Rhetorical-devices-and-translation解读.ppt

Rhetorical devices and translationlSIMILEl“A simile is an expressed likeness.The simplest and most direct way of connoting an idea with something else is by means of using similesSimile is the neuter singular of the Latin adjective similis,meaning like.”l 引导明喻的比喻词(comparative words)l(1)介词as，like，of等。lBeauty is as summer fruits,which are easy to corrupt and cannot last(Bacon:Of Studies)l 美者犹如夏日蔬果，易腐难存lLikelHe works like a horsebeaverTrojan.l他辛辛苦苦地干活。lAll that I had to show,as a man of letters,were these few tales and essays,which had blossomed out like flowers in the calm summer of my heart and mind.(Hawthoren:The Old Manse)l 作为一个作家，我所能贡献出来的只有这么几篇故事和散文，它们像我心头温和的夏天灿烂开放的花朵。l lHe talks like a book.l他老是文绉绉地说话。l He smokes like a chimney.l他抽烟很厉害。l Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.(John Ruskin)l 生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针。l He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen from him to crow.(George Eliot)l 他这人就像一只骄傲的公鸡，以为太阳升起是为了它的啼叫。l Records fell like ripe apples on a windy day.(E.B.White)l被打破的记录有如刮风天成熟的苹果纷纷坠落。l The staff member folded like an accordian.l 这个工作人员就像合拢起来的手风琴似地不吭声了。l My heart is like a singing birdl Whose nest is on a watered shoot;l My heart is like an apple-treel Whose boughs are bent with thick-set fruit;l My heart is like a rainbow shelll That paddles in a halcyon sea;l My heart is gladder than all thesel Because my love is come to me.(Rossetti)l我的心像只善歌的小鸟，l 小巢建在轻拂水面的嫩枝上；l 我的心像棵苹果树，l 沉甸的果实把树梢压弯；l 我的心像天边彩虹，l它轻拂着平静的海面；l 我的心比这些更喜悦，l 由于我爱人将来我身边。lOfl He has a heart of stone.l他有一副铁石心肠。l He has the heart of a lion,but he does everything in a down-to-earth way.l 他有狮子般的勇气，他办事十分认真。（他虽然胆大如狮，但办事十分踏实。）l He is sometimes bad-tempered but really hes got a heart of gold.l有时候他似乎脾气不好，但他的心眼可好了。l(2)连词as(犹如)，what(犹如)，as if,as though,than,and,the way 等。l His heart shivered as a ship shivers at the mountainous crash of the waters.l他的心颤动，好像一艘船在海浪搏击中震荡一样。l Air is to man as water is to fish.l 人离不开空气，犹如鱼离不开水。lMen fear death,as children fear to go in the dark:and as that natural fear in children is increased with tales,so is the other.(Francis Bacon)l 犹如儿童恐惧黑暗，人对于死亡的恐惧，也由于听信太多的鬼怪传说而增大。l Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.（Sir Richard Steel）l读书对于思想，好比运动对于身体一样重要。l Parks are to the city what lungs are to the body.l公园对于都市正如肺对于人的身体一样重要。lJudicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers (Bovee)l 明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用。l I felt as if the ground were slipping beneath my feet.l我感到好像大地在脚下滑动。lThe first time I read an excellent book,it is to me just as if I had gained a new friend.l我头一回读到一本好书，对我来说我好像交了一位新朋友。l They stood upon a bleak and desert moor,whose monstrous masses of stone were cast about as though it were the burial place of giants.l他们站在荒无人烟的旷野上，那里满地都是硕大无朋的岩石，宛如巨人的墓地。lOur village is no less beautiful than this picture.l我们乡村同这幅图画一样美。lA student can no more obtain knowledge without studying than a farmer can get harvest without plowing.l学生不学习获不到知识，犹如农民不耕作就不能得到收获一样。lA whale is not a fish any more than a horse is.l鲸不是鱼，正如马也不是鱼一样。lLove and cough can not be hid.l爱情像咳嗽一样是掩盖不了的。l A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled.l 说出的话犹如抛出的石，是收不回的。l Truth and oil are ever above.l 真理跟油一样，总要升到上面来。（如同石油总是浮在水面，真理（真相）总会大白于天下。）l A womans mind and a glass are ever in danger.l 女人易毁，玻璃易碎。l I should smell it the way a cat smells a mouse.l 我可以像猫嗅老鼠那样闻出它的气味来。l The best work is done the way ants do thingsby tiny,tireless and regular additions.l 最好的作品是像蚂蚁干活那样完成的通过点滴、不懈、经常不断的增补而成。l(3)动词seem，resemble(名词resemblance)，treathonourregardconsiderrespect as，compare to，liken to，pass(胜过)，remind of，be similar to，等。lSo she shows she seems the budding rose.l Yet sweeter far than is earthly flower (R.Greene:Pandosto)l当她出现，看来犹似含苞的玫瑰，但却远比尘世的花儿馥郁 l Her face resembled a silver moon.l Her face bore the resemblance of a moon.l 她的脸长得像一轮银月。lHe treats his child as the apple in the eye.l 他把他的孩子当成掌上明珠。l Samuel Johnson regarded a dictionary as a watch.l 塞缪尔约翰逊把词典看成钟表。l Shakespeare compared the world to a stage(Wood)l 莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。l You can 1iken your eye to a camera.(Neal)l 你可以把你的眼睛比作照相机。l(4)词组maymight as well（as）(做就好像做)，no morelessthannot any morethan(如同一样)，so speakas it were(可以说，可以比喻地说)。lHe never listensyou might as well talk to a brick(as talk to him).l他根本不听一同他讲话就好像同一堵墙讲话一样。lHe woke them both up getting to bed，but when they tried to wake him up afterwards they might as well have tried to wake the dead.l 他去睡觉的时候把他们两个都弄醒了，但是后来他们想唤醒他时，简直就像唤死人一样。lYou might as well except a river to flow backward as hope to move me.l你不能动摇我的决心，正如你不能使河水倒流一样。lOur village is no less beautiful than this picture.l我们的乡村同这幅图画一样美。lA student can no more obtain knowledge without studying than a farmer can get harvest without plowing.l学生不学习获不到知识，犹如农民不耕作就不能得到收获一样。lThe greatness of a people is no more determined by their number than the greatness of a man is determined by his height.(V.Hugo)l一个民族的伟大并不取决于人口的多少，正如一个人的伟大不能取决于他的身高一样。lHe is,as it were,a walking dictionary.l 可以说，他是一本活词典 METAPHORlWebsters New World Dictionary说“a figure of speech containing an implied comparison，in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another”。lA Dictionary Of Literary Terms：“A figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another.The basic figure in poetry.A comparison is usually implicit;whereas in simile it is explicit.”l(1)名词型名词型 (noun metaphors)l All the worlds a stage,and all the men and women merely players.(William Shakespeare)l 整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。l Education is the filling of a pail,but the lighting of a fire.(William B.Yeats)l 教育不是注满一桶水，而是点燃一把火。l lHold fast to dreams,l For if dreams die,l Life is a broken-winged bird,l That cannot fly.l (Langston Hughes)l 紧紧抓住梦想吧，l 如果梦想死亡，l 生命就像折翼的鸟儿，l 再也不能飞翔。lBeauty,strength,youth,are flowers but fading soon;lDuty,faith,love are roots,and ever green.(George Peele)l 美貌、体力、青春，就像花朵，终将衰尽；l 义务、信念、爱情，就像树根，万古长青。lThe human tide was rolling westward.(Dickens)l 人流向西涌去。lThe web of our life is of a mingled yarn,good and ill together.(Shakespeare)l我们的生活是吉凶交织而成的网。lHe is an old woman.l他是个婆婆妈妈的人。lThe boat disappeared in a mountain of a wave.l 船在一般如山高的大浪中消失了。l She was an angel of a wife.l 她是天仙般的妻子。l Ive got the devil of a toothache.l 我牙痛不堪。l(2)动词型动词型 (verb metaphors)l The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it.l 那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。l The case snowballed into one of the most famous trials in U.S.history.l 这个案子像滚雪球似地，最终成了美国历史上最著名的审判之一。lThe boy is shooting up fast.l这个小孩长得特快。lFor eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent,and was rebuffed.(Noel Grove)l蕴藏的巨大财富，只有那些幸运者和孜孜不倦的追求者才能得到。而他八个月来蜻蜒点水，一无所获，被拒之门外。l He that cannot forgive others breaks the bridge over which he must pass himself for every man has need to be forgiven.(Fuller)l 不能原谅别人的人，等于毁掉了他自己必须经过的桥，因为每个人都有需要别人原谅的时候。lWaves thundered against the rocks.l 水浪猛烈地拍打着岩岸。l The corridor was flooded with boys and girls.l 走廊里挤满了男女小孩。lShe melted dissolved into tears.l她感动得流下眼泪。lDont monkey with the new radio.l不要乱动新收音机。l(3)形容词型形容词型 (adjective metaphors)l It is a thorny problemissuesubject.l 这是个棘手的问题(题目)。l The girl is a dead shot.l 这位姑娘是神枪手!l He loves a rosy cheek.l 他喜欢玫瑰色面颊。lHis speech touched off a stormy protest.l 他的演讲引起了强烈的抗议。l We regard it as a burning shame to have lagged behind.l 我们把落后看成是奇耻大辱。l He has a golden opportunity.l他有着极好的机会。/他有个千载难逢的机会。l She has a photographic memory for detail.l她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。/她清清楚楚地记得每个细节。lthe golden agel黄金时代 l stormy applausel雷鸣般的掌声l iron willl钢铁般的意志 l a silver tonguel流利的口才l a biting north windl刺骨的北风l(4)副词型副词型(adverbial metaphors)l They lived from hand to mouth.l 他们收入仅够糊口。lHe was almost at the end of his tether(牵绳)when he stumbled on the solution of his difficultyl他在山穷水尽之际找到了解决困难的办法。lPeople who lived in the glass house should not throw stones.l处于脆弱地位的人不应攻击他人；正人先正已。lTime passed at a nails pace.l时间过得很慢。lThey escaped by a hairs breath.l他们死里逃生。l(5)谚语型谚语型 (proverbs serving as metaphors)lTo many cooks spoil the broth.l人多坏事。l Do not wash your dirty linen in public.l家丑不可外扬。l Give him an inch and he will make a mile.l 得寸进尺。l You can not make an omelet without breaking eggs.l做事不可畏首畏尾。/要想有收获必有付出。METONYMYlA figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.l(1)以事物的特征代替事物、人本身。lThe blue eyes walked into the office.l兰眼睛走进了办公室。lShe studied in Blue Grass for four years.l她在蓝草学习了四年。lBlue Grass指美国肯塔基州的Lexington(莱克星顿)。lShe said coldly,“I asked how much.”lThe piggy eyes blinked.“Ten thousand dollars.”l她冷冰冰地回敬说：“我问的是要多少！”l猪眼睛眨眨眼说：“一万美元。”lSoapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of brass buttons.l (O,Henry:The Police and the Anthem)l 苏比不声不响地站着，两手插在口袋里，一见到警察就露出微笑。l(2)以工具代替动作或行为者lHis pen would prove mightier than his pickax.l他的笔将证明比他的镐头力量大。lHis pen sways over half of the civilized world.l 他的作品影响着半个文明世界。lBut in spite of himself,he became deeply interested in this Polish girl with the intense gray eyes and delicate features,who was as keen on test tubes as himself.l他不由自主、深深地恋上了这位有着热情的灰色眼睛和清秀面容，跟他一样热衷于化学实验的波兰姑娘。l(3)以特征代人或物l There is much of the schoolboy in him.l 他身上还有许多小学生的气质。l The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.l 凶残与贪婪交织在一起，浮现在他的脸上。l(4)以事物活动的场所代替事物或活动者l Downing Street(唐宁街)lthe British government or cabinetl The White House(白宫)l the President or Executive branch of the US governmentl The Kremlin(克里姆林宫)lthe government of the Soviet Unionl Wall Street(华尔街)lU.S.Financial circleslCapitol Hill(国会山)lthe legislative branch of the U.S.governmentl Hollywood(好莱坞)lAmerican film-making industrylThe Pentagon(五角大楼)lthe U.S.military establishmentlFleet Street(舰队街)lthe British pressl Foggy Bottom(雾谷)lthe U.S.State DepartmentlMadison Avenue(麦迪逊大街)lAmerican advertising industry l Whitehall(白厅)lthe British governmentlWestminster(威斯敏斯特)lthe British Parliament or governmentlScotland Yard was called in by the Xuereb family soon after the couple disappeared and 120 officers with 80 vehicles were put on the case under the command of Commander William Hucklesby,head of the anti-terrorist squad.l 这对夫妇失踪后不久，苏格兰场就接到了舒埃雷布家的报警。在刑警队长兼反恐怖行动组组长威廉哈克尔斯比的命令下，120名警官分乘80辆警车投入了该案的侦破。lHe was behind the arras.l 他在挂毯后面。l(6)以作者或生产者代替作品或产品l Joanne burned Player after Player in her nervousness at his fathers eccentric and preoccupied driving.(John Updike:Home)l 乔安娜在她父亲古怪地全神贯注地开车的当儿神经质地一根接一根抽烟。l(7)以容器代替其中内容l He has undoubtedly the best stable in the country.l无疑他拥有全国最好的马匹。lHe is fond of the bottle.l他喜欢喝酒。lThe kettle is boiling.l壶(水)开了。lHe is in his cups again.l他又喝醉了。lThe coat would be beyond his miserable pocket.l他的钱少得可怜，买不起那件大衣。l Whenever my husband has a bad day at the office,he hits the bottle.l 每当我丈夫在办公室不顺心，他就喝得酩酊大醉。l(8)以人体器官代替其功能lI have come to pick your brains.Youre a metallurgist,and Ive been asked this question about steel.l我是来向您讨教知识的。您是冶金专家，有人向我提出了有关炼钢的问题。lThe practiced ear can recognize a classic favour.l有音乐修养的人能够听出古典音乐的韵味。lShe has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.l她有审美眼光。lShe has a ready tongue.l 她口齿伶俐。l(8)以具体事物代替抽象事物lHe lives by the pen.(=writing).l他以写作为生。lPlay the man!l拿出男子汉气概来！l(9)以抽象事物代替具体事物lIn the present instance,it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.l(Jane Austen)l 在目前这种情况下，她一并前来探望的是病人和穷人。l It is a pity that there is more ignorance than knowledge in the country.l 该国未受教育的人多于受过教育的人，真是遗憾。l(10)以“颜色词+名词”构成的名词来替代意义上与之有关的名词lHe is the black sheep in the family.l他是他家的害群之马。lHe has a yellow streak.l他有着怯懦的性格。lHe might be the dark horse in the swimming contest.l他在游泳赛中会意外取胜。lShe didnt want to be looked upon as a blue stocking.l她不想被人看成是女才子。PERSONIFICATIONla figure of speech in which a thing,quality,or idea is represented as a person l 1）把自然现象或物拟人化l The current lingers along gently.It comes flowing softly through the midmost privacy and deepest heart of a wood which whispers it to be quiet;while the stream whispers back again from its sedgy borders,as if the river and wood were hushing one another to sleep.Yes,the river sleeps along its course and dreams of the sky and of the clustering foliage,amid which fall showers of broken sunlight,imparting specks of vivid cheerfulness.l河水轻轻地游荡。它从密林最深处无人知晓的地方静悄悄流出，树木对它低声耳语，叫它静一点；溪流从芦苇边界也低声回话，好像小河溪和树木在彼此催促入睡。是啊，小河溪在它流过的地方睡着了，它梦见了瓦蓝的天空和一簇簇的树叶，透过树叶撒下了断裂的一绺绺阳光，形成于生动快活的斑点。lThe rain to the wind saidl “You push and Ill pelt,”l They so smote the garden bedl That the flowers actually kneltl And lay lodgedthough not deadl I know how the flowers felt.l (Robert Frost)l雨对风说：l “你来狂吹，我来猛落。”l 他们俩就这样在花圃上施暴虐l于是花儿们便七歪八倒叶残瓣破l 最后终于倒下了尽管还奄奄一息活着l 我知道花儿们此时心中感受如何。l2）把机器与用具拟人化lThe stubborn door wont open.l这难开的门打不开。lWhen guns speak it is too late to argue.l等到大炮说话，争论已经太迟了。l3）把动物、植物拟人化l The baby crocodile thought hard.Then he had a good idea.l小鳄鱼使劲地想啊想啊，终于想出了个好主意。l4)把抽象的事物或概念拟人化 l Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.l痛苦抚养了这位使全世界人民发出阵阵笑声的伟人。lA lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.l(Mark Twain)l 当真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言就可能已经走了半个世界。l Justice has long arms.l(谚)天网恢恢，疏而不漏。lNecessity is the mother of invention.l需要是发明之母。l Time is the best physician/healer.l时间是妙手神医。l Procrastination is the thief of time.l拖延就是浪费时间。l拟拟 声声lONOMATOPOEIAl定义定义lOnomatopoeia:The formation of words in imitation of natural sounds;the name of a thing or action by a more or less exact reproduction of the sound associated with it.(WED)lApes gibber.l猿吱吱声。l Asses bray(heehaw).l驴叫。l Cocks crow(cock-a-doodle-doo).l 雄鸡喔喔啼。l Chickens cheep.l小鸡叽叽叫。l Elephants trumpet.l象吼叫。l Wolves howl.l 狼嗥叫。lBow-wow,says the dog,lMew,mew,says the cat,lGrunt,grunt says the hag,lAnd squeak goes the bat.lTu-whu,says the owl,lCaw,caw,says the crow,lQuack,quack,says the duck,lAnd what cuckoos says you know.l 狗儿汪汪咬，猫儿咪咪叫，猪凡呼噜噜，l 蝙蝠唧唧叫。嗬嗬猫头鹰；哇哇鸟雅鸣，l 嘎嘎鸭子声，你知道布谷鸟啥叫声。lThe ice was here,the ice was there,lThe ice was all around:lIt cracked and growled,and roared and howled,lLike noises in a swound!l (Samuel T.Coleridge:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)l 这里是冰，那里是冰，l 到处是冰墙重重。l 崩裂、咆哮、吼呜、嚎啸，l 真个是震耳欲聋。lEUPHEMISMlEuphemism:A figure of rhetoric by which an unpleasant or offensive thing is described or referred to by a milder term(CD);A polite,tactful,or less explicit term used to avoid the direct naming of an unpleasant,painful,or frightening reality(WED);A word or phrase used to avoid saying another word or phrase that is more forceful and honest but also more unpleasant or offensive(CIDE).有关疾病、残疾、衰老、死亡的委婉语有关疾病、残疾、衰老、死亡的委婉语l疾病疾病lsoft in the headl头软了(实指疯mad);lthe big C大写的C、long illnessl长期之病(实指癌cancer);lHansens disease汉森之病(实指麻风病leprosy);lIrregularityl不规则(实指便秘constipation);lproblem skin皮肤有问题(实指粉刺acne);lmental hospital/mental hospitall精神病院/精神健康中心(实指疯人院madhouse);llook off colourl气色不好(实指身体有病);lsocial diseasel社会病(实指艾滋病)。ldisabled students l(残废学生)婉称为special students(特殊学生)；lthe crippledl婉称为the handicapped(走路不方便的人)；lblind students(盲学生)lvisually retarded students(视力有毛病的学生)；ldeaf(聋)lhard of hearing(听力有困难)；lstupid students(愚蠢学生)lslow learners(学得慢的学生)或under-achievers(智力不发达的学生)；lHe is dull(foolish)(迟钝)lHe is a bit slow for his age；oldl getting on years年岁增长;ladvanced in age高寿;lelderly年岁大的;lsenior年事已高的;lpast ones prime过了鼎盛期;lfeeling ones age感觉到上了年纪;lgolden age金色岁月;