定语从句的翻译.ppt

定语从句的翻译英汉定语从句对比1.This is the cat.这就是那只猫。2.This is the cat that killed the rat.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。3.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了蛋糕的老鼠的猫。4.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house.*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。5.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.*这就是那只捕杀了偷吃了放在杰克修建的房间里的蛋糕的老鼠的猫。3.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。4.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。5.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the cake that was put in the house that Jack built.这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。屋子是杰克盖的。英语中的定语从句有两种：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；例如This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith,who was my former teacher,retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house,which I bought last year,has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel,which I have read three times,is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发 常用的定语从句的翻译方法一、合译法一、合译法合译法通常用于句式较短的情况，主要以限制性定语从句为主。在英译汉时，一般将其译成“的”字结构，有时也将定语部分译成谓语、兼语句的一部分或带有“这”字句的简单句。1.译成定语“的”字结构最为常见，将定语部分放在被修饰名词的前面 He is not the one who will give up easily.他不是一个轻易服输的人。Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing.我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him在他手下工作的人对他怕的要死。2、译成谓语当定语从句是存在句，尤其是在“there be结构”和它的变体结构、以及在“it be+主语+定语从句”的结构中，定语从句的谓语在意义上也是整个主句的谓语，可将其译为主谓结构的简单句。There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.在那群人中，有的人每天都站在那里，站了一个月。There have been good results in the experiments that have given him grate encouragement.实验中的良好结果给了他莫大的鼓励。Despite the new tunnel,there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the pass on foot.尽管新建了隧道，有些旅行者还是企图步行穿过山口。There seems to be someone who wants to go with you.好像有人想跟你去。There happened to be a student who was able to work out the math problem.碰巧有一个学生能解出这道数学难题。另外，有些定语从句英译汉时要需要将主句压缩成另外，有些定语从句英译汉时要需要将主句压缩成主语，而将定语从句译成谓语，融合为一个句子。主语，而将定语从句译成谓语，融合为一个句子。We have a social and political system that differed in many respects from your own.我们的社会和政治体制在很多方面都与贵国的不一样。We shall have a lot of people who will visit our college.许多人将来参观我们学校。This is a paper mill that was built ten years ago 这家造纸厂是十年前建的。it.that.的句式，实际上相当于一个让步状语从句。如It is a wise mother that knows her own daughter.再聪慧的母亲也不见得了解自己的女儿。相当于一个状语从句No matter how wise a mother is,she may not know her own daughter.翻译此类定语从句应该用溶合法，即将主句和从句溶合在一起翻译。例如：It is a good machine that can work without power.再好的机器也要有动力才能开动。It is a long lane that has no turning.再长的巷子也会有转弯的。3、译成兼语句的一部分、译成兼语句的一部分 当先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，可采用此方法使两个分句融为一体。I need someone who can instruct me in my English study.我需要一个人来指导我学习英语。When I passed by,I saw a man who was quarreling with his wife.当我经过时，我看到一个人和他的妻子在吵架。4、译成连动式的一部分、译成连动式的一部分 为了行文方便，需要把主句、从句中的动词连起来一起翻译，从而使句子显得连贯，符合汉语的表达习惯。He took out a bottle of wine out of his pocket,which he began to drink slowly.他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来。We will send the boy to Britain,where he can receive better education.我们将要把这个孩子送到英国去接受更好的教育。二、分译法分译法是指将主句和从句分开翻译的一种方法，主要用于较长的非限制性定语从句里。采用这种方法可避免句子的冗长和累赘。这种方法一般采用主句在前，从句在后的翻译形式，将句子翻译成两个相对独立的小分句。1、译成、译成“这这”字句字句 有时，关系代词并不仅仅只是指代先行词，它还指代前面整个句子的内容。这时，我们一般将其译成“这”或“这一点”He admired Mrs.Brown,which surprises me most.他钦佩布朗太太，这使我大为惊讶。She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。2、译出关系代词或关系副词、译出关系代词或关系副词 根据逻辑的需要，在翻译前，首先应该弄清关系词所指代的内容，进而按照先行词的词义来进行翻译。He has learned French,which he thinks is the most beautiful language in the world.他学过法语，他认为法语是世界上最美的语言。This is a college of science and technology,the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists.这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。另外，在英语中常常会把需要强调的内容放于句首，而汉语中却习惯把附加性说明的定语部分翻译成并列分句，以求在形式上突出主句的内容。She suddenly thought of her husband,who had left her and their children behind and had never been heard of.他丈夫早就抛弃了妻儿一直杳无音信，现在她突然想起了他。The men suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles,which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.以前，它们一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下，现在这些人突然意识到这些小玩意儿的美丽和意义了。3、不翻译关系代词或关系副词、不翻译关系代词或关系副词 有些定语从句表面上是非限制性定语从句，但在意义上却已经和主句融为了一体。在翻译时，应该将关系词省略，从而使句子的意思显得更为连贯。After dinner,the four key negotiators resumed their talks,which continued well into the night.晚饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。His wife,Betty,is Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight,and whose book“Moon”,tells of her sisters life in China.他妻子贝蒂是一位出生在上海的华人，八岁离开中国，写过一本名叫月的书，记叙了她妹妹在中国的生活。4、用主句的主语作从句主语，译成两个小分句当主句的主语为非限制性定语从句的先行词，并且关系代词作定语从句主语时，先行词可以与非限制性定语从句溶合在一起翻译。例如：John Smith,who teaches American literature in an American university,has been invited to be a visiting professor in our college.约翰史密斯在美国一所大学教美国文学，他已被聘为我们学院的客座教授。Abraham Lincoln,who led the American people in overthrowing the Negro slave system,is considered one of the greatest American presidents.亚伯拉罕林肯领导美国人民推翻了黑奴制度，他被看作是美国最伟大的总统之一。But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows,and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do,the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble（可鄙和不光彩）.但是，老年人已饱尝了人生的悲欢，取得了他们能取得的成绩，怕死就显得有点可怜和不够光彩。5、译成带有状语性质和功能的定语从句 A表原因表原因 The manager was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.经理只宴请了几个人，因为他特别想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。No one in the company likes their boss,who is stingy（小气）and bad-tempered.公司里没人喜欢他们的老板，因为他脾气暴燥人又小气 B 表结果表结果 The two countries established formal diplomatic relation,which paved the way for the further communication.两国正式建立了外交关系，从而为双方进一步的交流铺平了道路。They quarreled with each other everyday,which led to their divorce 他们夫妻二人天天吵架，最终导致离婚。C 表让步表让步He insisted on buying another car,which he actually didnt need.他坚持要再买一辆车，尽管他并不需要。My father,who thought it might not work,supported me.尽管父亲认为这个办法可能不会起作用，但还是支持我。D 表目的表目的This company,which wants to get their new product sold well in the market,is trying hard to perfect its packing and workmanship.为了使新产品在市场热销，这个公司正在全力改进工艺和外包装。E 表转折表转折She is quite considerate and kind,which her younger sister never is.她非常善良，体贴，而她妹妹却从不这样。To succeed in this area,one needs profound knowledge and experience,which few has.要想在这一领域取得成功，需要渊博的知识及丰富的经验，而很少有人能具备这两点。F 表条件或假设表条件或假设 A new product,which has beautiful packing,good quality and advertising,may very likely be a hit in market 一种新产品，只要包装精美，质量过硬，宣传得力，就能在市场中热销。Any one who works hard and never gives up will succeed.任何人，只要努力工作永不放弃，就能够成功。ExercisesThere are a lot of people who can operate the machine.有许多人能操作这部机器。There has never been a man around me who wrote so many articles.我周围从来没有人写过这么多文章。They have had many people who have helped them in doing the work.已有很多人帮助他们做这个工作。Abraham Lincoln,who led the American people in overthrowing the Negro slave system,is considered one of the greatest American presidents.亚伯拉罕林肯领导美国人民推翻了黑奴制度，他被看作是美国最伟大的总统之一。It is a skillful workman that never blunders.再熟练的工人有时也有疏忽。It is a poor heart that never rejoices.最不幸的人也会有生活的乐趣。My assistant,who had carefully read through the instructions before doing his experiment,could not obtain satisfactory results,because he followed them mechanically.虽然我的助手在试验之前已从头到尾阅读过说明书，但由于他死搬硬套，所以不能得到满意的结果China and Japan reached agreement on the issue of agriculture which was a major barrier for their bilateral relation since 1996.中日两国最终就农业问题达成了协议，而农业问题自一中日两国最终就农业问题达成了协议，而农业问题自一九九六年起就是两国关系发展的主要障碍。九九六年起就是两国关系发展的主要障碍。