingspecialattentiontohowyoumightsolveit.Detailed ReadingDR-p4-5 text4.Did you make a completely wild guess because there wasntenoughinformation?Didyougettooboggeddowninthedetailstryingtocomeupwiththeexactlyrightanswer?OrdidyouzeroinonthetwomostimportantproblemshowdeepistheMarianaTrenchandhowfast might a cannonball fall through the water then hazard aguesstimate?5.Mostofmycandidatessimplymadeawildguess,thinkingthattheycouldntbe100-percentright.Rarelywassomeonewillingtoriskanapproximation.Detailed ReadingDR-p6 text6.Whatdoesthishavetodowithbusinessorcreativity?Agreatdeal.Intherealworld,wefrequentlyneedtomakedecisionswhenthefullinformationdoesnotexist.Fromwhatfoodsweeattohowtoraiseourkids,creativepeoplemustthinkforthemselves.Theremaynotbethetime or themoney tomake sure ofall your decisions.Your bestguesswilloftenbethebestyoucando.Detailed ReadingDR-p7 text7.Suppose,forexample,youvebeenaskedtowriteamarketingplanforanewtelephonedevicethatwill sendyourname,company,addressandtelephonenumbertoavisualdisplayorprinteronanotherpersons phone.In addition to conventional outlets like massmerchandisersandelectronicsstores,youdliketoknowthenumberofphone stores in the United States.Unfortunately,this figure is notavailable,either from the market-research houses or from the U.S.government.Whatdoyoudo?Detailed ReadingDR-p8 text8.Onesolutionwouldbetogotoyourlocallibrary,pulloutafewphonedirectoriesfromaroundthecountry,turntotheYellowPagesandstart counting.You could then guesstimate how many stores per100,000peopleineachofthecitiesyoucounted.This,bytheway,isexactly what a marketing consultant I know did for a largetelecommunicationsclient.Detailed ReadingDR-p9 text9.The question about phone stores was an example of whatscientists call a Fermi problem,named after Nobel Prize-winningscientist Enrico Fermi,who used problems such as this to teach hisstudentshowtothinkforthemselves.AFermiproblemdoesnotcontainalltheinformationyouneedtosolveitprecisely.Detailed ReadingDR-p10-1 text10.Fermi is said to have once asked his university students howmanypianotunerstherewereinChicago.Toanswerthequestion,herecommended breaking it down into smaller,more manageablequestions,and then having the courage to make some guesses andassumptions.HowmanypeopleliveinChicago?Threemillionwouldbea reasonable estimate.How many people per family?Assume anaverageoffour.Howmanyfamiliesownpianos?Sayoneoutofthree.Then therewere about250,000pianos in Chicago.How oftenwouldeachbetuned?Maybeonceeveryfiveyears.Detailed ReadingDR-p10-2 textThatmakes50,000tuningsayear.How manypianos canonetunertuneinaday?Four?Andhowmanyinayear?Assuming250workingdays,onetunercanhandle1,000pianosayear.Detailed ReadingDR-p11-13 text11.Sotheresworkforapproximately50pianotunersinChicagowhich,asitturnsout,isreasonablyclosetotheactualnumberintheYellowPages.12.Whywasguessworksoaccurate?Thelawofaveragesispartlyresponsible.Atanypoint,yourassumptionsmaybetoohighortoolow.But because of the law of averages,your mistakes will frequentlybalanceout.13.Heres another puzzle.You probably already know that blackabsorbsthemostheat,whilewhitereflectsthemost.Butwhatabouttheother colors in between?How could you find the answer?Hint:itswintertime,butnottoocold.Detailed ReadingDR-p14 text14.Ben Franklins solution was elegant.He simply laid broadclothsamplesofvariouscolorsonthesnowonasunnymorning.Inafewhours,he reported,theblack,being warmedmostbythesun,wassunksolowastobebelowthestrokeofthesunsrays;thedarkblue,almostaslow;thelighterbluenotquitesomuchasthedark;theothercolors,lessastheywerelighter,andthequitewhiteremainedonthesurfaceofthesnow,nothavingentereditatall.Detailed ReadingDR-p15-16 text15.Oneofmyfavoriteguesstimatorsis,westConnecticutinventorStanMason,whodevelopedmicrowavecookwarespeciallydesignedtopositionfoodinthebestspotforcooking.16.Todothis,Masonneededtoknowwherethemicrowaveshotspotsweretheplacewheretherayshitthefoodwiththehighestintensity.Tofindout,heputshelvesofunpoppedpopcornkernelsinthemicrowave and watched to see which kernels popped first.Hediscovered a pattern in the ovens hottest rays:they werent in thecornersoratthecenter,butintheshapeofamushroomcloud.Detailed ReadingDR-p17-19 text17.Thenhedesignedcookingdishestofitthepattern.Hehadcomeupwitharesourcefulwaytoapproximatetheanswerratherthanusingscientificallysophisticatedtestingequipment.18.Fermiwouldhaveapproved.19.Bytheway,theMarianaTrenchisaboutsixnauticalmilesdeep,andacannonballdropsatarateoftenfeetpersecond.Soittookthecannonballaboutanhourtoreachthebottomofthetrench.Detailed ReadingDR-p20 text20.Could this be guessed?If you know that Earths highest pointMountQomolangma,is29,000feet,youmightreasonablyconcludethatitslowestpointwouldbeclosetothesamedistance.Thenyoumightimaginethataheavyobjectwouldtakeonesecondtofallthroughthewaterofa10-foot-deepswimmingpool.Theseestimateswouldbringyoucloseenoughtothecorrectanswer.Detailed ReadingDR:p1-5 AnalysisParagraph1-5AnalysisTheseparagraphs,formingthebeginningpartofthisexpositoryessay,tellusaboutthecause,purpose,andresultoftheone-questionquizthewriterdesigned.Also,theone-questionquizisdirectlyquoted,andthreedifferentapproachestotheanswerarepresentedintheformofquestions,ofwhichthethirdoneprovidesacluetotherightthinkingprocessandleadstothecorrectanswer.Detailed ReadingDR:p6-18 AnalysisParagraph6-18AnalysisTheseparagraphsconstitutethesecondpartorthebodyofthisvery informative essay.First,the writer draws our attention to theuniversallypracticalsignificanceofsmartguessing.Next,hegivesanexampletoshowwhatscientistscallaFermiproblem.Then,thewriterdefinesorexplainsitbeforeheillustratesitwithanotherfourexamples.Detailed ReadingDR:p19-20 AnalysisParagraph19-20AnalysisThese two paragraphs,the conclusion of the text,is closelyrelatedtothebeginningpartofthisenlighteningessay.Inthispart,thewriterprovidesthecorrectanswertothechallengingquestionraisedinthebeginning.Hepresentsnotonlythecalculatingprocess,butalsothesmartguessingprocessthatleadstotherightanswer.Detailed ReadingDR-Questions-p1-5aDetailed ReadingParagraph1:QuestionWhyandforwhatpurposedidthewriterdecideontheone-questionquiz?Severalyearsbefore,interviewingcandidatesforajob,thewriterhadgrowntiredofaskingwhatexperiencedoyouhave?Therefore,hedecidedontheone-questionquiztofindouthowresourcefulathinkerthenewhiremightbe.DR-Questions-p1-5b-aDetailed ReadingParagraph5:QuestionWhatdoyouthinkoftheone-questionquiz?Thoughitincludesonlyonequestion,thequizisabsolutelychallenging.Thatwaswhymostofthecandidatessimplymade a wild guess,and rarely did somebody have thecouragetoriskanapproximation.Togettherightanswer,youhavetoknowhowdeeptheMarianaTrenchisandhowfast a cannonball might fall through the water,and thenhazardaguesstimate.Thisisreallybeyondthescopeoftheknowledgeofmostpeople.DR-Questions-p1-5b-bOnlythosewhoarehighlyintelligent,knowledgeable,andresourcefularelikelytosolvetheproblem.Therefore,thisone-questionquizisreallyahelpfulwaytofindtalentedandresourcefulcandidates.Detailed ReadingDR-Questions-p6Detailed ReadingParagraph6:QuestionWhyissmartguessinguniversallyapplicable?Smartguessinghasmuchtodowithbusinessorcreativity.In the real world,we frequently need to make decisionswhenfullinformationisnotavailable.Fromwhatfoodsweeat,tohowtoraiseourkids,wemustthinkcreativelyforourselves.We are not always in a position to make theexactly right decision.Our best guess,i.e.the bestapproximationwilloftenbethebestwecando.DR-Questions-p6-18aDetailed ReadingParagraph6-18:QuestionWhatdoyouthinkofthethreeactualexamplesprovidedinthebodyoftheessay?ThefirstexampleisthefirstFermiproblem.ItismosttypicalofFermiproblemsbecauseitinvolvesaseriesofreasonableguessesandassumptionsbeforetheapproximateanswerisavailable.The second example is equally challenging andhighlydemanding.Butthesolutionreportediselegant.Thisexample shows that Ben Franklin is imaginative andintelligentorresourceful.DR-Questions-p6-18bThe last example is of particularly great significance,because itdemonstrates how scientific experimentation,careful observation andsmart approximation help scientists or inventors make scientificdiscoveriesorinventions.Detailed ReadingDR-Questions-p20-1Detailed ReadingParagraph20:Questions1.Whatdoyouthinkoftheconclusion?Theconclusionisinformative,enlighteningandsatisfying,forit tells us what we expect to know.In the beginning thechallengingquestionisputforward,butnoanswerisgiven,which creates suspense.The conclusion removes thesuspensebysupplyingthesolutionprocessaswellastheanswer.DR-Questions-p20-2Detailed ReadingParagraph20:Questions2.Can an average person solve or guess the correct answer to thechallengingquestion?Givereasonsforyouranswer.No,itisimpossibleforanordinarypersontofindtherightanswerbecauseitisnotlikelyforhimtoknowthedepthofthe Mariana Trench or the falling rate of a cannonballdropping through water.And it is absolutely out of thequestion for him to guesstimate the correct answer.Onlythosewhoareimaginative,knowledgeableandresourcefullikethewriterofthetextarecapableofsolvingtheFermiproblem.LPT-smartsmartadj.clever,ingenious,showingintelligence;brightandnew-looking;well-dressed,neatDetailed Readinge.g.1.Asmartstudentgaveusasmart answer.2.Youlookverysmartinyournewsuit.LPT-one question quizaone-questionquizaquizwhichconsistsofonequestiononly;acompetitionduringwhichonlyonequestionisaskedandansweredquiz n.a competition,esp.on TV or radio,in which people try toanswerquestionstotesttheirknowledgeDetailed Readinge.g.1.ShetookpartinaquizonTVlastnight.2.AquizadayishelpfulinourEnglishstudies.LPT-to find out“tofindouthowresourcefulathinkerthenewhiremightbe”Detailed ReadingExplanationtofindoutwhethertheprospectiveemployeewouldbegood at finding ways of dealing with problems,and howgoodheorshemightbeLPT-resourcefulresourcefuladj.cleveratfindingwaysofdoingthingsDetailed Readinge.g.1.Thesenatorisakeen,resourcefulpolitician.2.Heisthemostresourcefulandwell-suppliedcookinthetown.3.Aresourcefulmaniscleverandquickatfindingwaysofdoingthings.LPT-hirehiren.apersonhiredtowork;hiring;obtainingtheuseofsth.ortheservicesofsb.temporarilyandesp.forashortperiodoftimeinreturnforpaymentDetailed Readinge.g.1.Thenewhireisaresourcefulman.2.Wehadthehireofacarforaweek.3.Thissuitisonhire.4.Thesebicyclesareforhire,onepoundanhour.LPT-yachtyachtn.alightsailingboat,esp.onebuiltspecific