中考英语阅读理解做题技巧.pptx

阅读材料阅读材料题材：题材：故事，寓言，故事，寓言，人物，科普，政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理人物，科普，政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理等等体裁：体裁：记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文，新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、书记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文，新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、书信，图画，表格等信，图画，表格等第1页/共74页学生素质学生素质阅读速度阅读速度理解程度理解程度思维能力思维能力综合文化素质综合文化素质第2页/共74页具体考查的内容具体考查的内容理解具体信息理解具体信息推测生词词义推测生词词义理解概念性含义理解概念性含义判断、推理和引申判断、推理和引申理解主旨要义理解主旨要义理解结构，句段关系理解结构，句段关系理解作者意图理解作者意图第3页/共74页解题步骤解题步骤一、快速阅读，读懂大意一、快速阅读，读懂大意二、明确要求，逐一解答二、明确要求，逐一解答三、重读问题，理解问题三、重读问题，理解问题（带着问题，找答案。（带着问题，找答案。-找出处、划线）找出处、划线）四、带着问题，重读文章四、带着问题，重读文章（仔细斟酌不确定的答案。（仔细斟酌不确定的答案。）五、复读全文，最后把关五、复读全文，最后把关（核对（核对-总体把握）总体把握）第4页/共74页题型大聚会题型大聚会1.推理题推理题2.词汇题词汇题3.主旨题主旨题4.态度观点题态度观点题5.指代题指代题第5页/共74页解题技巧碰碰碰解题技巧碰碰碰第6页/共74页（一）推理题及解题技巧（一）推理题及解题技巧推理题：推理题：数字推理数字推理知识推断知识推断逻辑推理逻辑推理细节推断细节推断考查理清上下逻辑关系的能力（最难）。考查理清上下逻辑关系的能力（最难）。第7页/共74页考查学生考查学生判断、推理和引申判断、推理和引申理解作者的意图、观点或态度理解作者的意图、观点或态度常用逻辑词常用逻辑词:“infer,conclude,imply,suggest”等。等。推论推论 推断推断暗示暗示 暗示暗示第8页/共74页技巧技巧1.吃：吃透意思吃：吃透意思2.捕：捕捉线索捕：捕捉线索3.挖：挖掘加工挖：挖掘加工4.握：把握关系握：把握关系5.摸：揣摸作者摸：揣摸作者第9页/共74页1.数字推断题MrBrownfirstwenttolookattheunderground-firewhenhewasseven.Throughthehole（洞）intheearthyoucouldseetheorangefire,butyouhadtolookfastbecauseitwassohot,saidMrBrown.In1898,hesawthefireoncemore（再一次）.1.MrBrownfirstsawtheunderground-fire_.A.attheageofsevenB.sevenyearsoldC.intheyearof1898D.morethan（超过）80yearsagoAWhen he was seven years old第10页/共74页Party in Taiwan.On his nine-day trip from May 5-13,he visited Xian,Nanjing,Shanghai and Changsha,as well as Beijing.Soong,63,was born in Xiangtan,Hunan Province in 1942.He went to Taiwan with his father at the age of seven.67.Soong went to Taiwan with his father in _.A.1942 B.1945 C.1949 D.19481.数字推断题C第11页/共74页例题：TheUnitedStatesbecameanindependentcountryin1783,andNewYorkWasitscapitalforashorttime.TheUnitedStatesbecameanindependentcountryin_.A.the17thcenturyB.the16thcenturyC.the18thcenturyD.the19thcentury注意年与世纪的关系，例如：1867年是19世纪，1990年是20世纪,2008年是21世纪。C第12页/共74页2.知识推断题知识推断题知识推断：知识推断：根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。第13页/共74页实例实例Tokyo：Threesnakes,whosepoisoncouldkillapersonintenminutes,areguardingabluestarsapphire（蓝宝石）（蓝宝石）worthnearlysixhundreddollarsataJapaneseexhibitionofjewelssentfromanIndianmuseum.“Normallyitwouldbeforbiddentoletthesepoisonoussnakesguardexhibitionobjects,butitsdifferentthistimebecausethejewelsarebeingexhibitedatahotel,”apolicesaid.Thejewelswasbeingshownin_.A.anIndianhotelB.anIndianmuseumC.aJapanesehotelD.aJapanesemuseumC第14页/共74页3.逻辑结论推断题逻辑结论推断题逻辑结论：逻辑结论：指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度或观点去理解文章的内涵。是根据自己的经验、态度或观点去理解文章的内涵。第15页/共74页实例实例Myfatherhaslittletimeforfilms.Butonedayashefinishedhiswork,hefoundafilmticketundertheglassonthedesk.Hewenttothecinemaquickly.Whenhewasseated,awomancametomyfatherandsaidtheseatwashers.TheybothtookouttheirticketsandfoundtheseatshownonthemwasRow8,Seat16.Afterlookingattheticketmorecarefully,myfathersaid,“Sorry,itsnottodaysticket.”Fromthispassagewecanknowthatthewritersfatherwas_.careless第16页/共74页4.细节推断题细节推断题为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持主题，如为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持主题，如what,who,where,when,等，即等，即“supportingdetails”。所依据的所依据的 细节细节第17页/共74页实例实例Whenthebellwasringing.Theboyscameintotheroom.Eachonehadabatoraball.Allhadredfaces.Theyweregladtogetintotheirseats.Theteachersaiditwastimetogetbacktowork.Whichofthefollowingsentenceisprobablytrue?A.Theclasswasover.B.Theboyshadjustcomebackfromplaying.C.Theteachertoldtheboystowork.B很可能的很可能的第18页/共74页细节认定题。此类题主要考查学生对相关信细节认定题。此类题主要考查学生对相关信息的识别能力，旨在考查学生对短文的关息的识别能力，旨在考查学生对短文的关键词句、某个具体事实、具体情节或特定键词句、某个具体事实、具体情节或特定的细节是否注意和理解。的细节是否注意和理解。第19页/共74页【考题再现】（2007兰州中考题）Vision-phones can be of great use when you have something to show the person whom you are calling.It may also have other uses in the future.Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a book right over your vision-phone.You may be able to do some shopping through it,too.59.Inthefuture,youcanuseavision-phoneto_.A.readabookB.askanassistanttoreadabookforyouC.askanassistanttobringyouabookD.askanassistanttodosomeshoppingforyouA【剖析】根据Some day you may be able to call up a library and ask to read a book right over your vision-phone.结合someday与题干中的In the future 相等。所以答案为A第20页/共74页The deep sea is not an easy place to live in.It is cold and dark.The deeper it is,the less light there is.At the depth of about 3,000feet,there is not light at all.Besides the cold and darkness,sea animals face a third dangerother animals.Animals eat!They must find food to eat.Many animals eat plants.However,some eat meat.【考题再现】（2007天津中考题）第21页/共74页63.Howmanydangerswillanimalsmeetinthedeepseaaccordingtothepassage?A.OneB.TwoC.ThreeD.Four64.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisWRONG?A.Whenoneanimalfindssomethingtoeat,itmaybeeatenbyothers.B.Manyseaanimalseatplants.C.Thedeepertheseais,thedarkeritis.D.Atthedepthof3,000feet,allanimalscanfindtheirways.63.选C根据文中第五段Besides the cold and darkness,sea animals face a third danger-other animals这组句子。64.选D根据文中第四段第二行”At the depth of about 3,000 feet,there is no light at all.可推断；没有光线，就很难找到路，D项不符第22页/共74页常见的推理判断题题干常见的推理判断题题干According tothepassage，what/whichis“”?Whichofthefollowingstatementis(not)true/correct/mentioned/listed/included?Allofthefollowingstatementsaretrue/correct/mentionedexcept_?根据根据下面的下面的陈述，表述陈述，表述正确的正确的正确的正确的提到的提到的 列出的列出的包括的包括的除了除了.(不包括不包括)文章文章哪一个哪一个第23页/共74页（二）词汇题及解题技巧（二）词汇题及解题技巧测试学生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力。测试学生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力。标志是标志是Theunderlinedword“”inlinerefersto下划线的下划线的在第在第行的行的指的是指的是第24页/共74页技巧技巧返回原文，找到该句子返回原文，找到该句子结合上下文，理解该词意思结合上下文，理解该词意思重点抓字面含义，不要进行归纳，演绎，推理重点抓字面含义，不要进行归纳，演绎，推理选项中的正确答案意思与原句完全相同，只是用其他词汇表达选项中的正确答案意思与原句完全相同，只是用其他词汇表达超纲超纲词汇不是正确答案词汇不是正确答案正确答案常蕴藏在原文该词出现前后正确答案常蕴藏在原文该词出现前后第25页/共74页1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词 借助关联词借助关联词(如如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等等等)You shouldnt have blamed him for that，for it wasnt his fault.猜词题实例猜词题实例因为因此因此结果结果因此因此错误错误第26页/共74页2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词1)同义词同义词and连接的词组连接的词组e.g.happyandgay解释过程中使用的同义词解释过程中使用的同义词e.g.ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars,andJupiter.行星行星金星金星火星火星木星木星第27页/共74页2)反义词反义词表转折关系的连词或副词，表转折关系的连词或副词，如如but，while，however等等 与与not搭配的或表示否定意义搭配的或表示否定意义 的词语的词语 1.He is so homely，not as handsome as his brother.or 连接的词组2.happy or sorrowful第28页/共74页3.通过构词法猜词通过构词法猜词 1).前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。2).后缀-ment表名词，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等。3).后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词，如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor，law、lawyer，wait、waiter，science、scientist，art、artist等。第29页/共74页4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 But sometimes,no rain falls for a long，long time.Then there is a dry period，or drought.干旱第30页/共74页5.通过句法功能来推测词义通过句法功能来推测词义Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.椰子第31页/共74页6.通过描述猜词通过描述猜词 The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole.It is fat and walks in a funny way.Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.企鹅第32页/共74页When Jack first heard about these children,he wanted to help them.Once Jack went to meet a little girl in Africa.“When I met her,I felt very very happy.”He said“And I saw that the money was used for a good cause.I want to do everything I want to go on helping those children.”65.The underlined words“for a good cause”means “_”in Chinese.A.施舍施舍 B.行善行善 C.优惠优惠 D.赏赐赏赐【剖析剖析】单从单从cause一词很难判断，一词很难判断，cause有有“原因，理由，事业原因，理由，事业”，也有，也有“使使引起、使招致的意思。因为整篇文章说的是引起、使招致的意思。因为整篇文章说的是Jack给儿童的捐款行为。划线短语给儿童的捐款行为。划线短语的句子的意思是：他看到这些钱用于的句子的意思是：他看到这些钱用于”行善行善“，这给他带来很多快乐。，这给他带来很多快乐。【考题再现】（2007重庆中考题）第33页/共74页（三）主旨题及解题技巧（三）主旨题及解题技巧主旨要义主旨要义整体理解整体理解概括能力概括能力标志词有：标志词有：“mainlyabout；mainlydiscuss；besttitle”等。等。标题标题主要的主要的讨论讨论第34页/共74页技巧技巧注意首段和各段第一句话注意首段和各段第一句话,将其含义连接成一个整体将其含义连接成一个整体小心小心“首段陷阱首段陷阱”,不要一看开头就选择答案不要一看开头就选择答案第35页/共74页常见提问：常见提问：1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?2.Whatistheauthorsmainpoint?3.Whatisthesubjectofthispassage?4.Themainpurposeofthepassage?5.Thetitleofthispassagewouldbe_.中心思想中心思想主题主题作者的主要观点作者的主要观点目的目的第36页/共74页6.The best title of this passage could(would)be _.7.What can be the best title for the text?8.The topic sentence of the passage is _.9.The writer in the text mainly tells us _.10.The passage is mainly aimed to _.主题句主题句目的在于目的在于第37页/共74页11.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us _.12.What is the passage mainly about?13.Which of the following sentence can best describe the main idea of the passage?描述描述短文短文大意大意第38页/共74页In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beatNo single beat is characteristic of the music today.But each song has an easily recognizable rhythmAs you listen to a song，your foot usually starts to pick up the beatBefore long，your entire body seems to be moving with itYour head pounds with the beat，and there is no room for thoughtOnly the surge of the music is importantIn its own way，rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar.Its message is an ever-growing emotional one第39页/共74页在这一段文章中“Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelmingbeat.”为主题句。beat则是句子的信息核心。该词在第2、4、6句里重复出现，而第3句中的“rhythm”(节奏)跟“beat”(强烈的节奏)意思基本一致，这就保证了主题平稳而持续的发展。请注意：第8、9句作者重申并总结了主题句，而不是说段末是主题句。第40页/共74页例2Thevegetableandfruitandflowermerchantsaresurroundedbybasketsofpurpleeggplants,greenpeppers，stringsoftinysilveryonions，headsofbitterIndianspinachandadozenIndianvegetablesforwhichIdontevenknowtheEnglishnamesIhadforgottenabouttheprofusionoffruitinIndiaitisonlyduringthebriefintensesummerthatyouseemuchvarietyoffruitinMoscow.InRussia，aswinterapproachesallvegetablesexceptforpotatoesandthepervasivecabbageinsoupseemtodisappearfromthemenusv主题句在中间的第二句“I had forgotten about the profusion of fruit in Indiait is only during the brief intense summer that you see much variety of fruit in Moscow.”第41页/共74页Peopleliveincitiestodaythinkthatmeatissomethingthatcomeswrappedincellophane(玻璃纸)Fromthesupermarket，potatoescomebythepoundinplasticorpaperbags，andfeathergrowsinhats.Thecitydwellersviewsarequitedifferentfromtheviewsoftheirancestors,whoknewthat?meatishunteddownintheforest，potatoesareplantedandweeded，andonlybirdscanproduce1eathers.Yet,whetherpeopletodayrealizeitornot，theyarestillasdependentonanimalsandplantsfortheirexistenceastheirancestorswere主题句主题句第42页/共74页关键关键-主题句主题句主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。三个特点：三个特点：（1）总领性强，概括性强）总领性强，概括性强（2）结构简单，不用难句）结构简单，不用难句（3）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、论证、补充的作用）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、论证、补充的作用第43页/共74页实例实例JoshuaBinghamstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HechangedtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchoolandlater,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyabusinesslawyerinMiami,Florida.从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什述该段落的主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢？通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后，我么呢？通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领悟，作者想告诉读者的是：们便可领悟，作者想告诉读者的是：JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.所所以说这种文章（或段落）只能从文章的字里行间去理以说这种文章（或段落）只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这样才能推断出文章的主旨大意。解作者的意图，这样才能推断出文章的主旨大意。第44页/共74页实例实例 Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletoexplainaweathermapexactly.Weatherconditionisahugeamountofinformationaboutconditionatatimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyshowinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesWeatherOfficegivesoutinformationaboutcomingstorms,floods,freeze,dryness,andallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitgivesouta30-day“out-look”whichisabasicguidetoweatherconditionslikelytohappenallovertheUnitedStates.第45页/共74页Question：Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A.Weathermapsareveryimportanttostudentsofgeography.B.Weathermapscanhavea30-day“outlook”.C.Studentsofgeographyshouldbeabletomakeweathermapsexactly.D.Thosewhomajoringeographyshouldhavetheabilitytohaveagoodunderstandingofaweathermap.第46页/共74页（四）态度观点题及解题技巧（四）态度观点题及解题技巧理解作者的意图理解作者的意图,观点或态度的能力。观点或态度的能力。标志词标志词:attitude,purpose等。等。态度目的第47页/共74页技巧技巧态度词态度词:Opposition反对，反对，suspicion怀疑的，怀疑的，Approval支持，支持，Optimistic乐观的，乐观的，subjective主观的，主观的，objective客观的，客观的，pessimistic悲观的，悲观的，biased有偏见的，有偏见的，impartial公正的，公正的，sensitive敏感的，敏感的，indifference冷漠冷漠(一般不选一般不选)。不要搀杂自己的观点不要搀杂自己的观点寻找文中具有感情色彩的词寻找文中具有感情色彩的词抓论述的主线及举例的方式抓论述的主线及举例的方式第48页/共74页49.What do you think of the taxi driver?_A.He was not an honest person.B.He liked to work very hard.C.He was good at driving D.He was a kind and clever man选选A.出租车司机在火车站在载了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却绕路多赚车费。客出租车司机在火车站在载了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却绕路多赚车费。客人非常气愤地说：人非常气愤地说：“What?Fifteen dollars?Do you think Im a fool?Only last week,I took a taxi from the rail station to the same hotel and I only give the driver thirteen dollars.”从从When the taxi driver heard that,he didnt feel happy any more及及But suddenly,he had an idea.He took the passenger through many streets of the city可知司机可知司机不诚实。诚实的人还用绕道吗？不诚实。诚实的人还用绕道吗？第49页/共74页（五）指代题及解题技巧（五）指代题及解题技巧整体理解文章的能力，整体理解文章的能力，并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。第50页/共74页技巧技巧返回原文，找出题的指代词返回原文，找出题的指代词找最近的名词找最近的名词,名词性词组或句子名词性词组或句子将找到的替换该指代词将找到的替换该指代词,看意思是否通顺看意思是否通顺找出最佳答案找出最佳答案第51页/共74页Ifyouarevisitinganothercountryyoumayfeelthatyoudonthaveanyprivatespace.Hotelroomslookmuchthesameineverycountryintheworld.Alldaylong,yousharepublicspaceswithotherpeople.Youseethelocalpeopleintheirprivatespacesandyoufeellonelyand“outside”.Localpeoplecancreatetheirprivatespacesbytalkingaboutthingsyoudontknowabout.Andyouevenfeelthattheylikeyoutobeoutsidethemsothattheywillenjoybeinginsideevenmore!Thisisoneofthedifficultiesofbeingatraveler!Butifyouunderstanditthenithelpsyou.Haventyouenjoyedbeingpartofagroupand“owning”abitofspace?3.InParagraph4,thepronoun“themrefersto（所指）“_”.A.publicspacesB.privatespacesC.localpeople第52页/共74页典型例题分析根据内容，从短文后每题的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。MrBrownfirstwenttolookattheunderground-firewhenhewasseven.Throughthehole（洞）intheearthyoucouldseetheorangefire,butyouhadtolookfastbecauseitwassohot,saidMrBrown.In1898,hesawthefireoncemore（再一次）.Now,wecanonlyseethesmoke.ThefireMrBrownsawisnottheunderground-fire.Infact,thereare260coal（煤）firesintheworld.Theyareharmful（有害）anddangerous.Thenhowtoputthemout?Scientistshavetriedtoset（放置）firetoundergroundcoaltospeedup（加速）thefires.Inthisway,theburning（燃烧）ofundergroundcoalwouldbesoonfinished.（被烧完）。第53页/共74页1.MrBrownfirstsawtheunderground-fire_.A.attheageofsevenB.sevenyearsoldC.intheyearof1898D.morethan（超过）80yearsago2.MrBrownsaidthatwehadtotakeafastlookatthefirebecause_.A.itwasintheholeB.itwasveryhotC.itwasorangeD.itwasharmful3.Howmanycoalfiresarethereintheworld?A.Theresonlyone.B.Itshardtosay.C.Thereare260.D.Thearticle（文章）doesnttellus.A ABC第54页/共74页4.Whatsoneofthebestwaystoputout（扑灭）theundergroundfire?A.Tocover（覆盖）theholeswithstones（石块）.B.Tospeedupthefires.C.Toseethefiresburning.D.Todosomeexperiments（试验）.5.Whatisthebesttitle（标题）forthearticle?A.WatchingtheUnderground-Fire.B.AWaytoPutOuttheCoalFires.C.TheBurningEarth.D.CoalandCoalFires.BB第55页/共74页分析1.在文章的第一段的第一句里可以找到依据。attheageofseven等于whenhewasseven，故正确答案为A。2这一题可以在第一段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为B。3这一题可以在第二段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为C。4在文章的最后一段提到了扑灭火的最好方法，那就是使火加速燃烧。正确答案为B。5完成这道题需作一定的归纳，因为文章中没有给出直接的回答。文章从MrBrown两次看火，然后说出地下火的危害，最后提出如何灭火的方法。文章的前两段是给为什么要灭火和如何灭火铺垫，如何灭火才是文章的中心。故正确答案为B。第56页/共74页第57页/共74页一、根据文章内容判断正误Fredtelephonedhiswife.“Ivegottwofreeticketsforthetheatretonight,”hetoldher.“Meetmeoutsidetheoffice.Wellhavesomethingtoeatandthengoontothetheatre.”Fredswifewasverypleased.Theyhadntbeentoth