新世纪实用英语写作Chapter4 (2).ppt

新世新世纪实用英用英语写作写作Chapter4English Essay Writing4.1 Structure of English Essays4.2 Writing Process4.3 Types of English Essays 4.1 Structure of English Essays（1）Introductoryparagraph（2）Themainbody（3）Concludingparagraph（1）Introductory ParagraphIntroductoryparagraphusuallyincludestwoparts:generalstatement（概括性阐述）thesisstatement（主题阐述）ActivityThink and discuss with your partner about the main points of a thesis statement.在一个完整的句子中表达有关主旨的态度、观点或见解。主题阐述应表达一个观点，而不应表达一个事实，需要进一步的解释和论证。并非简单地提出文章将要展开的主题，而要表明和限制其展开的方法。位置最好是在引言段的结尾或接近段尾处。ActivityRead and appreciate the following paragraph.Traveling to a foreign country is always interesting,especiallyifitisacountrythatiscompletelydifferentfromyourown.Youcandelightintastingnewfoods,seeingnewsights,andlearningaboutdifferentcustoms,someofwhichmayseemverycurious.Ifyouweretovisitmycountry,forinstance,youwouldprobablythinkthat my people have some very strange customs,asthesethreeexampleswillillustrate在这个引言段中，作者在第一个句子中引出了“travelingtoaforeigncountry”的话题。然后，把这个题目缩小到具体的方面，即作者自己国家的风俗习惯。作者在段落最后的一个句子中提出对主题的阐述，其中表述段落主旨的关键词是“strange”。在正文中将用三个具体的例证阐述这种独特的风俗习惯。Effective IntroductionHow to write effective introduction?PertinentQuotationQuestionRhetoricalQuestionAutobiographyFactsandStatisticsRefutation开篇恰当地引用名人名言或格言谚语，会使文章显得富于哲理。这不仅是引起读者注意的一种简单而有效的方法，而且还可以增强文章的说服力和表现力。“The only useless life is womans,”wrote Benjamin Disraeliaboutacenturyago.Todaymanyfeministsarehardatworktoliberatewomanfromthe“useless”lifeofhousewifetoa“useful”oneofengineer,doctor,orpoliticalleader.Allwomen,however,donotconsiderthelifeofkeepinghouseandrearingchildrenuseless.Infact,asstrangeasitmaysoundtomostpeople,notallwomenwanttobeliberated.Pertinent Quotation（恰当的引（恰当的引语语）在引言段中提出一个将在文章中阐释的问题，可以引起读者对主题的思考。Whatshouldwegetfromcollege?Somestudentswilltellyouvery definitely what they want.One wants to take all thosesubjects,andonlythose,thatwillhelphergetintomedicalschool;another,knowingthatajobawaitshiminhisfathersfirm,wantstobecomeanengineerasquicklyandpainlesslyashecan.Ontheotherhandistheperson,whoIsuspectisinthemajority,whoseonlydefiniteaimistodiscoversomedefiniteaim(Horner,1988,p.237).Question（问题问题）Rhetorical Question（修辞性疑修辞性疑问问句）句）反诘是以问句的形式表述自己观点的方法，用以加重语气或强调效果，而并不是真正的问句。作者不是为了获得新信息而发问，而是为了引起读者的思考，所以不要求回答。Are the courts abolishing sex discrimination in Americaneducation?Recent court decisions concerning charges of sexdiscriminationinuniversityathleticshaveraisedsomeveryrealdoubtsinthemindsoffemaleathletesaboutthewillingnessofthecourtstoabolishsexbias.Areviewofthreeofthesecaseswillillustratethepoint.Autobiography（个人个人经历经历）在引言段中，以描写与主题相关的个人的一次经历或一个事件开头，引发主题，可使内容生动逼真,但是这种引言对作文来讲可能会显得太长。About a dozen people scampered off the bus as its doorsswished open.When I reached the sidewalk,I stopped forseveralsecondsbeforedecidingtogointothecornerrestaurantandhaveacupofcoffee.AsIenteredthecrowdedrestaurantandmovedtowardthelunchcounter,awell-dressedelderlyman(whoseemedtohaveappearedoutofnowhere)puthishandonmyshoulderandsaid,“Youngman,howwouldyouliketomakealotofmoney?”ThiswasthebeginningofoneofthemostunusualexperiencesIeverhad.Facts and Statistics（事事实实和和统计统计数字数字）列举与论点相关的事实和统计数字，从而引起读者的关心注和兴趣。不过，必须确定所你提出的事实是真实的并与论点相关的。AnewCensusBureaureportpredictsthattherewillbe383millionAmericansintheyear2050.Thats128millionmorethantherearenow,and83millionmorethanthebureauwaspredictingjustfouryearsago,whenitappearedthattheU.S.populationwouldperkandstabilizeataround300million.Refutation（驳斥驳斥）在引言段中先总结陈述对方的观点或意见，然后再表达自己的观点。以一种灵活的方式确立论点，对于议论文不失为恰当的写作手法。Forcingchildrentodothings,ingeneral,isgoodifthechildisindangerortooyoungtomakemajordecisions.Parentsmayalsoarguethatforcingtheirchildtotakeupcertainhobbies,likethepiano,willgivethechildawell-roundededucationandapossible future career in music.However,there are severalproblems with forcing children to comply:a breakdown incommunicationbetweenthechildrenandtheparents,rebellion,andfailureinschool(Leonhard,1999,p.101).（2）Main Body:Formal Outline PatternThesis Statement:I.First main idea A.First subordinate idea1.First example or illustration2.Second example or illustration a.First supporting detail b.Second Supporting detail B.Second subordinate ideaII.Second main idea（3）Concluding Paragraph结尾段位于短文的末尾，是整篇文章不可缺少的组成部分，是要点总结。它总结归纳文章正文阐述的观点，并重申主题，与引言段首尾呼应。结尾应该警策有力而又耐人寻味。Writing Requirements以不同的简洁的语句重述主题使之得到深化。对主题做最后评论，以引起读者对文章主题的回味和思考。总结文章论证要点，加深读者对整篇文章的理解，并留下更深刻的印象。在结尾段开首时运用表示结论的转承词语以示整篇文章就要结束，同时也使结尾段与正文的连接更为流畅自然。Typical ConclusionsEvaluatingtheSubject（评价主题的重要性）Theseamazing,controversialphotographsofthecometwillcontinuetobethesubjectofdebatebecause,accordingtosomescientists,theyyieldthemostimportantcluesyetrevealedabouttheoriginsofouruniverse.StatingBroaderImplication（阐述深远的寓意）BecausethesestudiesoffelineleukemiamaysomedayplayacrucialroleinthediscoveryofacureforAIDSinhumanbeings,theexperiments,asexpensiveastheyare,mustcontinue.UsingWitticism（用诙谐的语言深化主题）Noonesaiddietingwaseasy.Butforsomeofuswhohavesurrendered,thecliche“halfaloafisbetterthannone”hastakenonnewmeaning!InferringandForecasting（推论或展望前景）Soapoperaswillcontinuetobepopularnotonlybecausetheydistractusfromourdailychoresbutalsobecausetheypresentlifeaswewantittobe:fast-paced,glamorous,andfullofexcitingcharacters.UsingaRhetoricalQuestion（用修辞性疑问句引发深思）Noonewantstoseehostagesputindanger.Butwhatnationcanaffordtoletterroristsknowtheycangetawaywithmurder?4.2 Writing ProcessFive Steps in Writing：DeterminingtheTopicFindingandSelectingMaterialsOrganizingMaterialsintoanOutlineDraftingRevisingWays of Making an OutlineDirections for Outlining：“Harvard标准提纲”是一种表达一篇文章中各个部分内容之间关系的结构框架。根据这个框架结构：大写的罗马数字(theRomannumerals)表示主要划分(maindivisions)；大写英语字母(upper-caseletters)表示续分(subdivisions)；阿拉伯数字(Arabicnumerals)表示再续分(furtherdivisions)；小写英语字母(lower-caseletters)表示下个层次的再续分(stillfurtherdivisions);依次类推。Essay Outline FrameworkIntroductionI.FirstmajorpointordivisionA.FirstpointbelongingtoabovedivisionB.SecondpointII.SecondmajorpointordivisionA.Firstpointbelongingtoabovedivision1.detailsbelongingtoPointA.2.detailsbelongingtoPointA.a.finerdetailsbelongingto2.(1)stillfinerdetailsbelongingtoa.(2)stillfinerdetailsbelongingtoa.b.B.III.ThirdmajorpointordivisionA.B.C.ConclusionTechniques&Principles in Outlining编列提纲是把思想条理化的过程，逻辑平行是编列提纲的重要原则。主要项目的分类在逻辑上应是并列平行的，它们在内容的重要性、等级、程度上都应是相同的；在语法结构上应由互为平行的词、短语或句子组成。Types of OutlinesTopicOutlineSentenceOutlineTopic-SentenceOutlineSample Outline-Therapeutic Benefits from PetsThesisStatement:Petshavebeenfoundtoprovideimportanttherapeuticbenefitstothementallyill,thephysicallyill,andthehandicapped.I.Benefits to the mentally illA.History of the use of animals for the mentally disturbedB.Recent use of animals to help mentally ill patientsC.Use of pets to help the criminally insaneII.Benefits to the physically illA.Higher survival rates for heart-disease patients who own petsB.Improved blood pressure in those patients with petsC.Improvements to hospital patients who are visited by petsIII.Benefits to the handicapped and disabled A.Physical assistancea.Seeing-eye dogsb.Hearing-ear dogsc.Animals that run errandsB.Emotional supporta.Emotional benefits of guide dogsb.Increased confidence to disabled from horseback ridingc.Improvement of morale in nursing homes.4.3 Types of English Essays（1）Narration（2）Description（3）Exposition（4）Argumentation(1)Narration记叙文也称叙述文，是以叙述为主要表达方法，以人物、事件为主要表达内容的文章。通讯、新闻报道、历史、散文、故事、游记、人物传记、日记等都属于记叙文。A New Years Eve PartyEveryNewYearsEve,theprovincialgovernmenthostsaNewYearsEvepartyforforeignexpertsandteachersworkingintheprovince.Onthisparticularevening,theweatherwaspiercinglycoldoutside,butinsidethegrandbanquethall,itwaswarmlikespring.Peoplewereshakinghandssayinghellotoeachother.Theholidayatmospherewasallround.Thechandeliershangingfromtheceilingshonebrightlyandallthelampsaroundthewallswereablazewithcolorfullights.Dozensoflovelygirlsdressedinsnowwhiteuniformswerebusilywalkingupanddownthehallservingtheguestswithdrinksandsnacks.Alltheguestsdressedintheirverybestclotheswereeitherstandingorsittingalongeachsideofthehall.SuddenlythesonorousvoiceoftheMasterofCeremoniescameoverthe loud speaker introducing the vice-governor of the province,whodelivered a New Years Eve message,followed by the presentation ofawardstooutstandingforeignexpertsandteachers.TheproudawardeesstoodinfrontoftherostrumholdingtheirCertificatesofMeritandprizes,posingforflashingcameras.Afterathank-youspeechbyarepresentativeoftheforeignexperts,theperformancebegan.AlltheactorsandactresseswerefromtheProvincialSongandDanceEnsemble.（continued)Thepartyreacheditsclimaxwhenthechairpersondeclared that the dance party would begin.The lights weredimmedandalightedballhangingfromtheceilingbeganturningaroundandaroundshootingcoloredlightsinalldirections.Theguestsexcitedlybegantodancearoundthelargehall,enjoyingboth classical and Chinese folk music,looking forward to thecomingyearwithhopeandanticipation.这是一则新闻稿，报道了某省政府举行盛大新年晚会，表彰在省内工作的外国专家和教师的情景。文章按时间顺序叙事，在报道中穿插了场面描写和人物描写，真实地描述了晚会的全过程和热烈的气氛。文章用词丰富多彩，叙述轻松流畅。(2)Description描写文是一种以描写为主要表达方式，以人物、景物和其他事物的形态、状态、特征为主要表达内容的文章。人物描写：描写人物的容貌、神情、气质、语言、动作、心理活动等。环境描写：社会生活场景描写与自然景物描写。Visiting TianzishanEarlierthisyearIhadtheopportunitytovisitTianzishannaturereserve,whichisonepartofWulingyuansceneryareainHunanprovince,theworldsfamousnaturalresourceheritage.Afterspendingthenightinasmallquainthotelnotfarfromthefoothills,Iawoketoamostserenesite.Inthedistancewas a picturesque scene just like a traditional Chinese painting hangingbefore my eyes.A mysterious thin mist hovered over the zigzaggedmountaintopslikeatranslucentsilkscarfcoveringabeautifulfairy.Behindthemysteriousmist,darkbluemountainsappearedanddisappeared.InspiredbythissceneIheadedforTianzishantotakeinthecoolfreshunpollutedairandnaturalbeautyofthemountains.InordertoreachHelongPark,Ihadtoclimbastonestaircase,whichspiraledallthewayupthemountain.AsIclimbedstepbystep,Imetseveralbearers of sedan chairs who offered to give me a ride but I decided tocontinueclimbingonmyown.AsIproceededupthemountainIobservedseveraldifferentkindsoftreesgrowingbetweenjaggedrocksofgrotesqueshapes.Everythreehundredmeterstherewasarestareaofabout40or50squaremeterswherelocalresidentsweresellingsouvenirs.AfterabouttensuchrestareasIfinallyarrivedatthetopwhichwasawidespaciousarea.Iwasastoundedbythebeautyofthenationalparksurroundedbymanyhillsandstoneforestsofdifferentshapes.Ontheeastsideofthemountaintop,Isawasilhouetteofamotherholdingababyinherarms,allinstone.Tome,itseemedtobetheomnipotenceofheavenhadcreatedallofthis.Tothewestwasagroupofstoneforestsdimlycoveredbyathinmist.Tothesouthwasabirds-eyeviewofthebeautifulscenerybelow.Tothenorthweremountainsthat seemed togoonforever like rolling waves.Atthat moment,itseemedIhadbeentransportedintoafairyland.这是作者在游览湖南武陵源天子山风景区后写的一篇游记。文章按空间顺序进行叙述，先从武陵源风景区的远处写起，描绘了天子山从远处眺望，山水相映，美丽如画的特征。接下去，作者描写了从山脚下上山的过程，以及沿途所见到的美丽的自然风光和浓郁的风土人情。最后，作者站在山顶举目远望，周围千姿百态的山水风光尽收眼底，使人犹入仙境一般。本文的语言流畅、规范，描写细致入微，读后令人神往。(3)Exposition说明文是以说明为主要表达方法，对客观事物的形态、性质、特点、功能和用途等做科学说明或解释的一种文体。各类教材、词典、科学实验报告、影视介绍、广告、旅游介绍、以及各种说明书等都是说明文。PrimalanMequitazine_COMPOSITIONMequitazine.5mgpertabletINDICATIONSTreatmentofvariousallergicsymptoms:vasomotorrhinitis,allergicrhinitis(seasonalorperennial),conjunctivitis,angioneuroticoedema,urticaria.Supportivesymptomatictreatmentofpruriginousdermatologicalconditions(eczema,prurigo,etc.)CONTRAINDICATIONSAvoidcombinationwithM.A.O.I.sClosed-angleglaucoma.Prostaticadenoma.(continued)PRECAUTIONSInformyourdoctorintheeventofpregnancyofbreast-feeding.DOSAGEAsdirectedbyyourdoctor.Theusualdosageis1tabletinthemorningand1intheevening,or2tabletsasasingledoseatnight.PRESENTATIONBoxof14and6tabletseachcontaining5mgofmequitazine.A.M.M.318156.8RHONE-POULENCRORER_PHARMUKA31RUEDEFLEURUS75006FRANCE这是一篇法国生产的波丽玛郎的药品说明书。说明书精确地介绍了此药的成分(Composition)、适应症(Indications)、禁忌症(Contraindications)、注意事项(Precautions)、服用方法和剂量（Dosage）以及包装(Presentation)，解答了患者可能持有的疑问，因而达到了说明的目的。(4)Argumentation议论文是一种写作者就某个话题，某个问题，或某个事件发表自己的看法，进行议论、分析、说明和论证，阐明自己的观点和主张的文体。议论文以逻辑思维和辩证思维为主要思维方式，通过充分的论证，影响读者的认知活动，说服读者接受作者的观点。社论、评论、书评、杂文都属于议论文范畴。一篇完整的议论文应包含论点、论据和论证。ActivityFor Against1.LecturesareaneconomicalwayofgivingInformationtoalargenumberofstudents.1.Lecturesareoftenbadlydeliveredandareboring.2.Thelatestinformationorviewscanbeheard.2.Oftenthesamelecturenotesareusedyearafteryear.3.Itismoreinterestingtohearandseeapersonthantoreadabook.3.Itisdifficulttotakenotesinalecture.4.Agoodlecturecanstimulatethoughtanddiscussion.4.Manylecturersjustreadaloudpartsoftheirbooks.Itiseasiertoreadthebooks.在议论文中，作者经常需要对某一个问题提出赞成或反对的观点。根据下面LecturingasaMethodofTeaching的提纲，可写出Pro-and-Con类型的议论短文。Lecturing as a Method of TeachingLecturingisoneofthemostcommonlyusedteachingtechniquesatuniversities and colleges.However,it is often attacked by educationalpsychologists and the students who claim that lectures were badlydeliveredandwereasboringassermons.Infact,somelecturershaveneverspokenwithhumorandtheyjustreadaloudfrompartsoftheirbooks.Otherlecturersusedthesamelecturenotesyearafteryearwithlittlerevision.Astothestudents,theyhavefounditdifficulttomakenotesduringalecture.In spite of its disadvantages,lecturing is generally considered aneconomicalwayofgivinginformationtoalargeaudience.Comparedwithtextbooks,lecturingcanprovidethestudentswiththelatestinformationand may inspire and stimulate thought and discussion among theaudience.Onthepartofthestudents,theywouldfeelmoreinterestedwhentheyseeapersonthanreadabook.Inaddition,therewouldbeinteractionsbetweenalecturerandtheaudienceandaraisedquestioncanbediscussedorhopefullybesolvedduringthelecture.Lecturing as a method of teaching has brought students bothadvantages and disadvantages.However,all things considered,theadvantagesoflecturingfaroutweighitsdisadvantages.Thank you！汇报结束谢谢大家!请各位批评指正