八年级下册生物复习知识点.doc

promotion of employment,form a reasonable and orderly pattern of income distribution,build a more fair and sustainable social security systems,medical and health system reform.The plenary,innovation of social governance,must focus on the maintenance of fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people,maximize factors,enhance social development,improving social governance,the interests of national security,ensure that the people live and work,social stability and order.To improve social governance,stimulating social organization,innovative and effective system of preventing and resolving social conflicts,improving the public security system,set up the National Security Council,national security systems and national security strategy to ensure national security.Plenary session,the construction of ecological civilization,you must establish systems of ecological system,using the system to protect the ecological environment.To improve naturalresources asset property right system and use control,red line of delimitation of ecological protection,resources paid use system and ecological compensation system in ecological environment protection management system reform.Plenary session,centering on building a listening party command,can win and having a fine style of the peoples army,a strong army under the new situation of the party Goals,restricting the development of national defense and army building is solved outstanding contradictions and problems,innovation and development of military theory,enhance military strategic guidance,improve the military strategy in the new period,building a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics.To deepen the adjustment of personnel system reform in the army,military policy and system reform,promote the development of military and civilian integration depth.Plenary session stressed that comprehensive reform must be to strengthen and improve thepartys leadership,give full play to the core role of the party commands the overall situation and coordinating all parties,improving the partys leading water.Margin.Challenged the leadership of the Communist Party of China,Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong thought by Deng Xiao-pings flag,replaced by three representatives and the harmonic society.The former Communist Party spirit and social cohesion point of almost all political makeover.Characteristics of socialism public ownership is shifting to private ownership,planned regulation and market regulation,the proletarian regime controlled by the elite.Of universal equality,fairness and basic principles of distribution system is socialist society,however aftereconomic monopolized by powerful,vested interests grow,employers do not have the same status,hardly seems fairsocial distribution.State key protection ofcapital interests ratherthan the interests of citizens,had been hits the bottom of the proletariat过 过去 去 的 的一 一 年 年，对 对我 我 来 来说 说，是 是一 一 个 个既 既 紧 紧张 张 又 又忙 忙 碌 碌的 的 一 一年 年，是 是一 一 个 个不 不 断 断接 接 受 受新 新 事 事物 物，迎 迎接 接 新 新挑 挑 战 战的 的 一 一年 年，在 在局 局 党 党组 组 的 的领 领 导 导下 下，在 在 同 同志 志们 们 的 的帮 帮 助 助下 下，无 无 论 论是 是 思 思想 想、工 工作 作 还 还是 是 作 作风 风 上 上都 都 有 有所 所进 进 步 步Obviously,face Chinas Socialist system,the Communist Party is not the party.In that case,political chaos has been very tight.Is remodeling or reconstruction,is a correction or a stove.Whether to turn right or left,is back to the source or put forward new political ideas.This is to determine the road problems in China,is also the key out of the deep water of the reform of the economic system.After 18,the new Central collective leadership attaches great importance to political orientation.First,the Central eight articles as a starting point,starting from the Central Governments self-restraint,which preaches and pro-image,brought fresh feeling to the community.Secondly,before reform and opening up and reform and opening two periods after non-negative,untying the tangle of the society a long time on this issue.Third,a new generation of party leaders on various occasions to Mao Ze-Dong and Mao Ze-Dongs thought of evaluation has room for manoeuvre,through to the ruling ideology of Mao Zedong thought,is the call of the soul to the Socialist Revolution and construction.Empty talks jeopardize national interests and try again,is an affirmation of Deng Xiao-pings reform ideas.These strong political signal showing a new generation of political leaders is still keeping to the Socialist road.Four is revisiting the talking to Mao Ze-Dongs historical cycle of high profile anti-corruption and the importance of the Constitution,reorganization is bad style of officialdom,was to civilize people obey the law,while improving the color change of the regime of vigilance.Five is to reform into deeper waters and stressed that top-level design,this is a review on the reform and opening up in the past,is also looking for a way out.Six foreign and Russia closer,the flexible attitude on the issue of the Korean peninsula,Sino-Japanese fishing hardline China on the island out of the patient and low profile shadow began to gradually plandevelopment.Signs show that the new leadership began to make a left turn in politics.However,as of right now,not only ideological confusion in the community,the new leaderships thinking is messy.New leaders both stressed the need to implement the Constitution,stressed the need to turn off the power in a cage.Also stresses that Mao Zedong thought cannot be lost,30 years afterthe reform and opening up 30 years ago can not deny each other.Both advocate democracy and release seven does not speak offiles of political constraints.Neither deny the history of the CPC Central Committee on several issues.Comrades:today brings together members,mainly in order to provide a platform to Exchange and learn fromeach other in order to facilitateour work.Just now,we focus on taxation,planning and stability,safety,project construction,typical topics such as private facts presentation and interaction,and towns currently exist in the in-depth analysis of the problems to be solved,to explore new methods to solve the problem.It can be said that summing up the achievement,no grandstanding;analysis【八年级（下）生物复习资料】第七单元 第一章 生物的生殖和发育一、植物的生殖1有性生殖:由受精卵发育成新个体的生殖方式.例如：种子繁殖（通过开花、传粉并结出果实，由果实中的种子来繁殖后代。）（胚珠中的卵细胞与花粉中的精子结合成受精卵胚种子）2无性生殖:不经过两性生殖细胞结合,由母体直接产生新个体。例：扦插，嫁接，压条，组织培养3嫁接的关键:接穗与砧木的形成层紧密结合,以确保成活.二 昆虫的生殖和发育1完全变态:在由受精卵发育成新个体的过程中,幼虫与成体的结构和生活习性差异很大,这种发育过程叫变态发育.卵幼虫蛹成虫。举例：家蚕、蜜蜂、蝶、蛾、蝇、蚊2不完全变态:卵若虫成虫。举例：蝗虫、蝉、蟋蟀、蝼蛄、螳螂三 两栖动物的生殖和发育1变态发育:卵蝌蚪幼蛙成蛙2特点：卵生，体外受精。四、鸟的生殖和发育1过程:筑巢、求偶、交配、产卵、孵卵、育雏几个阶段。2特点：卵生 体内受精3鸟卵的结构：一个卵黄就是一个卵细胞。胚盘里面含有细胞核。卵壳和壳膜保护作用，卵白营养和保护作用，卵黄营养作用。胚盘胚胎发育的场所。第二章 生物的遗传和变异 遗传：是指亲子间的相似性。变异：是指子代和亲代个体间的差异。一、基因控制生物的性状1 生物的性状:生物的形态结构特征、生理特征、行为方式.2 相对性状：同一种生物同一性状的不同表现形式。3 基因控制生物的性状。例：转基因超级鼠和小鼠。4 生物遗传下来的是基因而不是性状。二、基因在亲子代间的传递1基因：是染色体上具有控制生物性状的 DNA 片段。2DNA：是主要的遗传物质，呈双螺旋结构。3染色体：细胞核内能被碱性染料染成深色的物质。4基因经精子或卵细胞传递。精子和卵细胞是基因在亲子间传递的“桥梁”。每一种生物细胞内的染色体的形态和数目都是一定的。在生物的体细胞中染色体是成对存在的，基因也是成对存在的，分别位于成对的染色体上。在形成精子或卵细胞的细胞分裂中，染色体都要减少一半。三 基因的显性和隐性1 相对性状有显性性状和隐性性状。杂交一代中表现的是显性性状。2 隐性性状基因组成为:dd 显性性状基因组称为：DD 或 Dd3 我国婚姻法规定：直系血亲和三代以内的旁系血亲之间禁止结婚promotion of employment,form a reasonable and orderly pattern of income distribution,build a more fair and sustainable social security systems,medical and health system reform.The plenary,innovation of social governance,must focus on the maintenance of fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people,maximize factors,enhance social development,improving social governance,the interests of national security,ensure that the people live and work,social stability and order.To improve social governance,stimulating social organization,innovative and effective system of preventing and resolving social conflicts,improving the public security system,set up the National Security Council,national security systems and national security strategy to ensure national security.Plenary session,the construction of ecological civilization,you must establish systems of ecological system,using the system to protect the ecological environment.To improve naturalresources asset property right system and use control,red line of delimitation of ecological protection,resources paid use system and ecological compensation system in ecological environment protection management system reform.Plenary session,centering on building a listening party command,can win and having a fine style of the peoples army,a strong army under the new situation of the party Goals,restricting the development of national defense and army building is solved outstanding contradictions and problems,innovation and development of military theory,enhance military strategic guidance,improve the military strategy in the new period,building a modern military force system with Chinese characteristics.To deepen the adjustment of personnel system reform in the army,military policy and system reform,promote the development of military and civilian integration depth.Plenary session stressed that comprehensive reform must be to strengthen and improve thepartys leadership,give full play to the core role of the party commands the overall situation and coordinating all parties,improving the partys leading water.Margin.Challenged the leadership of the Communist Party of China,Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong thought by Deng Xiao-pings flag,replaced by three representatives and the harmonic society.The former Communist Party spirit and social cohesion point of almost all political makeover.Characteristics of socialism public ownership is shifting to private ownership,planned regulation and market regulation,the proletarian regime controlled by the elite.Of universal equality,fairness and basic principles of distribution system is socialist society,however aftereconomic monopolized by powerful,vested interests grow,employers do not have the same status,hardly seems fairsocial distribution.State key protection ofcapital interests ratherthan the interests of citizens,had been hits the bottom of the proletariat过 过 去 去 的 的 一 一 年 年，对 对 我 我 来 来 说 说，是 是 一 一 个 个 既 既 紧 紧 张 张 又 又 忙 忙 碌 碌 的 的 一 一 年 年，是 是 一 一 个 个 不 不 断 断 接 接 受 受 新 新 事 事 物 物，迎 迎 接 接 新 新 挑 挑 战 战 的 的 一 一 年 年，在 在 局 局 党 党 组 组 的 的 领 领 导 导 下 下，在 在 同 同 志 志 们 们 的 的 帮 帮 助 助 下 下，无 无 论 论 是 是 思 思 想 想、工 工 作 作 还 还 是 是 作 作 风 风 上 上 都 都 有 有 所 所 进 进 步 步Obviously,face Chinas Socialist system,the Communist Party is not the party.In that case,political chaos has been very tight.Is remodeling or reconstruction,is a correction or a stove.Whether to turn right or left,is back to the source or put forward new political ideas.This is to determine the road problems in China,is also the key out ofthe deep water of the reform of the economic system.After 18,the new Central collective leadership attaches great importance to political orientation.First,the Central eight articles as a starting point,starting from the Central Governments self-restraint,which preaches and pro-image,brought fresh feeling to the community.Secondly,before reform and opening up and reform and opening two periods afternon-negative,untying the tangle of the society along time on this issue.Third,a new generation of party leaders on various occasions to Mao Ze-Dong and Mao Ze-Dongs thought of evaluation has room for manoeuvre,through to the ruling ideology of Mao Zedong thought,is the call of the soul to the Socialist Revolution and construction.Empty talks jeopardize national interests and try again,is an affirmation of Deng Xiao-pings reform ideas.These strong political signal showing a new generation of political leaders is still keeping to the Socialist road.Four is revisiting the talking to Mao Ze-Dongs historical cycle of high profile anti-corruption and the importance of the Constitution,reorganization is bad style of officialdom,was to civilize people obey the law,while improving the color change of the regimeof vigilance.Five is to reform into deeper waters and stressed that top-level design,this is areview on the reform and opening up in the past,is also looking fora way out.Six foreign and Russia closer,the flexible attitude on the issue of the Korean peninsula,Sino-Japanese fishing hardline China on the island out of the patient and low profile shadow began to gradually plandevelopment.Signs show that the new leadership began to make a left turn in politics.However,as of right now,not only ideological confusion in the community,the new leaderships thinking is messy.New leaders both stressed the need to implement the Constitution,stressed the need to turn off the power in a cage.Also stresses that Mao Zedong thought cannot be lost,30 years afterthe reform and opening up 30 years ago can not deny each other.Both advocate democracy and release seven does not speak offiles of political constraints.Neither deny the history of the CPC Central Committee on several issues.Comrades:today brings together members,mainly in order to provide a platform to Exchange and learn fromeach other in order to facilitateour work.Just now,we focus on taxation,planning and stability,safety,project construction,typical topics such as private facts presentation and interaction,and towns currently exist in the in-depth analysis of the problems to be solved,to explore new methods to solve the problem.It can be said that summing up the achievement,no grandstanding;analysis24 如果一个家族中曾经有过某种遗传病，或是携带有致病基因，其后代携带该致病基因的可能性就大如果有血缘关系的后代之间再婚配生育，这种病的机会就会增加Aa A aA a A aAA Aa Aa aa四 人的性别遗传1 每个正常人的体细胞中都有 23 对染色体（男：44+XY 女：44+XX）2 其中 22 对男女都一样，叫常染色体，有一对男女不一样，叫性染色体男性为 XY，女性为 XX3 生男生女机会均等，为 1：1五 生物的变异1生物性状的变异是普遍存在的。变异首先决定于遗传物质基础的不同，其次与环境也有关系。因此有可遗传的变异和不遗传的变异。2人类应用遗传变异原理培育新品种例子：人工选择、杂交育种、太空育种（基因突变）第三章 生物的进化一、地球上生命的起源1 多数学者认为:原始大气中的无机物到有机物,再到原始生命,这一过程是在原始地球上进行2原始地球条件:高温、高压、紫外线以及雷电、原始海洋、无氧气3蛋白质、核酸是生命中重要的物质二、生物进化的历程1比较法:根据一定的标准，把彼此有某种联系的事物加以对照，确定它们的相同和不同之处。2化石：是生物的遗体、遗物或生活痕迹，由于种种原因被埋藏在地层中，经过若干万年的复杂变化系形成的。例如：始祖鸟化石（古代爬行动物古代鸟类）3生物进化的总体趋势：简单到复杂，低等到高等，水生到陆生三、生物进化的原因1模拟保护色的形成过程：动物在适应环境过程中所表现的一个方面，是自然选择的结果2自然选择：生物通过生存斗争，适者生存，不适者被淘汰。3过程：过度繁殖 生存斗争 遗传变异 适者生存4意义：生物通过遗传、变异、自然选择而不断进化。第八单元 第一章 传染病和免疫一、传染病及其预防1 病原体：引起传染病的细菌、病毒、和寄生虫等生物。2传染病流行的基本环节：传染源 传播途径 易感人群3传染病的预防措施：控制传染源 切断传播途径 保护易感人群二 免疫与计划免疫1人体的三道防线:第一道：皮肤和黏膜 第二道：体液中的杀菌物质和吞噬细胞promotion of employment,form a reasonable and orderly pattern of income distribution,build a more fair and sustainable social security systems,medical and health system reform.The plenary,innovation of social governance,must focus on the maintenance of fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people,maximize factors,enhance social development,improving social governance,the interests of national security,ensure that the people live and work,social stability and order.To improve social governance,stimulating social organization,innovative and effective system of preventing and resolving social conflicts,improving the public security system,set up the National Security Council,national security systems and national security strategy to ensure national security.Plenary session,the construction of ecological civilization,you must es