名词的基本用法.ppt

(一一)名词名词对名词的考查通常在试题中占对名词的考查通常在试题中占10%左右左右,主要主要是名词的数的变化是名词的数的变化(特别是不规则变化的名词复特别是不规则变化的名词复数数)、可数名词和不可数名词的区别以及名词所、可数名词和不可数名词的区别以及名词所有格的运用。在完型填空中常考察词义的分辨。有格的运用。在完型填空中常考察词义的分辨。一、名词的分类一、名词的分类二、常用不可数名词二、常用不可数名词三、可数名词的复数形式和名词所有格三、可数名词的复数形式和名词所有格四、名词的构成四、名词的构成 专有名词与普通名词专有名词与普通名词名词可分为两大类：名词可分为两大类：*专有名词专有名词(proper nouns)*普通名词普通名词(common nouns)专有名词主要指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，专有名词主要指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如：如：*人名：人名：Diana，Einstein，Miss Brown，President Bush；*地名：地名：Asia，Kensington Gardens，the Yellow River，*某些人的名称：某些人的名称：Americans，Chinese，Japanese，*某些抽象事物的名称：某些抽象事物的名称：Buddhism，Geneva Conference,*月份、周日及节日名词：月份、周日及节日名词：June，Monday，Easter，*书名、电影及诗歌名：书名、电影及诗歌名：A Tale of Two Cities，Gone with the Wind，Ode to the West Wind(西风颂西风颂)，*对家人的称呼：对家人的称呼：Mum，Dad，Auntie，Uncle Tom专有名词开头的字母要大写。专有名词开头的字母要大写。普通名词可分为四类：普通名词可分为四类：*个体名词个体名词(individualnouns)；*集体名词集体名词(collectivenouns)；*物质名词物质名词(massnouns)；*抽象名词抽象名词(abstractnouns)。其中个体名词和集体名词可以用数来数的，称为其中个体名词和集体名词可以用数来数的，称为可数名词可数名词(countablenouns)；物质名词和抽象名词是无法以数计的，称为物质名词和抽象名词是无法以数计的，称为不可数名词不可数名词(uncountablenouns)。个体名词个体名词个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或东西，可以个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或东西，可以指具体东西，如：指具体东西，如：Shehasthreebrothers.她有三个哥哥。她有三个哥哥。也可指抽象的东西，如：也可指抽象的东西，如：Hesbeenhereforamonth.他在这里待一他在这里待一星期了。星期了。下面是一些常见的个体名词：下面是一些常见的个体名词：accidentactorbabybankbattlebeachcampcaptainstarstationtaskteachertentthoughtwoman集体名词集体名词集体名词是由个体组成的集体的名称，下面集体名词是由个体组成的集体的名称，下面是一些常见的集体名词：是一些常见的集体名词：armyaudiencecommitteecommunitycompanycrewenemyfamilyflockganggovernmentgroupherdmedianavypolicepublicstaffteam这些词本身有复数这些词本身有复数(注明者除外注明者除外)，带复数，带复数动词，表示多个集体。动词，表示多个集体。单数集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复单数集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，作为整体时作单数看待，数看待。一般说来，作为整体时作单数看待，想到它包含的成员时作复数看待。想到它包含的成员时作复数看待。公众支持它的可能性不大。公众支持它的可能性不大。Thepublicwasunlikelytosupportit.公众受到报纸的蒙骗。公众受到报纸的蒙骗。Thepublicweredeceivedbythenewspapers.敌人受到重大损失。敌人受到重大损失。Theenemyhassufferedheavylosses.敌军正在攻打该城。敌军正在攻打该城。Theenemywereattackingthetown.观众自始至终欣赏这次演出。观众自始至终欣赏这次演出。Theaudienceenjoyseveryminuteoftheperformance.观众有形形色色的穿着。观众有形形色色的穿着。Theaudiencearedressedinavarietyofways.物质名词物质名词物质名词指不可分成个体的物质。下面是一物质名词指不可分成个体的物质。下面是一些常见的物质名词：些常见的物质名词：beercheeseclothcoalcottonjamjellyjuicemeatmedicineoilpaintpaperperfumeplasticspoisonsaladsnowteawhiskywinewoodyoghurt*有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份一份”，“一杯一杯”等：等：Adozenbeers，please.请来一打啤酒请来一打啤酒*有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一种一种”：Itwasaspecialteawhichtastedoforangeblossoms.这是一种特别的茶，有橘子花味。这是一种特别的茶，有橘子花味。抽象名词抽象名词抽象名词主要指一些抽象概念的名称，它抽象名词主要指一些抽象概念的名称，它们一般是不可数的，没有复数形式，前面也不们一般是不可数的，没有复数形式，前面也不能加冠词能加冠词a，an。下面是一些常见的抽象名词：。下面是一些常见的抽象名词：angerbeautychildhoodcomfortconfidencecourageexperiencefailurefaithfashionfearfreedomfungrowthrespectsafetysilencetruthviolencewastewealth在多数情况下，这种名词都用于单数形式，在多数情况下，这种名词都用于单数形式，并不加任何冠词：并不加任何冠词：Knowledgeispower.知识就是力量。知识就是力量。(谚谚)二、常用不可数名词：二、常用不可数名词：主要是物质名词和抽象名词主要是物质名词和抽象名词advice忠告主意忠告主意age年龄年龄baggage行李行李beauty美丽，漂亮美丽，漂亮bread面包面包beer啤酒啤酒camping露营露营cloth布布coffee咖啡咖啡courage勇气勇气cream奶油奶油damage损害损害death死亡死亡dust尘土尘土experience经验经验fear担心担心furniture家具家具glass玻璃玻璃gold黄金黄金help帮助帮助hope希望希望hair头发头发homework作业作业horror恐惧恐惧ice冰冰information消息信息消息信息jam果酱果酱juice饮料饮料knowledge知识知识luggage行李行李mercy仁慈仁慈money金钱金钱oil油油paper纸纸pity同情同情shopping购物购物soap肥皂肥皂steak牛排牛排stone石头石头suspicion猜疑猜疑silver银银tea茶茶water水水weather天气天气wind风风wine葡萄酒葡萄酒wood木头木头work工作工作不可数名词量的表达不可数名词量的表达apieceofnews一条消息一条消息aboxofmilk一盒牛奶一盒牛奶acakeofsoap一块肥皂一块肥皂adropofoil一滴油一滴油agrainofsand一粒沙子一粒沙子apaneofglass一块玻璃一块玻璃apieceofadvice一条忠告一条忠告apotofjam一罐果酱一罐果酱asheetofpaper一页纸一页纸aglassofbeer一杯啤酒一杯啤酒三、可数名词的复数形式：三、可数名词的复数形式：有规则和不规则两种。有规则和不规则两种。A.规则变化规则变化(1)一般在词尾加一般在词尾加-s。如。如:dogdogs(2)以以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加结尾的名词加-es。如如:busbuses,boxboxes,watchwatches,wishwishes(3)以以“辅音字母辅音字母+y”结尾的名词结尾的名词,变变y为为i加加-es。如如:countrycountries,citycities特别提示特别提示如果名词以如果名词以“元音字母元音字母+y”结尾结尾,则直接在则直接在名词的后面加名词的后面加-s构成复数。如构成复数。如:toytoys,daydays(4)以以o结尾的名词多数直接加结尾的名词多数直接加-s,只有只有potato,tomato,Negro,hero等少数名词等少数名词加加-es构成复数。构成复数。(5)以以f,fe结尾的名词结尾的名词,变变f,fe为为v再加再加-es。如如:knifeknives,shelfshelvesB.不规则变化不规则变化(1)少数名词的变化是不规则的。少数名词的变化是不规则的。如如:toothteeth,manmen,womanwomen,childchildren(2)在表示某国人的名词中在表示某国人的名词中,Chinese和和Japanese这两个词这两个词的单、复数形式相同。的单、复数形式相同。如如:aChinesetwoChinese(3)还有其它一些单、复数相同的名词。还有其它一些单、复数相同的名词。如如:deerdeer,sheepsheep,fishfish(fish表示不同种类的鱼时表示不同种类的鱼时,其复数形式也可以为其复数形式也可以为fishes)(4)有些名词只以复数形式出现。如有些名词只以复数形式出现。如:clothes,trousers,glasses这些名词做主语时这些名词做主语时,谓语动词要用复数。谓语动词要用复数。如如:Myclothesarenewerthanyours.(5)有些名词看似复数形式有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。实际上是单数。如如:maths,physics，politics(6)有些复合名词变成复数时有些复合名词变成复数时,只将复合名词的主体词变为只将复合名词的主体词变为复数。但当复数。但当man,woman作定语构成的复合名词变复数时作定语构成的复合名词变复数时,前后两部分都要变复数。如前后两部分都要变复数。如:aboystudenttwoboystudentsawomandoctorsixwomendoctors(7)一些集体名词以单数形式出现一些集体名词以单数形式出现,但实际上为复数。但实际上为复数。如如:people,police等本身就是复数等本身就是复数,不能说不能说apeople,apolice,但可以说但可以说aperson,apoliceman。特别提示特别提示family也是一个集体名词也是一个集体名词,指一个家庭的整体时指一个家庭的整体时,用作用作单数单数,谓语动词用单数形式谓语动词用单数形式;强调家庭成员个体时强调家庭成员个体时,用作复数用作复数,谓语动词用复数形式。如谓语动词用复数形式。如:Hisfamilyisahappyone.Thefamilyareenjoyingthemselvesattheparty.名词所有格名词所有格用来表示名词在句子中的所属关系。用来表示名词在句子中的所属关系。1.名词所有格一般由下列方法构成名词所有格一般由下列方法构成:(1)一般情况下在名词后加一般情况下在名词后加“s”。如。如:Tomsbook(2)若是以若是以s结尾的复数名词结尾的复数名词,在在s后加后加“”即可。即可。如如:TeachersDay不以不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格结尾的复数名词的所有格,则仍按惯例加则仍按惯例加“s”。如。如:ChildrensDay2.关于名词所有格关于名词所有格,应掌握以下几点应掌握以下几点:(1)名词所有格表示地点时名词所有格表示地点时,后面的名词常可以省去。如后面的名词常可以省去。如:tomyuncles(去我叔叔家去我叔叔家),atthedoctors(在诊所在诊所)(2)表示两人共同拥有表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加在最后一个名词后加“s”即可。即可。如如:LucyandLilysroom(两人共同的房间两人共同的房间)如果表示两者各自所属关系如果表示两者各自所属关系,应该在每个后面加应该在每个后面加“s”,这时所修饰的名词要用复数。如这时所修饰的名词要用复数。如:LucysandLilysrooms(两人均有自己的房间两人均有自己的房间)(3)名词表示无生命的东西时名词表示无生命的东西时,其所有格形式一般其所有格形式一般由由“名词名词+of+名词名词”构成。如构成。如:amapofChina(4)名词的双重所有格。名词的双重所有格。“of+名词名词s”这种形式这种形式称为名词的双重所有格称为名词的双重所有格,常用来表示整体中的常用来表示整体中的一部分。如一部分。如:HeisafriendofLiMings.(他是李明的朋友。他是李明的朋友。)（一）、只能修饰可数名词的词语有（一）、只能修饰可数名词的词语有:many,manya(n),agood/greatmany,a(great/large)numberof,scoresof,dozensof等。等。（二）、只能修饰不可数名词的词语有（二）、只能修饰不可数名词的词语有:much,agreatdealof,agreat/largeamountof等。等。（三）、既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名（三）、既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词语有词的词语有:alotof,lotsof,plentyof(以上三个以上三个词语后谓语动词的数依词语后谓语动词的数依of后的名词的单复数后的名词的单复数而定而定),agreat/largequantityof(其后谓其后谓语用单数语用单数),quantitiesof(其后谓语用复数其后谓语用复数)。1、花园里还有许多雪。、花园里还有许多雪。Thereisstilllotsofsnowinthegarden.2、大厅里放了很多鲜花。、大厅里放了很多鲜花。Agreatquantityofflowerswasplacedinthehall.3、橱柜里有许多食物。、橱柜里有许多食物。Therearelargequantitiesoffoodinthecupboard.4、很多学生都游览过长城。、很多学生都游览过长城。Manyastudenthas(=manystudentshave)visitedtheGreatWall.(谓语动词用单数谓语动词用单数)5、开张后的头几天、开张后的头几天,很多人去了那儿。很多人去了那儿。Alargenumberofpeoplewentthereinthefirstfewdaysafteritsopening.四、名词的构成四、名词的构成主要有主要有三三种：种：合成合成、派生派生与与转化转化。.合成合成:由两个或更多的词合成一个词。由两个或更多的词合成一个词。class+room=classroom(名词名词+名词名词)black+board=blackboard(形容词形容词+名词名词)friendship，greenhouse，fire-fighter，bus-stop，son-in-law(女婿女婿)，editor-in-chief(总编总编)，firestation(消防站消防站)，musiclessons(音乐课音乐课)，drinkingwater(饮用水饮用水)，sleeping-pills(安眠药安眠药)sunbathing(日光浴日光浴)，weightlifting(举重举重)ablacksheep(败家子败家子)，agreenhouse(温室温室)breakdown(失败失败)2、转化、转化stopv.停止停止-n.车站车站lovev.爱爱-n.爱爱watchv.观看观看-n.手表手表lookv.看看-havealookn.看看walkv.散步散步,走走-takeawalkn.散步散步lovev.爱爱-yourloven.爱爱3、派生、派生-tioneducation,invitation,prediction-mentdevelopment,movement,disappointment-erteacher,worker,runner,singer-orvisitor,sailor,tutor,actor-ist(人人,名词后缀名词后缀)scientist,terrorist-ese(民族民族,语言语言,名词后缀名词后缀)Chinese,Japanese-nesshappiness,sadness,carelessness-ityability,possibility名词单句改错专题训练名词单句改错专题训练A级级1.WhatalotofworksIhavetofinishtoday!2.BothMarxandEngelswereGermen.3.Whatabeautifulweatherwearehavingrecently!4.Mostofthemarewomandoctors.5.Hewroteathree-hundred-wordsreport.workGermanswomenword6.Therearefourbasketsofappleinthatroom.7.Thiscomputercostmeeightthousandsyuan.8.Mr.Zhanglooksveryhappytoday.Hehasgotmanygoodnewsfromhere.9.Thishatofmyfathersisratherold.10.Hemademanymistakesinhiscompositionbecauseofcareless.applesthousandmuchcarelessnessB级级1.Willyoupleasemakearoomfortheladyoutside?2.Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolareincreasing.3.ShehasmadesomeprogressesinEnglish.4.Hisworkisbetterthananyoneelse.5.Wevemissedthelastbus.Imafraidwehavenowaybuttotakeataxi.isprogresselseschoice6.Hedroppedthecoffeescupandbrokeit.7.Hegainedhiswealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters.8.IspentlastweekendwiththePalmers.9.Mybrotherhashadoneofhistoothtakenout.10.YoullfindthismapofgreatvaluableinhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.coffeewealthteethvalue一、语法填空之名词基础练习一、语法填空之名词基础练习1Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor_(advise)abouthishearttrouble2.Thereareten_(woman)teachersandtwohundred_(girl)studentsintheschool3.Facingcut-throat(激烈的激烈的)_(compete)inallsubjects,studentsmustdevoteasmuchoftheirtimeaspossible.4.IshallneverfeardifficultyandIshallneverknowthe_(exist)oftheword“failure”.5.Youllwanttoknowyourbodylanguageissayingandhowtointerpretother_(people).advicewomengirlcompetitionexistencepeoples6.Notlongagohesent_(word)thathewouldreturnwithhisfamily.7.ShewasinLondonandspenther_(young)inChina.8.The_(erupt)ofMountKilauea,oneofthemostactivevolcanoesinHawaii,isalwaystakingpeoplebysurprise.9.His_(curious)madehimwonderaboutclouds.10.Exceptforsomeshortsongsandpoemsincludedinhisplays,allof_(Shakespeare)greatestpoemsaresonnet(十十四行诗四行诗).Word(消息消息)youtheruptioncuriosityShakespeares11.Thenumberoflanguagesisgettingsmallerallthetimebecauseofthesteady_(grow)ofbiggerlanguages.12.Tightjeansandtrousers,shortskirtsandevensensibleflatshoesmayallcause_(ill).13.Reducetheamountofitifyousufferedfromrestlessnessor_(sleep)aftertakingthemedicine.14.Isawmany_(Japan)seatedinthecornerandreadingsomething.15.Youshouldtakemore_(exercise).Dontalwayssitatthedeskbusydoingyour_(exercise).growthillnesssleeplessJapaneseexerciseexercises二、高考与各地模拟题中语法填空中的名词考点二、高考与各地模拟题中语法填空中的名词考点1MrChenhastaughtmeEnglishsinceJunior1,andtoshowmy_(appreciate)Idecidedtogetherapresent.(07广州一模广州一模)2.Youhavedonewellandmadegreatachievementinthe_(entertain)field.(08惠一模惠一模)3.Thesepeoplehavemadegreat_(contribute)toChinawiththeirwork.（08茂名茂名二模）二模）appreciationentertainmentcontributions4.AsfarasIamconcerned,my_(suggest)isthatweshouldalwayshaveanotebookandaChinese-Englishwithineasyreach.(08惠二模惠二模)5.Itookoutmyguidebookinwhichtherewasalotofinformationaboutthecityswell-knowntourist_(attract)andstartedtoread.(08广一模广一模)6.Butsomehaveputforwardtheideathattheremainsdatefromthisperiodbecauseoftheir_(similar)tothosefoundelsewhere.(08广二模广二模)suggestionattractionssimilarities7.Shetookmefromapoor,unhappycollegestudentandbroughtmeintoherworld;aworldofsmiles,loveand_(warm)(08深圳一模深圳一模)8.Weconveyeitherbywordsorbyactionsthatfailureissomethingtobeashamedofandthatnothingbuttopperformancemeetswithour_(approve).(08深圳二模深圳二模)9.Somethingslookedasiftheyhadnotbeencaredforalongtime,butIknewtheir_(beautify)wasstilltherebeneaththeirownsurface.(09深圳一模拟深圳一模拟)warmthapprovalbeautyA cat called Mayor Stubbs is celebrating 15 years in charge of the town of Talkeetna,Alaska.Stubbs was 1._(elect)mayor as a joke by the towns 900 2._(resident)just after he was born,and has been in charge ever since.He does all the things mayors are supposed to do,3._(sell)the town to outside investors by appearing in local and national 4._(magazine)and news articles,meeting the 5._(vote)as they visit him in the local shops,and receiving official correspondence 6._ the form of cards and letters from well wishers.Stubbs job 7._(come)with some benefits-food and a chalice(a wine glass with his name 8._(write)on it).The towns unusual 9._(choose)of mayor has made 10._ something of a sensation（轰动一时的事情）（轰动一时的事情）in the US.electedresidentssellingmagazinesvotersincomeswrittenchoiceitItsimpossibletoknowthefuture.Wecanguess,butnoonehasactual1._（知识）（知识）ofwhatsgoingtohappendowntheroad.Butifyouresomeonewhotrustshisfeelings,youremorelikelytoaccurately2._（预测未来事件）（预测未来事件）thanpeoplewhodonttrusttheirfeelingsasmuch.Thatsthe3._（结论（结论）ofarecentstudydoneby4._(research)atColumbiaBusinessSchool.Through5._（一系列8项研究）theyfoundthatsubjectswhohadahighamountoftrustintheirfeelingsweregenerallybetterabletopredictthingsliketheoutcomesofpresidential6._（选举）（选举）,footballgames,the7._（胜利者）（胜利者）ofAmericanIdol,andeventheweather.knowledgepredictfutureeventsconclusionresearchersaseriesofeightstudieselectionswinnerHowisthispossible,youask?Thepointisthatwhenwerelyonfeelingstomakea8._(预测预测),werereallysummarizingandcallingoneverythingweknowaboutthesubjectinquestion.Itssimilartowhat9._(记者记者)MalcolmGladwellwroteaboutinhisbestsellingbook“Blink”thatthemoreweknowaboutsomethingthegreaterourabilitytomakesnap10._（判（判断）断）andpredictionswithoutthinkingtoomuch.UnlikeGladwellstheory,though,therecentstudyislessaboutsnapdecisionsandmoreaboutconsciouslydecidingtorelyonfeelingstomakepredictions.Dothat,andyouremorelikelytobeabletosensewhatmayhappeninthefuture.predictionjournalistjudgements