BusinessCombinationandstockinvestment课件.pptx

The Accounting Concept of A Business CombinationMethods of Accounting for Business CombinationEquity MethodA One-line ConsolidationMajor ContentsThe Accounting Concept of A Business CombinationAPB Opinion No16,Business CombinationFASB Statement 141,Business Combinations IAS 22:Business CombinationsCAS 20:企业合并企业合并APB Opinion No16(1970)企业合并指一家公司与一家或几家公司或非公司组织的企企业合并指一家公司与一家或几家公司或非公司组织的企业合成一个会计个体，这一会计个体继续从事以前彼此分业合成一个会计个体，这一会计个体继续从事以前彼此分离、相互独立的企业的经营活动。离、相互独立的企业的经营活动。Business combination,as an accounting concept,occurs when a corporation and one or more incorporated or unincorporated businesses are brought together under the control of a single management team.That control is established when:1One corporation becomes a subsidiary 2One company transfers its net assets to another,or 3Each company transfers its net assets to a newly formed corporation.FASB Statement 141(2001)企业合并实质一个实体收购组成企业的净资产，或收购一企业合并实质一个实体收购组成企业的净资产，或收购一个或者多个实体的股权并对该实体或多个实体进行控制。个或者多个实体的股权并对该实体或多个实体进行控制。a business combination occurs when an entity acquires net assets that constitute a business or acquires equity interests of one or more other entities and obtains control over that entity or entities.（paragraph 9）The pooling of interest method of accounting was eliminated for all transactions initiated after June 30,2001.FASB Statement 141(revised 2007)A business combination is a transaction or other event in which an acquirer obtains control of one or more businesses.Control has the meaning of controlling financial interestAn entity shall account for each business combination by applying the acquisition method.IAS 22(revised 1998)企业合并，指通过一个企业与另一个企业的联合企业合并，指通过一个企业与另一个企业的联合或获得对另一个企业净资产和经营活动控制权，或获得对另一个企业净资产和经营活动控制权，而将各单独的企业组成一个经济实体。而将各单独的企业组成一个经济实体。A business combination is the bringing together of separate enterprises into one economic entity as a result of one enterprise uniting with or obtaining control over the net assets and operations of another enterprise.（paragraph 8）IFRS 3 Business Combinations（2004）A business combination is the bringing together of separate entities or businesses into one reporting entity.The result of nearly all business combinations is that one entity,the acquirer,obtains control of one or more other businesses,the acquiree.If an entity obtains control of one or more other entities that are not businesses,the bringing together of those entities is not a business combination.CAS 20(2006)企业合并，是指将两个或者两个以上单独的企业企业合并，是指将两个或者两个以上单独的企业合并形成一个合并形成一个报告主体报告主体的交易或事项。的交易或事项。同一控制下的企业合并同一控制下的企业合并(Business combinations involving entities under common control)非同一控制下的企业合并非同一控制下的企业合并Methods of Accounting for Business CombinationPurchase Method Pooling of Interests Method购买法购买法（Purchase Method）将企业合并视为资产的购买行为将企业合并视为资产的购买行为Purchase Method Purchase cost is measured by the cash disbursed,the fair value of property given up,or the fair value of securities issued.Direct acquisition costs are paid to outside parties;include them in the price paidIndirect acquisition costs are internally incurred;they are expensedIssue costs are to issue bonds or stock;they are subtracted from the value assigned to the securitiesuStocks and bonds issued are always recorded at fair value in a purchase1Determine the fair values of all identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed.All identifiable assets and liabilities are valued regardless of whether they are recorded on the books of the acquired company(for example a patent where all R&D was expensed as incurred).No value is assigned to goodwill recorded on the books of the acquired company.Cost allocation procedures 2 The acquiring company records the assets received and liabilities assumed at their fair values.a First,fair values are assigned to all identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed.b If cost is greater than fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired,the excess cost is assigned to goodwill.c If fair value is greater than cost,the excess fair value is handled in the following fashion:(1)The excess is applied as a pro rata（按比例）reduction of amounts that would have otherwise been assigned to assets except forfinancial assets other than investments accounted for by the equity method,assets to be disposed of（处理）,deferred tax assets,prepaid pension（养老金）and post-retirement assets,and any other current assets.(2)If all such assets are reduced to zero value,the reminder,if any,is recognized as an extraordinary gain.商誉问题商誉问题（The Goodwill Controversy）Goodwill is defined as the excess of the investment cost over the fair value of assets received.This is goodwill?Goodwill is a asset?商誉的本质商誉的本质亨德里克森在会计理论中指出，从会计的角度来看，商亨德里克森在会计理论中指出，从会计的角度来看，商誉有以下三种解释：誉有以下三种解释：对企业好感的价值；对企业好感的价值；对企业的好感可能来自有利的地位位置、独占的特权以及对企业的好感可能来自有利的地位位置、独占的特权以及良好的经营管理水平等因素。良好的经营管理水平等因素。预期未来利润超过不包括商誉的总投资的正常报酬部分的预期未来利润超过不包括商誉的总投资的正常报酬部分的现值；现值；这只是商誉的一种计量，而没有说明其性质。这只是商誉的一种计量，而没有说明其性质。反映企业总价值超过各个有形和无形资产价值差价的总的反映企业总价值超过各个有形和无形资产价值差价的总的计价帐户。计价帐户。John B.Canning 是最早提出这种观点的会计学家之一。是最早提出这种观点的会计学家之一。SFAS No.141 Business Combinations (revised 2007)Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized.1、商誉是一项资产，并在有限的期限内摊销、商誉是一项资产，并在有限的期限内摊销理由：理由：商商誉誉是是实实施施合合并并的的企企业业为为了了取取得得以以后后若若干干年年度度的的超超额额利利润润而而发发生生的的超超额额支支出出，根根据据配配比比原原则则，商商誉誉应应进进行行摊销并与以后各期产生的超额利润加以配比。摊销并与以后各期产生的超额利润加以配比。摊销的理论根据是什么？摊销的理论根据是什么？摊销期如何确定？摊销期如何确定？商誉商誉(Goodwill)2、直接冲减留存收益、直接冲减留存收益理由：理由：商誉的价值很不确定，不能单独存在和变现，而且形商誉的价值很不确定，不能单独存在和变现，而且形成商誉的因素难以为企业所控制，在合并之后，商成商誉的因素难以为企业所控制，在合并之后，商誉是否继续存在令人质疑，所以将商誉单独列为一誉是否继续存在令人质疑，所以将商誉单独列为一项资产不符合谨慎原则。自创商誉没有确认，如果项资产不符合谨慎原则。自创商誉没有确认，如果只确认外购商誉，违背了逻辑一致性，所反映的信只确认外购商誉，违背了逻辑一致性，所反映的信息未必真实。息未必真实。3、作作为为一一项项永永久久资资产产，不不予予摊摊销销，除除非非有有证证据表明其价值发生了持续下跌。据表明其价值发生了持续下跌。理由：理由：商商誉誉的的价价值值不不一一定定下下降降。被被并并企企业业正正常常的的生生产产经经营营过过程程中中发发生生的的各各项项费费用用形形成成了了商商誉誉，这这些些费费用用已已计计入入被被并并企企业业的的损损益益，再再将将商商誉予以摊销，不免重复。誉予以摊销，不免重复。商誉的减值测试商誉的减值测试（Testing Goodwill For Impairment）FASB Statement No.142 FASB Statement No.142,Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets:eliminates former requirements to amortize goodwill,rather,goodwill must be periodically tested for impairment（at least annually）impairment testing and adjustment for financial reporting purposes An impairment occurs when the recorded value of goodwill is greater than its fair value.When an impairment occurs,firms must write down goodwill to a new estimated amount and record a loss in calculating net income of a period.Goodwill impairment losses are shown separately in the income statement.Firms will treat goodwill and other intangible assets as assets of the business reporting unit.1、冲减所购非流动资产价值（有价证券投资除外）、冲减所购非流动资产价值（有价证券投资除外）理由：理由：负商誉很可能是非流动资产公允价值高估的结果。负商誉很可能是非流动资产公允价值高估的结果。APB Opinion No.17建建议议，当当购购进进一一个个企企业业所所付付的的成成本本小小于于其其所所得得可可辨辨认认净净资资产产公公允允价价值值的的差差额额，应应予予以以冲冲减减所所购购非非流流动动资资产产的的价价值值（长长期期有有价价证证券券除除外外）；如如果果这这些些非非流流动动资资产产价价值值已已冲冲减减为为零零，则则未未分分摊摊的的差差额额作作为为“递递延延贷贷项项”入入账账，然然后后分分期期转转为为收收益益。（IAS22企企业业合合并并中中要要求分摊于非货币性资产）求分摊于非货币性资产）负商誉负商誉(Negative Goodwill)2、直接计入资本公积、直接计入资本公积理由理由：购入负商誉产生的特定原因是不可能确定的，购入负商誉产生的特定原因是不可能确定的，因而找不到根据来减计一项资产的价值或者因而找不到根据来减计一项资产的价值或者作为递延收益来记录一项负债。作为递延收益来记录一项负债。3、全部作为递延收益处理，并在一定的年限、全部作为递延收益处理，并在一定的年限内分摊计入收益。内分摊计入收益。理由理由：负商誉的产生是在预期内被并企业由于其劣势而可能负商誉的产生是在预期内被并企业由于其劣势而可能发生未来亏损或利润不足，但它们由不可归咎于任发生未来亏损或利润不足，但它们由不可归咎于任何可辨认的资产和负债。何可辨认的资产和负债。IAS No.22企业合并允许负商誉在不超过企业合并允许负商誉在不超过5年的期年的期限内摊销，如果自购买日起超过限内摊销，如果自购买日起超过5年但不超过年但不超过20年的年的期限更为合理的，也可按不超过期限更为合理的，也可按不超过20年的期限处理。年的期限处理。权益结合法权益结合法（Pooling of Interests）将企业合并视为经济资源的联合将企业合并视为经济资源的联合Conditions for PoolingThe pooling of interests concept was based on the assumption that it was possible to unite ownership interests through the exchange of equity securities without an acquisition of one combining company by another.In APB Opinion No.16（1970）,the APB sought to prevent pooling of interests accounting for business combinations that were incompatible with the pooling concept.It did this by specifying 12 conditions that had to be met for the pooling of interests method to be used.Twelve Conditions for Pooling(APB Opinion No.16)Attributes of Combining Companies1 Autonomous(two-year rule)2 Independent(10%rule)Manner of Combining Interests1 Single transaction(or completed within one year after initiation)2 Exchange of common stock(the“substantially all”rule:90%or more)3 No equity changes in contemplation of combination(two-year rule)4 Shares reacquired only for purposes other than combination5 No change in proportionate equity interests6 Voting rights immediately exercisable7 Combination resolved at consummation(no pending provisions)Absence of Planned Transactions1 Issuing company cannot reacquire shares2 Issuing company cannot make deals to benefit former stockholders3 Issuing company cannot plan to dispose（处置）of assets within two yearsSpecial issues in a poolingDirect,indirect and issue costs are expensedCombiner existing goodwill is recordedAdjustments may be made to accounts for:Changes in accounting principles(for uniformity)Changes in accounting period (for uniformity)Record unrecorded itemsError correctionAll adjustments are made to combiner retained earnings before the equity transfer diagram is appliedMajor issuesPurchasePoolingMajor issues(continued)PurchasePoolingEquity MethodA One-line ConsolidationLevel of Ownership0%20%50%100%Influence not significantSignificantinfluenceControlCost MethodEquityMethodConsolidationEquity Method The equity method is required for investments of 50%or less that give the investor an ability to exercise significant influence over the investee.But,what issignificantinfluence?Application of the equity methodThe investment account moves in the same direction as the investees net assets Original cost increased(decreased)by investors share of investees income (loss)and decreased by investors share of investees dividends and by amortization of the differential.Amortized if related to limited-life or intangible assets of investee.Application of the equity method1 The investment is initially recorded at cost 2 The investor records its share of the investees income as an increase to the investment account，whether distributed or not.(losses will decrease the investment account)3 Dividends received from the investee are recorded as a decrease to the investment account 4Additional adjustments are requiredaCost-book value differentials are accounted for as if the investee were a consolidated subsidiarybIntercompany profits and losses are eliminated until realized.Complete Equity Method长期股权投资（长期股权投资（Investment in xxx）initially costshare of the investees incomeshare of the investees losscash dividendsAmortized of cost-book value differentials Unrealized Intercompany profits and realized intercompany losses Unrealized Intercompany losses and realized intercompany profitsuThe difference between the investment cost and the underlying（潜在的，根本的）（潜在的，根本的）equity is assigned to identifiable assets and liabilities based on their fair values with any remaining difference allocated to goodwill.uThe difference between investment cost and book value acquired will disappear over the remaining lives of identifiable assets and liabilities,except for amounts assigned to land,goodwill,and intangible assets having an indeterminate life,which are not amortized.If the book value acquired is greater than the investment cost,the difference should be allocated against non-current assets other than marketable securities with any remaining amount treated as an extraordinary gain.1、有时候读书是一种巧妙地避开思考的方法。3月-233月-23Monday,March 6,20232、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。07:25:1207:25:1207:253/6/2023 7:25:12 AM3、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。3月-2307:25:1207:25Mar-2306-Mar-234、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。07:25:1207:25:1207:25Monday,March 6,20235、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。3月-233月-2307:25:1207:25:12March 6,20236、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。06三月20237:25:12上午07:25:123月-237、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。三月237:25上午3月-2307:25March 6,20238、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。2023/3/67:25:1207:25:1206 March 20239、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。7:25:12上午7:25上午07:25:123月-2310、你要做多大的事情，就该承受多大的压力。3/6/2023 7:25:12 AM07:25:1206-3月-2311、自己要先看得起自己，别人才会看得起你。3/6/2023 7:25 AM3/6/2023 7:25 AM3月-233月-2312、这一秒不放弃，下一秒就会有希望。06-Mar-2306 March 20233月-2313、无论才能知识多么卓著，如果缺乏热情，则无异纸上画饼充饥，无补于事。Monday,March 6,202306-Mar-233月-2314、我只是自己不放过自己而已，现在我不会再逼自己眷恋了。3月-2307:25:1206 March 202307:25谢谢大家谢谢大家