[精选]236stress_intonationjhj.pptx

October,2013Lecture 6Chapter 2 Stress&Intonation 2.3.6 Suprasegmental features:stress&IntonationnSound contrasts that extend over several segments(phonemes),and such contrasts are called suprasegmentals.nSuprasegmental features:syllable,stress,tone,intonation StressDefinition:nWhen a word has more than one syllable,one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others.This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon,that of stress.StressSome points:1 Stress may be a fixed feature of a word,and essentially part of its form.2 It seems to ba a general tendency in English to mark the difference between nouns and verbs in this way:Nouns have first syllable stress,verbs second.Stress3 Stress is the intensity or prominence given to a syllable.This prominence is considered to ba caused by aditional breath force or muscular action,or length,or a change in pitch.Stress4.A basic distinction is made between stressed and unstressed syllables,the former being more prominent than the later usually due to an increase in loudness,length or pitch.5.Classification of stress:word stress&sentence stress Word stressnWhat is word stress?P43nPrimary stress or main stress&secondary stress P44Sentence stressnStress refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.It may also have a function at the sentence level:nSentence stress is often used to express which part of the sentence is in focus,or which word should receive special emphasis.IntonationDefinition of IntonationnSpeech sounds which are identical as to their place or manner features may differ in length,pitch or loudness.When speaking,people generally raise and lower the pitch of their voice.This phenomenon is called intonation.IntonationnIntonation refers to the rise and fall of the pitch voice in spoken language.n1 System of Intonationn2 Structure of Intonationn3 Types of nuclear tonen4 Functions of intonationSystem of IntonationnAs far as intonation processing concerns,there are in turn three sets of choices.They are:(1)how to break the utterance up into chunks,(2)what is to be accented,and(3)what tones are to be used(Wells 2006:6).Halliday refers to them as tonality,tonicity and tone(i.e.three Ts).System of IntonationnGenerally tonality decides how many pieces of information in one utterance;tonicity decides the focus of information;and tone decides the concrete meaning of information except the lexical meanings which is decided by words.how the three Ts works in intonation systemStructure of IntonationnIn a tone unit,there are words with different significance.Speakers usually want to make some words stand out as the focus of the information by adding accent and pitch movement.nEach tone unit contains one piece of information,namely one focus of information.The nucleus is attached to the focus of information Structure of IntonationStressed syllables in these words are the nucleus of this tone unit and they are obligatory.Syllables before or after the nucleus are optional and are termed as“pre-head”,“head”and“tail”according to the traditional British approach.The most common position for the tonic or nucleus is on the last lexical term(i.e.content words)such as nouns,verbs,adverbs of the tone unit.Structure of Intonationn All the syllables that follow the nucleus compose the tail of the tone unit which is composed of an unspecified number of stressed and unstressed syllables(at least of either)Structure of IntonationnThe head extends from the first accented syllable in the tone unit to the last syllable before the nucleus.The first accented syllable is called the onset.n The part before the onset,is the pre-head.Structure of IntonationnGiven the above,the structure of the tone unit can be summarized as:n(Pre-head)(Head)Nucleus(Tail).nAll the possible tone unit structures:8n PHNT,N,PN,NT,HNT,PNT,PHN,HN.Structure of IntonationExecisenA:A|dog is a|mans|best company.(PHNT)nB:Yes,|it is.(N)(PN)nA:Cats are also|mans|best|company.(NT)nB:|Men|like animals.But I hate|cats.(HNT)(PNT)nA:They|behave mild.|Animals are|mens friends.(PHN)(HN)Structure of IntonationTypes of nuclear tonen(1)Low Falln(2)High Falln(3)Low Risen(4)High Rise n(5)Fall-Risen(6)Rise-Fall n(7)Mid-levelFunctions of intonation(1)Grammatical function:Some sentences are ambiguous when written and their ambiguity can only be removed by using differences of tonality and tonicity.Different pitch patterns or tones in English can signal different types of sentences,or different meanings of the same word group.Removal of ambiguityn下雨天留客天留我不留下雨天留客天留我不留（1）下雨天，留客天，留我不留？）下雨天，留客天，留我不留？（2）下雨天留客，天留，我不留。）下雨天留客，天留，我不留。（3）下雨天留客，天留我不留？）下雨天留客，天留我不留？Removal of ambiguity My sister who lives in Endinburgh has just had twins.n(a)My sister,|who lives in/Endinburgh,|has Ijust had/twins.n(b)My I sister who lives in/Endinburgh|has Ijust had/twins.n句(a):non-restrictive attribute My only sister,who happens to live in Enginburgh.n句(b):restrictive attribute I have several sisters.That one who lives in Edinburgh has just had twins.One more examplenThose who sold quickly I made a profit.nThose who sold I quickly made a profit.Signal different types of sentencesn the distinction between a statement and a questionnYou can do it.(statement)nYou can do it.(question)Functions of intonation(2)Attitudinal function:Intonation indicates the speakers attitude:friendly,polite,angry,excited,surprises,bored and so on and so forth.Attitudinal functionnWas it there?n(a)Was it/there?(very calm)n(b)Was it/there?(insistent)n(c)Was itthere?(quizzical,intolerant)n(d)Was Vthere?(impatience)n(e)/Was it othere?(incredulity or reluctance to accept sth)n(f)|Was it/thcre?(genuinely interested)Functions of intonation(3)the accentual functionnThat English intonation has accentual function imply that the placement of the nucleus within the tone unit should be regarded as the most important part in a tone unit.the accentual functionn(a)David likes Marys new books.(It isnt Damon,Daley,or others)n(b)David likes Marys new books.(He does not love or hate her books)n(c)David likes Marys new books.n (He does not like Marianas,Marisas or others books)n(d)David likes Marys new books.(He does not like her old books)the accentual function I can t see very well with my glasses now.n(a)but John cann(b)but I can see well with yoursn(C)but I can see quite well.n(d)but I could when I bought hemn(e)but I can see well if I don t wear them英音和美音n通俗的来讲，美国英语通俗的来讲，美国英语外向外向，英国英语，英国英语内向内向；美国英语声；美国英语声音音外露外露，英国英语声音，英国英语声音内含内含；美国英语；美国英语嗓门大嗓门大，英国英语，英国英语声音小声音小；美国英语；美国英语张扬张扬，英国英语说话，英国英语说话谨慎谨慎而显得而显得绅士绅士；说美国英语时要穿上说美国英语时要穿上牛仔裤指手画脚带动作牛仔裤指手画脚带动作才行，否则声才行，否则声音大而没动作就别扭；说英国英语时要音大而没动作就别扭；说英国英语时要板起面孔板起面孔来穿上来穿上燕燕尾服尾服手拄着拐杖手拄着拐杖“装装”贵族贵族才行，要是指手画脚就别扭。才行，要是指手画脚就别扭。以上是文化上的差别。以上是文化上的差别。n美国英语里见美国英语里见r要发卷舌音要发卷舌音，英国英语里，英国英语里没有卷舌音没有卷舌音；美；美国英语用的是口腔国英语用的是口腔“后部后部发声方法发声方法”，英国英语用的是口，英国英语用的是口腔腔“深后部深后部发声方法发声方法”；美国英语；美国英语速度慢速度慢，语调爱用，语调爱用平拖平拖腔腔，就像汉语里的一声，英国英语，就像汉语里的一声，英国英语愿意用降调愿意用降调，就像汉语，就像汉语里的四声；美国英语因里的四声；美国英语因发音外露发音外露而而音形对应规律明显音形对应规律明显，英，英国英语因国英语因发音内含发音内含而而音形对应规律被隐藏音形对应规律被隐藏。总结一下，就。总结一下，就是老美的发音多数是老美的发音多数比较懒散比较懒散，嘴张的没有英国人发音那样，嘴张的没有英国人发音那样标准标准。英音和美音nBBC British Broadcasting Corporationn标准英语发音（标准英语发音（Received Pronunciation,简称简称R.P）nVOA Voice of American美国普通话（美国普通话（General American,简称简称GA）Summaryn2.3.6 suprasegmentals:n1 stress:n(1)word stress:n(Primary stress or main stress&secondary stress)n(2)sentence stressSummaryn2 intonation:nDefinition of IntonationnSystem of Intonation:3TsnStructure of Intonation:4 partsnTypes of nuclear tone:7nFunctions of intonation:3n公共邮箱公共邮箱:n密码：密码：12344321n9、静夜四无邻，荒居旧业贫。、静夜四无邻，荒居旧业贫。3月月-233月月-23Monday,March 13,2023n10、雨中黄叶树，灯下白头人。、雨中黄叶树，灯下白头人。16:05:4316:05:4316:053/13/2023 4:05:43 PMn11、以我独沈久，愧君相见频。、以我独沈久，愧君相见频。3月月-2316:05:4316:05Mar-2313-Mar-23n12、故人江海别，几度隔山川。、故人江海别，几度隔山川。16:05:4316:05:4316:05Monday,March 13,2023n13、乍见翻疑梦，相悲各问年。、乍见翻疑梦，相悲各问年。3月月-233月月-2316:05:4316:05:43March 13,2023n14、他乡生白发，旧国见青山。、他乡生白发，旧国见青山。13 三月三月 20234:05:43 下午下午16:05:433月月-23n15、比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。、比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。三月三月 234:05 下午下午3月月-2316:05March 13,2023n16、行动出成果，工作出财富。、行动出成果，工作出财富。2023/3/13 16:05:4316:05:4313 March 2023n17、做前，能够环视四周；做时，你只能或者最好沿着以脚为起点的射线向前。、做前，能够环视四周；做时，你只能或者最好沿着以脚为起点的射线向前。4:05:43 下午下午4:05 下午下午16:05:433月月-23n9、没有失败，只有暂时停止成功！。、没有失败，只有暂时停止成功！。3月月-233月月-23Monday,March 13,2023n10、很多事情努力了未必有结果，但是不努力却什么改变也没有。、很多事情努力了未必有结果，但是不努力却什么改变也没有。16:05:4316:05:4316:053/13/2023 4:05:43 PMn11、成功就是日复一日那一点点小小努力的积累。、成功就是日复一日那一点点小小努力的积累。3月月-2316:05:4316:05Mar-2313-Mar-23n12、世间成事，不求其绝对圆满，留一份不足，可得无限完美。、世间成事，不求其绝对圆满，留一份不足，可得无限完美。16:05:4316:05:4316:05Monday,March 13,2023n13、不知香积寺，数里入云峰。、不知香积寺，数里入云峰。3月月-233月月-2316:05:4316:05:43March 13,2023n14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。13 三月三月 20234:05:43 下午下午16:05:433月月-23n15、楚塞三湘接，荆门九派通。、楚塞三湘接，荆门九派通。三月三月 234:05 下午下午3月月-2316:05March 13,2023n16、少年十五二十时，步行夺得胡马骑。、少年十五二十时，步行夺得胡马骑。2023/3/13 16:05:4316:05:4313 March 2023n17、空山新雨后，天气晚来秋。、空山新雨后，天气晚来秋。4:05:43 下午下午4:05 下午下午16:05:433月月-23n9、杨柳散和风，青山澹吾虑。、杨柳散和风，青山澹吾虑。3月月-233月月-23Monday,March 13,2023n10、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。16:05:4316:05:4316:053/13/2023 4:05:43 PMn11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。3月月-2316:05:4316:05Mar-2313-Mar-23n12、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。16:05:4316:05:4316:05Monday,March 13,2023n13、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。3月月-233月月-2316:05:4316:05:43March 13,2023n14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。13 三月三月 20234:05:43 下午下午16:05:433月月-23n15、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。三月三月 234:05 下午下午3月月-2316:05March 13,2023n16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。2023/3/13 16:05:4316:05:4313 March 2023n17、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。4:05:43 下午下午4:05 下午下午16:05:433月月-23MOMODA POWERPOINTLorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipiscing elit.Fusce id urna blandit,eleifend nulla ac,fringilla purus.Nulla iaculis tempor felis ut cursus.感感 谢谢 您您 的的 下下 载载 观观 看看专家告诉演讲完毕，谢谢观看！