管理经济学英文版最新版教学ppt课件第8章.pptx

CHAPTER8Managing in Competitive,Monopolistic,and Monopolistically Competitive Markets严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Chapter OutlinePerfectcompetitionDemandatthemarketandfirmlevelsShort-runoutputdecisionsLong-rundecisionsMonopolyMonopolypowerSourcesofmonopolypowerMaximizingprofitsImplicationsofentrybarriersMonopolisticcompetitionConditionsformonopolisticcompetitionProfitmaximizationLong-runequilibriumImplicationsofproductdifferentiationOptimaladvertisingdecisions8-2Chapter Overview严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。IntroductionChapter7examinedthenatureofindustries,andsawthatindustriesdifferwithrespecttotheirstructures,conductsandperformances.Thischapterfocusesonhowmanagersdeterminetheoptimalprice,quantityandadvertisingdecisionsinthefollowingmarketenvironments:Perfectcompetition.Monopoly.Monopolisticcompetition.8-3Chapter Overview严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Key ConditionsPerfectlycompetitivemarketsarecharacterizedby:Theinteractionbetweenmanybuyersandsellersthatare“small”relativetothemarket.Eachfirminthemarketproducesahomogeneous(identical)product.Buyersandsellershaveperfectinformation.Notransactioncosts.Freeentryintoandexitfromthemarket.Theimplicationsoftheseconditionsare:asinglemarketpriceisdeterminedbytheinteractionofdemandandsupplyfirmsearnzeroeconomicprofitsinthelongrun.8-4Perfect Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Demand at the Market and Firm Levels In Action8-5Perfect CompetitionMarketoutput0PriceDPriceFirmsoutputSMarketFirm严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Short-Run Output DecisionsTheshortrunisaperiodoftimeoverwhichsomefactorsofproductionarefixed.Tomaximizeshort-runprofits,managersmusttakeasgiventhefixedinputs(andfixedcosts),anddeterminehowmuchoutputtoproducebychangingthevariableinputs.8-6Perfect Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Short-Run Profit Maximization:Revenue-Cost Approach In Action8-7Perfect CompetitionFirmsoutput$0ABEMaximumprofits严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Competitive Firms Demand8-8Perfect Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Short-Run Profit Maximization In Action8-9Perfect CompetitionFirmsoutput$0Profit严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Competitive Output Rule8-10Perfect Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Competitive Output Rule In Action8-11Perfect Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Short-Run Loss Minimization In Action8-12Perfect CompetitionFirmsoutput$0 Loss严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。The Shut-Down Case In Action8-13Perfect CompetitionFirmsoutput$0Fixed CostLossifproduceLossifshutdown严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Short-Run Output Decision8-14Perfect Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Short-Run Firm Supply Curve In Action8-15Perfect CompetitionFirmsoutput$0Short-runsupplycurveforindividualfirm严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Firms Short-Run Supply Curve8-16Perfect Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Market Supply Curve In Action8-17Perfect CompetitionMarketoutputP01$10$12MarketsupplycurveIndividualfirmssupplycurve500S严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Long-Run Decisions:Entry and Exit In Action8-18Perfect CompetitionMarketoutput0PriceDPriceFirmsoutput0ExitEntry严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium In Action8-19Perfect CompetitionFirmsoutput$0Long-runcompetitiveequilibrium严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium8-20Perfect Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Monopoly and Monopoly PowerAmarketstructureinwhichasinglefirmservesanentiremarketforagoodthathasnoclosesubstitutes.Solesellerofagoodinamarketgivesthatfirmgreatermarketpowerthanifitcompetedagainstotherfirms.Implication:marketdemandcurveisthemonopolistsdemandcurve.However,amonopolistdoesnothaveunlimitedmarketpower.8-21Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Monopolists Demand In Action8-22MonopolyOutputPrice0ABMonopolistspowerisconstrainedbythedemandcurve.严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Sources of Monopoly PowerEconomiesofscaleEconomiesofscopeCostcomplementarityPatentsandotherlegalbarriers8-23Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Elasticity of Demand and Total Revenues In Action8-24MonopolyQ0RevenuePriceFirmsoutput0UnitaryUnitaryElasticInelasticInelasticElasticMRDTotalRevenueCurve严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Marginal Revenue and Elasticity8-25Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Marginal Revenue and Linear Demand8-26Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Marginal Revenue In Action8-27Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Output Rule8-28Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Costs,Revenues,and Profit In Action8-29MonopolyOutput$0Maximumprofit严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。PriceQuantityDemandMRMCATCProfitsProfit Maximization In ActionMonopoly8-30严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Pricing Rule8-31Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Monopoly In Action8-32Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Absence of a Supply Curve8-33Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Multiplant Decisions8-34Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Multiplant Output Rule8-35Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Implications of Entry BarriersAmonopolistmayearnpositiveeconomicprofits,whichinthepresenceofbarrierstoentrypreventsotherfirmsfromenteringthemarkettoreapaportionofthoseprofits.Implication:monopolyprofitswillcontinueovertimeprovidedthemonopolymaintainsitsmarketpower.Monopolypower,however,doesnotguaranteepositiveprofits.8-36Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。PriceQuantityDemandMRMCATCZero-Profit Monopolist In ActionMonopoly8-37严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Deadweight Loss of MonopolyTheconsumerandproducersurplusthatislostduetothemonopolistchargingapriceinexcessofmarginalcost.8-38Monopoly严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。PriceQuantityDemandMRMCDeadweight Loss of Monopolist In ActionMonopoly8-39Deadweightloss严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Monopolistic Competition:Key ConditionsAnindustryismonopolisticallycompetitiveif:Therearemanybuyersandsellers.Eachfirmintheindustryproducesadifferentiatedproduct.Thereisfreeentryintoandexitfromtheindustry.Akeydifferencebetweenmonopolisticallycompetitiveandperfectlycompetitivemarketsisthateachfirmproducesaslightlydifferentiatedproduct.Implication:productsareclose,butnotperfect,substitutes;therefore,firmsdemandcurveisdownwardslopingundermonopolisticcompetition.8-40Monopolistic Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。PriceQuantityDemandMRMCATCProfit-Maximizing Monopolistically Competitive Firm In ActionMonopolistic Competition8-41Profits严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Profit-Maximization Rule8-42Monopolistic Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Long-Run EquilibriumIffirmsinmonopolisticallycompetitivemarketsearnshort-runprofits,additionalfirmswillenterinthelongruntocapturesomeofthoseprofits.losses,somefirmswillexittheindustryinthelongrun.8-43Monopolistic Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。PriceQuantityofBrandXDemand0MR0MCATCEntry in Monopolistically Competitive Market In ActionMonopolistic Competition8-44Demand1MR1Duetoentryofnewfirmssellingotherbrands严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。PriceQuantityofBrandXMCATCLong-Run Monopolistically Competitive Equilibrium In ActionMonopolistic Competition8-45Demand1MR1Long-runmonopolisticallycompetitiveequilibrium严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Long-Run and Monopolistic Competition8-46Monopolistic Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Implications of Product DifferentiationThedifferentiatednatureofproductsinmonopolisticallycompetitivemarketsimpliesthatfirmsintheseindustriesmustcontinuallyconvinceconsumersthattheirproductsarebetterthantheircompetitors.Twostrategiesmonopolisticallycompetitivefirmsusetopersuadeconsumers:ComparativeadvertisingNichemarketing8-47Monopolistic Competition严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Optimal Advertising Decisions8-48Optimal Advertising Decisions严格执行突发事件上报制度、校外活动报批制度等相关规章制度。做到及时发现、制止、汇报并处理各类违纪行为或突发事件。Conclusion8-49