4名词性从句讲解.doc

英语语法-名词性从句讲解在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一、引导名词性从句的连接1. 连接代词：who， whose， whom， what， which.有词义，在从句中担任成分。2. 连接副词：when， where， why， how有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。3. 连接词：that， whether， if， as if在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略； 二. 具体分类       1、主语从句：作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（5）What caused the accident remains unknown.(6)Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。（7）Whatever you did is right. （8）Who the watch belongs to was lost is unknown.（9）What we need is time. （10）What we need are good doctors.(11) What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。(12) It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。再观察下例句子，找出主语从句。（1）It is certain that he will win the match.（2）It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry.（3）It is very likely that they will hold a meeting.（4）It is strange that he should do that.（5）It is important that we all should attend the meeting.（6）It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.（7）It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation.（8）It is still a mystery what caused the accident.（9）It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) （10）It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. （11）It is suggested that the work should be done with great care. （12）It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there)有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1. 2. 3 主语从句通常用should + V-原形）（1）It + be + n. + that从句 It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that It is a fact that（2）It + be + adj. + that从句 It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that （3）It + be + V-pp动词的过去分词 + that从句 It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that It is known to us all that It is reported/ believed / considered /that It has been proved that已证实（4）It + Vi + that 从句 It happened (to sb) that （某人）碰巧 It occurred to sb that 某人突然想起. It matters that 重要的是 It doesnt matter how/whether怎么样/是否没有什么关系 It seems that好像 It turned out that练 习1. Watch out! _ smoking here shall be fined at once.(caught)当心！无论抓到谁在此吸烟都会立刻罚款。2. _ the open ceremony gave the students much encouragement.(attend)校长亲自参加开幕式，这给学生带来了极大的鼓舞。3. _ college students should learn more about Chinese history.(it)我认为大学生了解更多历史很重要。4. _ is clear to us.(land)我们很清楚是谁第一个登上月球的。5. _ there was a short cut to the history museum.(occur)我突然想起去历史博物馆有条近路。6. It is announce that _ in the examination will be graded zero.(catch)已宣布任何被抓到在考试中作弊的学生都得零分。7. _ is the salary and the chance to travel. (attract)吸引我做这份工作的是其薪水和有去旅游的机会。8. It matters little how a man dies; _ is how he lives.(matter)一个人是如何死的这不重要，重要的是他是怎样生活的。9. _doesnt make much difference if he wants to apply for this job.(abroad)如果他想申请这份工作，他是否出国并没有太大的影响。10. _in the game worried his coach.(make)那个运动员在比赛中可能会犯错，这让他的教练很着急。2.宾语从句：作句子宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 （1）He told me (that ）he would go to college the next year.他告诉我他明年上大学。（2）I dont know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否还会有公交车。（3）Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.没有人知道他是否会通过考试。（4）Teachers were asking me whether I had gone there or not at that time.那时老师们在问我是否我曾经去过那里。(5)Do you know who has won Red Alert game？你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么？(6)The book will show you what the best CEO should know.这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么。（7）Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia call phone？你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗？（8）Can you tell me if there any shop here?你能告诉我这里有商店吗？（9）He didnt tell me when we should meet again.他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面.（10）Could you please tell me how you use the new panel.你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗（11）None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到.(一) 从属连词：连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that, if, whether，和疑问词（what how where when .) that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句，if和whether，whether.or not引导表示“是否”的一般疑问句的宾语从句。（二）关联代词：连接代词主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。连接代词一般指疑问，但what,whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。（三） 关联副词：连接副词主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.*动词的宾语从句大多数及物动词都可以带宾语从句如：We all expect （that ）they will win, for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢，因为他们的队员更强壮.He told us （that） they would help us through the whole work.他告诉我们在整个工作中，他们都会帮忙的.部分“动词+副词”结构也可以带宾语从句I have found out（that）all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.我发现这场音乐会的所有票都卖光了Can you work out （that）how much we will spend during the trip你能计算出这次旅行我们将花费多少钱吗*动词短语也可以带宾语从句，常见的这些词有：Make sure确保 make up ones mind下决心 keep in mind牢记Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.当你在上交试卷前确保没有任何错误.*可运用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句动词find,feel,consider,make,believe,think等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我认为我们每天多喝开水是有必要的.I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together.我没去聚会，感觉非常遗憾.I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.我每天写日记成了习惯.We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this matter.我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it（双宾语）这类动词主要有：hate, like, appreciateI hate it when they say with their mouths full of food.我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.I would appreciate it if you are willing to help me.如果你愿意帮我，我将不胜感激。若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.*介词的宾语从句用whether之类的介词宾语从句：We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加入我们的俱乐部.The new book is about how Shenzhou six manned spaceship was sent up into space.这本新书是关于神州6号载人航天飞船是如何升入太空的.用that,if引导的介词宾语从句：有时候except,but,besides三个介词后可见到that引导的宾语从句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班，其他一无所知.*形容词的宾语从句有些形容词具有动词的含义，所以也可以带一个宾语从句，例如；I am sorry I am late.I am glad that you can join us.Are you sure his answer is right?常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有： sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprisedI am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我这么长时间在打扰你.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.他很高兴在他生病的时候李明能去看望他.注意事项：1）在句中可以作谓语动词/介词/非谓语动词+宾语注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。2）用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。3. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。例如：He says that he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）He says that he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）I know (that)He has studied English since 2019. （从句用现在完成时）当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.4. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 5. 动词后有两个宾从，第一个宾从的that 可以省略，第二个不能省。3、表语从句：在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。 （how 在表语从句中充当方式状语）The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。（what 在表语从句中充当宾语)What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。 （what在主语从句中作直接宾语， that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，但不能省略）That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。（what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因（why 在表语从句中充当原因状语）The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。Thats just what I want. 这正是我想要的。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。（第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因）He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果）需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .4、 同位语从句什么叫同位语1. 名词作同位语Mr Wang,my childs teacher,will be visiting us on Tuesday.王先生，我孩子的老师，星期二要来看我们。2.短语作同位语I,the oldest girl in the family,always had to care for the other children.我，作为家里最大的女孩，总是要照料家中的其他孩子。3. 直接引语作同位语But now the question comes to their minds，“Did she die young because she was a clone?”但是现在他们不得不思考这样的问题：“多莉早死是因为它是一只克隆羊吗？”4. 句子作同位语The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.巨大的海轮可以开到五大湖，让表姐妹俩感到吃惊。同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你认为不动脑筋就能做好这件工作的想法是错误的。在某些名词（如demand,wish,suggestion,resolution等）后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。连词whether引导（注：if不能引导同位语从句）The question whether we should call in a specialist was answered by the family doctor. 我们是否请专家由家庭医生来定。【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但if不能引导同位语从句。3.其它引导词引导连接代词what,who,whom,whose，引导同位语从句1).I have no idea what size shoes she wears.我不知道她穿几号的鞋。（what作定语）同位语从句 同位语从句2).The question who will take his place is still not clear. （who作主语）4. 连接副词引导连接副词when,where,how,whyWe havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。同位语从句和定语从句的区别：that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。试比较下面两个例句:I had no idea that you were here（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book tells you peoples life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing(定从)I have no idea when she will be back（同位语从句）在句中，加粗部分是when引导的定语从句，其先行词day是表示时间的名词；在句中，加粗部分是when引导的同位语从句，其先行词idea则不是表示时间的名词。 先行词定语从句的先行词是名词或代词；而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词，而且仅限于idea，plan，fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question， thought，belief，conclusion等少数名词。例如：The boy who is playing football is my classmate Those who work hard will succeed The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody The fact that you are talking about is important名词性从句注意要点：一引导词what与that的用法区别。引导从句时，what要充当主语、宾语、或表语等成分，that不作任何成分， 只在语法上起连接的作用，比如：What he said at the meeting surprised everybody present.That he said nothing at the meeting surprised everybody present._ we cant get seems better than _ we have.A. What; what              B. What; that         C. That; that          D. That; what_ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A. What         B. That           C. How          D. Where二引导词whether与if的用法区别。主从/表从/同从 + whether ; 介词+whether ; whether to do whether + or not ; 动词后的宾从+ whether/if Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？_ you dont like him is none of my business.A. What         B. Who          C. That          D. Whether三名词性从句的语序。与别的从句一样， 名词性从句必须用陈述的语序， 即使在疑问句中，从句也不倒装You cant imagine _ when then received these nice Christmas presents.A. how they were excited                    b. how excited they wereC. how excited were they                    D. they were how excited四形式主语和宾语。当主语从句比较长， 而谓语比较短时，常常将从句后置，而用it作为形式主语，置于句首。形式宾语也一样。_ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. There        B. This   C. That          D. It五Who/ whoever/ what /whatever等的用法区别。一般说来，Who/ what等含有特指的含义，而whoever/whatever等含泛指的意义，意为“无论谁/无论什么”。另外，以-ever结尾的词引导的名词性从句相当于带有定语从句的名词词组：whoever=anyone who     whatever=anything that     whichever=any that例如：Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.=Anyone who leaves the room last ought to turn off the light.Whichever of you comes in first will receive a prize.=Any one of you comes in first will receive a prize.You can just say whatever comes to your mind.= You can just say anything that comes to your mind.It is generally considered unwise to give a child_ he or she wants.A. however           B. whatever           C. whichever         D. whenever_ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.A. Who         B. The one      C. Anyone             D. Whoever六Where, when，why等连接副词引导的名词性从句这些词引导的名词性从句，使用的关键是：这个词必须符合句子的逻辑要求。- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.- Is that _ you had a few days off?A. why          B. when         C. that            D. where七“介词+who(m)引导的宾语从句“与介词+whom”引导的定语从句的区别。介词后面的引导词用主格还是宾格，决定于它在宾语从句中作主语还是宾语9It was a matter of _ would take the position.A. who         B whoever             C. whom               D. whomever比较：Our country has thousands of excellent scientists, most of whom have received higher education at home.八名词性从句有插入成分时。此时注意两点： 一是从句仍然不倒装，而在插入的成分上倒装；二是要注意主语的主格和宾格的选择。10_ you have seen both fighters, _ will win?A. Since; do you think who          B. As; who you thinkC. When; whoever                      D. Since; who do you think九引导词that的省略。引导宾语从句时，通常可以省略that，但引导主语、表语和同位语从句时，that一般不能省。如有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句时，只可省略第一个that，其它的that不可省。十 名词性从句中的虚拟语气的使用。表示“建议、要求或命令”等词义出现时，不管是在