英语语法体系.ppt

English Grammar Sentence提提 纲纲一、句子概论一、句子概论二、基本句型二、基本句型三、基本句型的转换三、基本句型的转换四、基本句型的扩大四、基本句型的扩大一、句子概论一、句子概论1、句子的特征 句子是一组词按照语法规律构成的语言单位，具有相对独立而完整的意义。It is hot today.Tom runs very fast.Can you speak English?Give me some advice,please.Peter asked me to leave at once.2、句子成分 一个句子的各个组成部分，叫做句子成分，有主要成分主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语，次要成分定语和状语。除此之外还有同位语、插入语、呼语和感叹语。Look,a beautiful blue European bird that is sitting on top of the tree is singing happily in front of my house,with so many other birds listening carefully around her.请分析一下它的句子成分！此句能简化吗？主主 语语 主语是句子所叙述的主体，说明句子讲的人或事。可以做主语的有：1、名词 Shanghai is in the east of China.2、代词 I bought a new book.3、数词 Three and three makes six.4、不定式 To see is to believe.5、动名词 Smoking is harmful to health.6、名词化的形容词 The old should be taken good care of.7、从句 What he said is not true.8、形式主语 It is a good habit to get up early.谓谓 语语 谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态，由动词承当，一般放在主语之后。谓语动词有实意/行为动词和系动词，实意/行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。Mary is carefree.The new term will begin soon.I love my motherland.Dad bought me a bike last Sunday.Bill kept us laughing all through supper.宾宾 语语 宾语用来表明动作的对象或结果，是动作的承受者。在动词之后的叫动词宾语，在介词之后的叫介词宾语。可以做宾语的有：1、名词 Henry lost his parents in his childhood.2、代词 Everyone likes her.3、数词 I want four.4、名词化的形容词 We should help the poor.5、不定式 Id like to have some coffee.6、动名词 Harry enjoys skiing.7、宾语从句 I think that you are right.另外宾语还有双宾语和复合宾语。双双 宾宾 语语 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，即直接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语间接宾语。直接宾语往往指事物，而间接宾语常常指人。间接宾语通常在前。Pass me the book,please.Fetch me some water.为了强调直接宾语，上面的句子可以转换成：Pass the book to me,please.Fetch some water for me.1)能用to转换 的动词有bring,give,fetch,lend,hand,send,offer,pass,promise,show,teach,pay,tell,write;2)能用for转换 的动词有call,cook,choose,find,get,do,order,buy,make,draw,sing,save,spare.复复 合合 宾宾 语语 有些及物动词除了接宾语外，还接补足语，即宾语补足语，用来说明宾语的动作、状态或特征。宾语宾语+补语合称为复合宾语补语合称为复合宾语。宾补可以有下列形式：1、名词 They named him John.2、形容词 I consider you bright.3、介词短语 Barry found himself in trouble.4、分词 I saw them playing football.5、不定式 I saw them play football.成分P5表表 语语 表语是对主语的补充说明，即表达主语的特征，通常在系动词之后，有下列形式：1、名词 I am a teacher.2、代词 Thats all.3、形容词 Kate is cute.4、副词 A new film is on tonight.5、介词词组 our classroom is on the third floor.6、不定式 We are to go hiking tomorrow.7、动名词 My job is teaching you English.8、表语从句 This is what they saw last night.定定 语语 定语的作用是修饰和限定名词或代词，可以做定语的有：1、形容词 Issac Newton is a famous scientist.2、名词 This is my car factory.3、动名词 He is in the sleeping car.4、分词 Look at the sleeping baby.5、不定式 I have no pen to write with.6、介词短语 I finally thought a solution to the problem.7、副词 I used to live in the room above.8、从句 He who laughs last laughs best.状状 语语 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子，说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方向、比较、程度、方式或伴随情况，可以充当状语的有：1、副词 Jill writes beautifully.2、介词短语 The Smiths live in Russia.3、分词短语 Not knowing what to do,I decided to give up.4、不定式 His mother often comes to see him.5、名词 Please come this way.6、状语从句 He was late because his bike broke down.二、基本句型二、基本句型 基本句型又叫核心句型，是英语千变万化的句子的雏形。正是基本句型又叫核心句型，是英语千变万化的句子的雏形。正是这有限的这有限的五大五大基本句型及其转换形式生成了无限的实用的句子。基本句型及其转换形式生成了无限的实用的句子。Pattern 1:主主-系系-表表Pattern 2:主主-谓谓Pattern 3:主主-谓谓-宾宾Pattern 4:主主-谓谓-宾宾1-宾宾2Pattern 5:主主-谓谓-宾宾-补补Pattern 1:主-系-表 系动词有纯系动词（be）和半系动词(become,get,turn,grow,go;feel,smell,taste,sound,look;seem,appear;stay,keep,remain)，其后接表语，即主语的补语。系表结构是句子的谓语。It is hot today.注1：在汉语中，名词和形容词可独立充当谓语，但英语不可以在汉语中，名词和形容词可独立充当谓语，但英语不可以。Days are getting longer and longer.The desk feels hard.He seemed pleased with his result.Stay calm.注2：半系动词的功能一半是系动词，一半是行为动词。半系动词的功能一半是系动词，一半是行为动词。The desk feels hard.变成一般疑问句和否定句，体会一下其行为动词的特性。Pattern 2:主-谓 谓语是不及物动词不及物动词，它可有自己的状语。Man alone can smile.You must not talk in an exam.Do not pay too much for such a thing.A fire broke out last night.He went to Kunming for a visit.He will go to study medicine in the States.He ran out of the room,climbed downstairs and looked around.注意：状语的位置，英汉有区别吗？Pattern 3:主-谓-宾 谓语是及物动词及物动词，这类动词接一个宾语，因此叫单宾动词单宾动词。及物动词后面一定接宾语。Jack can drive a car.You may have heard the news.I will take him home.The train leaves Beijing at seven.Death looked him in the face.She dressed herself in white.We live a happy life.Cathy heard from her father again.Pattern 4:主-谓-宾1-宾2 谓语是及物动词，但是接双宾语。I have sent him some money.She told me the news about Paul.We must give her something to eat.Dick called her a taxi.He made his brother a kite.Pattern 5:主-谓-宾-补 宾语和补语统称为复合宾语，谓语为及物动词，也叫复宾动词。We call him Mr.Know-all.They found the dog dangerous.I think myself in danger.He made himself heard easily.I saw him lying on the ground.Mike heard someone go upstairs.I consider it a great honour to speak here.三、基本句型的转换三、基本句型的转换 上面所讲的五大基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句，它们可以变为疑问句、否定句和被动句。1、陈述句变为疑问句、陈述句变为疑问句 It is hot today.The desk feels hard.Jacob often tells a lie.I will take him home.Dick called her a taxi.He made himself heard easily.2、陈述句变为否定句、陈述句变为否定句 It is hot today.The desk feels hard.Jacob often tells a lie.I will take him home.Dick called her a taxi.He made himself heard easily.3、陈述句变为被动句、陈述句变为被动句 Jacob often tells a lie.A lie if often told by Jacob.I will take him home.He will be taken home by me.Dick called her a taxi.She was called a taxi.He made her work day and night.She was made to work day and night.四、基本句型的扩大四、基本句型的扩大1、增加修饰语增加修饰语，即适当添加名词或代词的定语定语，动词、形容词、副词及句子的状语状语，如：The children played.All the lovely children of Mr.Rogers from England played merrily at the seaside from morning till night.还可以用句子来做修饰语，如：Though Mrs.Rogers was away in France,all the cute children played happily with their father Roy because there was so much fun on the seaside of England.2、深化句子结构深化句子结构，如用并列连词将两个简单句连接起来，变成并并列句列句，如：He got up very early.We got up even earlier.He got up very early,but we got up even earlier.还可以利用从句来承当句子成分，使简单句变为复合句，即主主从复合句从复合句。如：We master English.It is important.It is important that we master English.