新目标人教版初中八年级上册英语语法汇总.doc

1新目标人教版初中八年级上册英语语法汇总新目标人教版初中八年级上册英语语法汇总1) leave 的用法的用法1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地” 。例如 When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地” 。例如Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London.下周五爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地” 。例如Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing?你为什么要离开上海去北京2) 情态情态 动词 should“应该”学会使用should 作为情态动词用常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等有“竟会”的意思例如 How should I know? 我怎么知道Why should you be so late today?你今天为什么来得这么晚should 有时表示应当做或发生的事例如We should help each other. 我们应当互相帮助。我们在使用时要注意以下几点1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should 的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。3) What.? 与与 Which.? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词都可以指人或事物但是 what 仅用来询问职业。如 What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的该句相当于 What does your father do? What is your father's job?Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如 -Which is Peter? 哪个是皮特 -The boy behind Mary. 玛丽背后的那个男孩。 2. What.?是泛指所指的事物没有范围的限制而 Which.?是特指所指的事物有 范围的限制。如What color do you like best? 所有颜色 你最喜爱什么颜色Which color do you like best, blue, green or yellow? 有特定的范围2你最喜爱哪一种颜色 3. what 与 which 后都可以接单、复数名词和不可数名词。如 Which pictures are from China? 哪些图片来自中国 4) 频度副词的位置1.常见的频度副词有以下这些always总是一直usually通常often常常经常 sometimes有时候 never从不 2.频度副词的位置a.放在连系动词、助动词或情态动词后面。如David is often arrives late for school. 大卫上学经常迟到。b.放在行为动词前。如 We usually go to school at 7:10 every day.我们每天经常在 710 去上学。c.有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾用来表示强调。如Sometimes I walk home, sometime I rides a bike.有时我步行回家有时我骑自行车。 3.never 放在句首时主语、谓语动词要倒装。如 Never have I been there. 5) every day 与与 everyday 1. every day 作状语译为“每一天” 。如We go to school at 7:10 every day.我们每天 710 去上学。I decide to read English every day.我决定每天读英语。2. everyday 作定语译为“日常的” 。She watches everyday English on TV after dinner.她晚饭后在电视上看日常英语。What's your everyday activity? 你的日常活动是什么6) 什么是助动词什么是助动词 1.协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词Auxiliary Verb。被协助的动词称作主 要动词Main Verb。 助动词自身没有词义不可单独使用例如 He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。 doesn't 是助动词无词义like 是主要动词有词义 2.助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用可以用来 a. 表示时态例如 He is singing. 他在唱歌。3He has got married. 他已结婚。 b. 表示语态例如 He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句例如Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗 Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗 d. 与否定副词 not 合用构成否定句例如 I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气例如 Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。 He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。 3.最常用的助动词有be, have, do, shall, will, should, would7) forget doing/to do 与与 remember doing/to do 1.forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。( 已做过关灯的动作)Don't forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。(to come 动作未做)典型例题 - The light in the office is still on.- OhI forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案C。 由 the light is still on 可知灯亮着即关灯的动作没有发生因此用 forget to do sth.而 forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。 2.remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做) remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做) Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 8) It's for sb.和和 It's of sb. 1.for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点表示客观形式的形容词如 easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 等 It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格品德表示主观感情或态度的形容词如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我你真是太好了。 3.for 与 of 的辨别方法 用介词后面的代词作主语用介词前边的形容词作表语造个句子。如果道理上通顺 用 of不通则用 for。如4You are nice. (通顺所以应用 of)。 He is hard. (人是困难的不通因此应用 for。)9) 对两个句子的提问对两个句子的提问 新目标英语在命题中有将对句子划线提问这一题型取消的趋势现在采取的作法是对 一个句子进行自由提问。例如 句子The boy in blue has three pens. 提问1.Who has three pens? 2.Which boy has three pens? 3.What does the boy in blue have? 4.How many pens does the boy in blue have? 很显然学生多了更多的回答角度也体现了考试的灵活性。再如 句子He usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday. 提问1.Who usually goes to the park with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?2.Where does he usually go with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday? 3.What does he usually do with his friends at 8:00 on Sunday?4.With whom does he usually go to the park at 8:00 on Sunday?5.What time does he usually go to the park with his friends on Sunday?6.When does he usually go to the park with his friends?10) so、such 与不定冠词的使用与不定冠词的使用 1.so 与不定冠词 a、an 连用结构为“so+形容词+a/an+名词” 。如He is so funny a boy.Jim has so big a house. 2.such 与不定冠词 a、an 连用结构为“such+a/an+形容词+名词” 。如It is such a nice day. That was such an interesting story.11) 使用使用-ing 分词的几种情况分词的几种情况 1.在进行时态中。如 He is watching TV in the room. They were dancing at nine o'clock last night. 2.在 there be 结构中。如There is a boy swimming in the river. 3.在 have fun/problems 结构中。如We have fun learning English this term. They had problems getting to the top of the mountain. 4.在介词后面。如Thanks for helping me.Are you good at playing basketball. 5.在以下结构中 enjoy doing sth 乐于做某事finish doing sth 完成做某事feel like doing sth 想要做某事5stop doing sth 停止做某事 forget doing sth 忘记做过某事go on doing sth 继续做某事remember doing sth 记得做过某事like doing sth 喜欢做某事keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事find sb doing sth 发现某人做某事see/hear/watch sb doing sth 看到/听到/观看某人做某事try doing sth 试图做某事need doing sth 需要做某事prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事mind doing sth 介意做某事practice doing sth 练习做某事be busy doing sth 忙于做某事can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事miss doing sth 错过做某事12) 英语中的英语中的“单数单数” 1.主语的第三人称单数形式即可用“he, she, it”代替的。如he, she, it my friend, his teacher, our classroom, Tom, Mary's uncle 2.名词有单数名词和复数名词。如man 单数-men复数banana单数-bananas复数 3.动词有原形第三人称单数形式-ing 分词过去式过去分词。如go-goes-going-went-gone work-works-working-worked-worked watch-watches-watching-watched-watched当主语为第三人称单数的时候谓语动词必须用相应的第三人称单数形式。如The boy wants to be a sales assistant.Our English teacher is from the US.Their daughter makes her breakfast all by herself. 13) 名词的复数构成的几种形式名词的复数构成的几种形式 名词复数的构成可分为规则变化和不规则变化两种。 I 名词复数的规则变化 1.一般在名词词尾加-s。如 pear-pears hamburger-hamburgers desk-desks tree-trees 2.以字母-s, -sh, -ch, -x 结尾的名词词尾加-es。如class-classes dish-dishes watch-watches box-boxes 3.以字母-o 结尾的某些名词词尾加-es。如potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes Negro-Negroes hero-heroes 4.以辅音字母加-y 结尾的名词将-y 变为-i,再加-es。如family-families dictionary-dictionaries city-cities country-countries 5.以字母-f 或-fe 结尾的名词将-f 或-fe 变为-v再加-es。如6half-halves leaf-leaves thief-thieves knife-knives self-selves wife-wives life-lives wolf-wolves shelf-shelves loaf-loaves 但是 scarf-scarves(fes) roof-roofs serf-serfs gulf-gulfs chief-chiefs proof-proofs belief-beliefs II 名词复数的不规则变化 1.将-oo 改为-ee。如foot-feet tooth-teeth 2.将-man 改为-men。如man-men woman-women policeman-policemen postman- -postmen 3.添加词尾。如child-children 4.单复数同形。如sheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish people-people 5.表示“某国人”的单、复数变化。即“中日瑞不变英法变其它国把-s 加后面” 。如 Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Swiss-Swiss Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen American-Americans Australian-AustraliansCanadian-Canadians Korean-Koreans Russian-Russians Indian-Indians 6.其它。如 mouse-mice apple tree-apple trees man teacher-men teachers 14) 双写最后一个字母的双写最后一个字母的-ing 分词分词 初中阶段常见的有以下这些1.letletting 让hithitting 打、撞cutcutting 切、割getgetting 取、得到sitsitting 坐 forgetforgetting 忘记 putputting 放 setsetting 设置babysitbabysitting 临时受雇照顾婴儿 2.shopshopping 购物triptripping 绊stopstopping 停止dropdropping 放弃3.traveltravel(l)ing 旅游 swimswimming 游泳runrunning 跑步digdigging 挖、掘beginbeginning 开始preferpreferring 宁愿 planplanning 计划15) 肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词肯定句变否定句及疑问句要变化的一些词 1.some 变为 any。如There are some birds in the tree. There aren't any birds in the tree.7但是若在表示请邀请、请求的句子中some 可以不变。如Would you like some orange juice?与此相关的一些不定代词如 something, somebody 等也要进行相应变化。 2.and 变为 or。如 I have a knife and a ruler. I don't have a knife or a ruler. 3.a lot of (=lots of)变为 many 或 much。如They have a lot of friends.可数名词They don't have many friends. There is lots of orange in the bottle.不可数名词There isn't much orange in the bottle.4.already 变为 yet。如I have been there already.I haven't been there yet.16) in 与与 after in 与 after 都可以表示时间但二者有所区别。 1.in 经常用于将来时的句子中以现在为起点表示将来一段时间。如He will leave for Beijing in a week.一周后他会动身去北京。 2.after 经常用于过去时的句子中以过去为起点表示过去一段时间。如He left for Beijing after a week. 一周后他动身去了北京。 不过如果 after 后跟的是具体的时刻它也可用于将来时。如We will finish the work after ten o'clock.十点后我们会完成工作的。 3.注意区分以下的 in 的用法。 I'll visit him in a week. 一周后我会去拜访他。I'll visit him twice in a week. 一周内我会去拜访他两次。17) 不定冠词不定冠词 a 与与 an 的使用的使用 1.a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词前。如There is a “b“ in the word “book“.单词 book 中有个字母 b。类似的字母还有c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y, z。She has a small knife. 她有一把小刀。 2.an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如There is an “i“ in the word “onion“. 单词 onion 中有个字母 i。类似的字母还有a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r, s, x。Do you have an umbrella? 你有一把雨伞吗 3.以元音字母开头的单词前面不一定都用 an以辅音字母开头的单词前面也不一定都 用 a。如a useful book a universe a one-letter word an hour an uncle 8an umbrella an honest person 18) 如何表达英语中的如何表达英语中的“穿、戴穿、戴” 英语中表示“穿、戴”的表达方法有好几种常见的有以下这些 1、put on 主要表达“穿”的动作。如He put on his coat.他穿上了他的外套。You'd better put on your shoes.你最好穿上你的鞋子。 2、wear 主要表示“穿、戴”的状态。如The old man wears a pair of glasses.老人戴着一副眼镜。The girl is wearing a red skirt.那女孩穿着一条红色的短裙。 3、dress 可作及物动词有“给.穿衣”的意思后接“人”而不是“衣服” 。如Please dress the children right now.请立即给孩子们穿上衣服。dress 也可作不及物动词表示衣着的习惯。如The woman always dresses in green.那位妇女总是穿绿色的衣服。 4、be in 表示穿着的状态。如John is in white today.约翰今天穿白色的衣服。The man in black is a football coach.19) a little, a few 与与 a bit (of) a little, a few 与 a bit (of) 都有“一些、少量”的意义。他们的区别在哪里呢 1. a little 意为“一些、少量”后接不可数名词。如There is a little water in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点水。 还可以接形容词。如He is a little shy. 他有些害羞。 2. a few 意为“一些、少数”后接复数的可数名词。如There are a few people in the room. 房间里有一些人。 3. a bit 意为“一点儿”后接形容词。如It's a bit cold. 有点冷。 a bit of 后接不可数名词。如 He has a bit of money. 他有一点儿钱。4. a little 表肯定意义little 表否定意义a few 表肯定意义few 表否定意义。如There is a little soda in the glass. 杯子里有一点儿汽水。 There is little soda in the glass. 杯子里几乎没有汽水了。I have a few Chinese friends. 我有一些中国朋友。 Few people like him. 几乎没有人喜欢他。 5. a little = a bit of, 后接不可数名词a little = a bit = a little bit = kind of, 后接形容词意为“有点儿” 。20) 关于关于 like 的用法的用法 like 可以作动词也可以作介词。 1、like 作动词表示一般性的“爱好、喜欢”有泛指的含义。如Do you like the color?你喜爱这种颜色吗like 后可接不定式like to do sth也可接动词的-ing 分词like doing sth有时意思不尽相同。如9She likes eating apples.她喜爱吃苹果。习惯She likes to eat an apple.她喜爱吃一粒苹果。平常不喜欢吃like 与 would 连用后接不定式表示愿望或客气的请求。如Would you like a cup of tea?您愿意喝杯茶吗“喜欢某人做某事”可以用结构“like sb to do sth/doing sth” 。如They all like me to sing/singing English songs.他们都喜欢我唱英文歌。 2、like 作介词可译成“像.” 。如She is friendly to us like a mother.她对我们友好就像母亲一样。It looks like an orange.它看起来像个桔子。 3、区分以下句子 A. What does he look like? B. What is he like? A 句译为“他长相如何”指一个人的外貌特征而 B 句译为“他人怎么样”指人 的性格特点。 C. The boy like Peter is over there. D. A boy like Peter can't do it. A 句指外貌相似而 D 句指性格相似。 21) stop to do sth 与与 stop doing sth 1. stop to do sth 意为“停下来去做某事” 。如The students stop to listen to their teacher.学生们停下来去听他们老师讲话。2. stop doing sth 意为“停止做某事” 。如The students stopped talking. 学生们停止了谈话。与它们相反的句式是go on to do sth “继续做某事与刚才一事不同”和 go on doing sth “继续做某事与 刚才同一件事” 。如 He finishes his homework and goes on to study English. 他完成了作业接着继续去念英语。They went on playing games. 他们继续玩游戏。22) tell, speak, say 与与 talk 1. tell 意为“告诉、讲述”指某人把某一件事、一条信息传送给别人或讲述一件事。如 He tells me that he wants to be a teacher. 他告诉我说他想成为一位教师。 Father always tells interesting stories to us. 爸爸总是给我们讲有趣的故事。 tell sb sth 意为“告知某人某事” 。如 He told me something about his past. 他告诉我一些他的往事。 tell sb to do sth 意为“告诉某人去做某事” 。如 David told his son to do the homework. 大卫要他的儿子去做作业。 2. speak 意为“说话、讲话”后面主要接语言。如 He can speak English and a little Chinese. 他能讲英语和一点汉语。 speak to 意为“和.讲话、谈话” 。如 Can I speak to Mr Zhang? 我能和张先生讲话吗 speak of 意为“提到、说起” 。如 The book speaks of my hometown. 那本书提到我的家乡。 103. talk 意为“谈话、讲话”如果只有一方对另一方说话时一般用 talk to如果双方或 多方交谈多用 with。如 Please talk to him right now. 请立即同他谈话。 He is talking with his friend. 他在和朋友交谈。 talk about 意为“谈论.” 。如 They are talking about the movie. 他们在谈论那部电影。 have a talk with 意为“与.交谈” 。如 Can I have a talk with you? 我可以和你交谈吗 4. say 意为“说” 。如 Can you say it in English once more? 你能用英语再说一遍吗 say to 意为“对.说” 。如 He said to his students that they would have a test. 他对他的学生说他们将有一个测试。 It is said that. 意为“据说” 。如 It is said that he could stay under the water for a long time. 据说他能呆在水里很长时间。 23) Excuse me! 与与 I'm sorry!1. Excuse me! 意为“打搅了对不起”一般是为了与陌生人搭话或者要打断对方所 说做的事。如 Excuse me, is there a hotel in the neighborhood? 请问附近有旅馆吗 Excuse me, could I say something? 打搅一下我能说一些吗 2. I'm sorry! 意为“对不起”表示道歉。如 I'm sorry, Mr Zhang. I won't do it again. 对不起张先生。我不会这么做了。 24) 表示时间的表示时间的 in、on 与与 at in, on 与与 at 都可以和表示时间的词组连用。都可以和表示时间的词组连用。 1. in 表示时间的一段或较长的时间。如 in the morning 在上午 in May, 2004 在 2004 年五月 in a week 在一周之内后 It's Sunday, I can finish it in two days. 现在是星期天我能在两天后完成。星期二 Rome was not built in a day. 罗马不是在一天内建起来的。 2. on 主要指在具体的一天。如 on Sunday 在星期天 on May Day 在“五一”节 on a hot afternoon 在一个炎热的下午 He arrived in Beijing on April 26,2004. 他于 2004 年 4 月 26 日到达北京。 3. at 表示时间的一点或比较短的时间。如 at 8:00 在八点 at noon 在中午 I always get up at 6:00 every morning. 我总是每天早晨六点起床。 It's always warm at this time of year. 每年的这个时候总是暖和的。1125) Other 及其用法及其用法 Other 及其相近的词组 如 others, the other, the others, another, any other 等一直是中学生朋友们比较困扰的问题 平常的考试、作业中经常出错。下面是它们的一些用法 1、other 指其余的人或物所有格是 other's复数形式是 othersthe other 指“两个人或 物中的另一个”其复数形式是 the othersothers 相当于“other + 名词”所以不能充当定 语修饰名词。others 指整体中去掉一部分后剩余的部分但不是全部的即 some.others 一些.其余的人.。the others 强调整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部即 some.the others. 2、another 泛指三个以上的不定数目中的“另外一个” 。由 an 和 other 合并构成所以 不能和冠词连用。another 修饰单数名词比如another pencil. 3、any other 指除去本身以外的“任何其他的人或物”后面要用名词的单数形式。 26) look 短语短语 常见的 look 短语有以下这些 1.look at 朝.看 Please look at the map of China. 请看中国