中考英语专题复习一 名词.pptx

【考情概览考情概览】分析近分析近5年云南中考真题可以看年云南中考真题可以看出，名词语境辨析、词性转化、名词词组为必出，名词语境辨析、词性转化、名词词组为必考点，设题主要在单项填空、完形填空和词语考点，设题主要在单项填空、完形填空和词语运用类试题。名词单复数为常考点，名词所有运用类试题。名词单复数为常考点，名词所有格为冷考点，均在单项填空中考查。格为冷考点，均在单项填空中考查。第1页/共40页命题点一命题点一 名词辨析名词辨析命题点二命题点二 名词的数与名词所有格名词的数与名词所有格命题点三命题点三 词性转化词性转化命题点四命题点四 名词短语名词短语 练讲重难点第2页/共40页1.I want a cup of hot milk.Put some _ in it,please.OK,wait a minute.A.ice B.soup C.salt D.sugar 名词辨析（名词辨析（5年年5考考36次次）D 重难点精析命题点一命题点一考点抢测第3页/共40页2.I am going to the _.Do you want anything?Yes,a bag of rice.A.market B.classroom C.library D.parkA第4页/共40页3.Whats the date?Its October 1st,its_.A.Childrens Day B.National Day C.Mid-autumn Day D.Mothers DayB第5页/共40页1.语境辨析语境辨析（2015年年7次；次；2014年年3次；次；2012年年11次；次；2011年年3次次）名词辨析是云南中考的必考点，重点考查名词名词辨析是云南中考的必考点，重点考查名词语境辨析，即不同意思的单词在具体语境中的辨语境辨析，即不同意思的单词在具体语境中的辨析。少量涉及近义名词辨析、专有名词辨析和词析。少量涉及近义名词辨析、专有名词辨析和词性辨析。解答语境辨析类试题，首先要确定四个性辨析。解答语境辨析类试题，首先要确定四个词的含义，然后分析语境和逻辑关系，确定正确词的含义，然后分析语境和逻辑关系，确定正确答案。答案。也可采用代入法，直接将四个选项填入也可采用代入法，直接将四个选项填入满分点拨第6页/共40页空格，选出语法和逻辑最符合的选项。考生复空格，选出语法和逻辑最符合的选项。考生复习时，可结合习时，可结合28天话题词汇分类速记手册天话题词汇分类速记手册进行重点记忆。进行重点记忆。第7页/共40页 云南中考对语境辨析的考查以同类名词词云南中考对语境辨析的考查以同类名词词义辨析为主，具体如下：义辨析为主，具体如下：职业类（职业类（2014昆明昆明50题，题，2013云南云南27题，题，2013云南云南46题）题）cleaner,worker,teacher,driver植物类（植物类（2015云南云南46题）题）flowers,plants,leaves,trees第8页/共40页动物类（动物类（2014云南云南42题）题）animals,monkeys,elephants日期类（日期类（2014云南云南27题）题）month,day,season,weekend地点类（地点类（2012大理大理43题）题）college,street,supermarket,lab器官类（器官类（2012昭通昭通42题）题）ear,hand,face,arm第9页/共40页 在做语境辨析类试题时，一些逻辑性的关在做语境辨析类试题时，一些逻辑性的关联可以帮助我们迅速确定答案，如：借书联可以帮助我们迅速确定答案，如：借书（book）肯定要去图书馆（）肯定要去图书馆（library），取钱），取钱（money）需要去银行（）需要去银行（bank）等。）等。第10页/共40页2.近义辨析近义辨析（2012年年1次；次；2011年年2次）次）以下为中考常见的近义词辨析，老师可根以下为中考常见的近义词辨析，老师可根据词条适当补充讲解。据词条适当补充讲解。noise,sound与与voice（2012德宏州德宏州37题）题）（讲解见九年级全（讲解见九年级全Units78P126）family,home,house与与room(2011玉溪玉溪54题）题）（讲解见七年级上（讲解见七年级上Units14P4）第11页/共40页 village,city与与countryside(2011玉溪玉溪32题题)village是可数名词，指村庄。如：是可数名词，指村庄。如：This village is as beautiful as the fairyland.这个小村庄美如仙境。这个小村庄美如仙境。city是可数名词，指城市。如：是可数名词，指城市。如：I live in the west of the city.我住在该城市的我住在该城市的西部。西部。第12页/共40页 countryside是可数名词，多指郊外。如是可数名词，多指郊外。如:They lived a quiet life in the countryside.他他们在乡下过着宁静的生活。们在乡下过着宁静的生活。job与与work（讲解见七年级下（讲解见七年级下Units 13P25）第13页/共40页3.词性辨析词性辨析（2012年年1次）次）云南中考对词性辨析的考查主要是对同词云南中考对词性辨析的考查主要是对同词根相关词汇的词性考查。如：根相关词汇的词性考查。如：die(v.),death(n.),dead(adj.)（2012曲靖曲靖43题题）第14页/共40页4.常识及专有名词辨析常识及专有名词辨析（2012年年1次，次，2011年年2次）次）云南中考常识辨析和专有名词辨析主要是云南中考常识辨析和专有名词辨析主要是国名、节目和电台名，如：国名、节目和电台名，如：Chinese,Russian,American,Australian(2011昭通昭通39题题)。第15页/共40页 名词的数与名词所有格（名词的数与名词所有格（5年年4考考16次次）4._desk is long and wide.They like it very much.A.Sonias and Janes B.Sonia and Janes C.Sonia and Jane D.Sonias and JaneB命题点二命题点二考点抢测第16页/共40页 名词的数在云南考查较多，主要考查点多名词的数在云南考查较多，主要考查点多为名词变复数的不规则变化：以为名词变复数的不规则变化：以f、fe、y、sh结尾的单词。考生在熟记名词词义的基础上，结尾的单词。考生在熟记名词词义的基础上，还应掌握可数名词复数的变形规则，尤其是不还应掌握可数名词复数的变形规则，尤其是不规则变形。名词所有格主要考查复数名词的所规则变形。名词所有格主要考查复数名词的所有格形式、各自拥有和两者共有的所有格。有格形式、各自拥有和两者共有的所有格。满分点拨第17页/共40页1.可数名词可数名词(1)可数名词的规则变化可数名词的规则变化规则规则规则规则例词例词例词例词一般在词尾加一般在词尾加一般在词尾加一般在词尾加-s-s（20132013云南云南云南云南6969题；题；题；题；20122012年年年年3 3次；次；次；次；20112011年年年年曲靖曲靖曲靖曲靖7878题）题）题）题）mapmapsmapmaps地图地图地图地图kitekiteskitekites风筝风筝风筝风筝以以以以s,x,ch,shs,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加结尾的名词后加结尾的名词后加结尾的名词后加-es-es（20142014年昆明年昆明年昆明年昆明7171题；题；题；题；20122012年年年年2 2次）次）次）次）boxboxesboxboxes盒子盒子盒子盒子watchwatcheswatchwatches手表手表手表手表第18页/共40页规则规则例词例词以元音字母以元音字母+y结尾的名词，结尾的名词，直接加直接加-s（2015年年2次；次；2012年年2次；次；2011昆明昆明77题）题）toytoys玩具玩具boyboys男孩男孩以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，结尾的名词，变变y为为i再加再加-espartyparties聚会聚会storystories故事故事第19页/共40页规则规则例词例词以辅音字以辅音字母加母加o结结尾的名词尾的名词表示有生命表示有生命的名词在词的名词在词尾加尾加-espotatopotatoes马铃薯马铃薯tomatotomatoes西红柿西红柿表示无生命表示无生命的名词在词的名词在词尾加尾加-sphotophotos照片照片pianopianos钢琴钢琴第20页/共40页(2)可数名词的不规则变化可数名词的不规则变化改改a为为e型：型：manmen，womanwomen，FrenchmanFrenchmen，policemanpolicemen(GermanGermans,NormanNormans除外除外)改改oo为为ee型：型：footfeet，toothteeth特殊记忆特殊记忆childchildren，mousemice第21页/共40页单复数同形的名词，如：单复数同形的名词，如：sheep绵羊，绵羊，deer鹿，鹿，fish鱼，鱼，Chinese中国人，中国人，Japanese日本日本人。人。单复数同形的名词口诀单复数同形的名词口诀中国人（中国人（Chinese）和日本人（）和日本人（Japanese）很爱）很爱护鱼（护鱼（fish）鹿）鹿(deer)和绵羊（和绵羊（sheep）。）。第22页/共40页只有复数形式的名词，如：trousers裤子，glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，people人们，scissors剪刀，chopsticks筷子。第23页/共40页像像public,police,family,team,group,class,crowd等集体名词一般以单数形式出现，当它等集体名词一般以单数形式出现，当它们作主语时，如果表示一个整体，谓语动词们作主语时，如果表示一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示集体中的成员，谓语用单数形式；如果表示集体中的成员，谓语动词用复数形式。如：动词用复数形式。如：The police are searching for the thieves everywhere.警察们正在到处寻找盗贼。警察们正在到处寻找盗贼。第24页/共40页【方法突破方法突破】名词变复数主要在适当形式填空名词变复数主要在适当形式填空题中考查，当空格前有题中考查，当空格前有two,many other,one of,a number of,all,they,are等表示多个概念等表示多个概念的词时，一般用名词复数。的词时，一般用名词复数。2.不可数名词不可数名词（1）不可数名词通常没有复数形式，也不能）不可数名词通常没有复数形式，也不能用用a或或an修饰。修饰。不可数名词量的表示：不可数名词量的表示：第25页/共40页情况情况方法方法示例示例具体具体的量的量数词数词+表数量的名词表数量的名词+of+不可数名词不可数名词a piece of paper一一张纸张纸 three kilos of rice三公斤大米三公斤大米大概大概的量的量表示量的限定词（用表示量的限定词（用some,much,little,a little,a lot of等表示）等表示）+不可数名词不可数名词some water一些一些水水 a lot of money许多钱许多钱第26页/共40页3.名词所有格名词所有格（1）s所有格有生命的名词的所有格，在单所有格有生命的名词的所有格，在单数名词和不是以数名词和不是以“s”结尾的复数名词词尾加结尾的复数名词词尾加“s”，在以，在以“s”结尾的复数名词词尾加结尾的复数名词词尾加“”（2014曲靖曲靖49题题,2011曲靖曲靖76题题）。如：）。如：the boys bag男孩的书包；男孩的书包；the workers tasks工人们的任务工人们的任务第27页/共40页（2）表示几个人共同拥有某物时，只需在最）表示几个人共同拥有某物时，只需在最后一个人名后加后一个人名后加“s”；表示各自所有时，；表示各自所有时，则需在每个人名后都加上则需在每个人名后都加上“s”（2012昭通昭通37题）题）。如：。如：Jim and Toms room吉姆和汤姆共有的房吉姆和汤姆共有的房间；间；Jims and Toms rooms吉姆和汤姆各自的吉姆和汤姆各自的房间。房间。第28页/共40页4.of所有格所有格 表示无生命事物的名词一般用表示无生命事物的名词一般用of所有格。所有格。如：如：a leg of the table桌子的一条腿桌子的一条腿 of所有格有时也可以用于人或有生命的所有格有时也可以用于人或有生命的东西表示所属关系，特别是当这些所有者有较东西表示所属关系，特别是当这些所有者有较长的定语时。如：长的定语时。如：the name of the brave young man这个勇敢的年轻人的名字。这个勇敢的年轻人的名字。第29页/共40页注意注意 有的名词所有格可以用两种方法表示。如：有的名词所有格可以用两种方法表示。如：the story of Sun Yang=Sun Yangs story孙孙杨的故事杨的故事第30页/共40页 词性转化（词性转化（5年年4考考13次次）名词的词性转化是云南中考每年的必考点，名词的词性转化是云南中考每年的必考点，一般都为名词变为形容词形式。如果空格后一般都为名词变为形容词形式。如果空格后是名词，或者空格前是是名词，或者空格前是be动词、感官动词时，动词、感官动词时，一般要将名词转化成形容词。常见的名词变一般要将名词转化成形容词。常见的名词变形容词的情况罗列如下表形容词的情况罗列如下表.（更多词性转化参更多词性转化参考考28天话题词汇分类速记手册天话题词汇分类速记手册）满分点拨命题点三命题点三第31页/共40页命题角度命题角度示例示例名词加名词加-ful变为形容词（变为形容词（2014云南云南67题，题，2012德宏德宏68题，题，2011年年3次）次）wonder-wonderful名词加名词加-y变为形容词（变为形容词（2015曲靖曲靖76题，题，2012红河州红河州68题，题，2011年年3次）次）wind-windy名词加名词加-ed变为形容词（变为形容词（2015云南考云南考70题）题）interest-interested第32页/共40页命题角度命题角度示例示例名词加名词加-al变为形容词（变为形容词（2014曲靖曲靖78题）题）person-personal名词加名词加-ly变为形容词（变为形容词（2012普普洱洱64题）题）friend-friendly第33页/共40页 名词短语（名词短语（5年年4考考20次次）5.There are fifty_ in our school.They are all friendly to us.（女老师）（女老师）women teachers命题点四命题点四考点抢测第34页/共40页 名词短语是云南中考的必考点，要做好这名词短语是云南中考的必考点，要做好这类题，考生必须在日常学习中多积累相关词汇。类题，考生必须在日常学习中多积累相关词汇。名词短语有三种形式：名词名词短语有三种形式：名词+名词形式，形容名词形式，形容词词+名词形式，以及数词名词形式，以及数词+名词作定语形式。名词作定语形式。满分点拨第35页/共40页1.名词名词+名词名词（2015年年3次次,2014年年2次，次，2013年年2次，次，2012年年8次，次，2011年年7次次）。名词作定语）。名词作定语修饰名词，前一个名词一般用单数或不可数词，修饰名词，前一个名词一般用单数或不可数词，如：如：tea art茶艺。但也有名词复数作定语的例茶艺。但也有名词复数作定语的例外情况，如：外情况，如：sports meeting,students reading-room。注意。注意man,woman,gentleman等作定语时，其单复数由所修饰的名词的单复等作定语时，其单复数由所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：数而定，如：man worker,women scientists。第36页/共40页2.形容词形容词+名词名词（2015年考查年考查3次，次，2014年考查年考查2次，次，2012年考查年考查7次，次，2011年考查年考查11次）次）。形。形容词作定语修饰名词，这种类型的名词短语很容词作定语修饰名词，这种类型的名词短语很常见，如：常见，如：American movies美国电影。美国电影。第37页/共40页 Cedar Gulch was,in 1851,a flourishing camp.There had been some good findhat did he say?the new-comer asked.15 I heard him say,It is no use your going on like that,mates.If you had gone down he would have got his friends,and then there would have been a general fight,and several would have got hurt.When you have murderers like these you dont want a fightyou want an execution;and having a sort of natural knack with the pistol,I took it upon myself to be executioner.There was another case,although it didnt happen at the camp I was at,in which a woman was murdered by a half-breed Mexican.I did not hear the circumstances,but it was a shocking bad case.She left a child behind her,and her husband,a little German,went clean off his head.Next morning Limping Frank was missing.All that was known was that he had bought a horse of a man who had come in late the night before,and was gone.His two mates looked high and low for him,but said at last they guessed he would turn up again.It was well-nigh two months before he came back.He brought back with him a watch and some trinkets that had been stolen from the murdered woman,and it seems that he had followed the fellow right down into New Mexico,and had shot him there.The man who told me said he never made any talk about it,but was at work as usual the morning after he came back.I tell you I would rather quarrel with Sim Howlett and English Bill together than I would get that little mans dander up.He is a peacemaker too,he is,and many a quarrel he has smoothed down.At one camp we were in we made him a sort of judge,and whenever there was a dispute about claims,or tools,or anything else,we went to him and he decided,and no judge could have gone into the case fairer or given a better judgment;and though,in course,those he decided against were not pleased,they had to put up with it.In thes by the first prospectors,and a rush had of course followed.In many cases first discoveries proved illusive,but it was not so at Cedar Gulch.The ground turned out well,and although no extraordinary finds were made,the average was good all over the bottom,and there were few who were not doing fairly well.The scene was a busy one.Several hundreds of men were hard at work on the flat,which in winter was the bed of a wide stream,but which in summer was a mere thread of water among the rocks,scarce enough for washing purposes.Everywhere were piles of stones and rubbish that had been brought up from the shafts;men toiled at windlasses;others emptied the buckets as they came up into swinging troughs or cradles;others again kept these supplied with water,and swung or rocked them,taking off the large stones that the motion brought to the surface,while the slush and mud ran out at the lower end.New-comers moved about watching the work with eager eyes,wishing that they had had the luck to get there among the early arrivals,and to take up a claim,for every foot of ground far down the valley had already been occupied,and 12 there was now no getting into a claim except by purchasing a share or altogether buying out the present holders.One of the claims that was doing best was held by three men who had worked in partnership for the last two years,and who had been among the first to arrive at Cedar Gulch.They were known among the others as English Bill,Sim Howlett,and Limping Frank.Sim Howlett was perhaps the leader of the party.He had been one of the earliest gold-diggers,and was a square,powerfully built man.He was a man of few words,but the words when spoken were forcible.He was by no means quarrelsome,but was one whom few cared to quarrel with,even in a place where serious quarrels were of constant occurrence,and where revolvers cracked so often that the sound of a fray excited but little attention.English Bill was a tall wiry man,hot of temper,but a general favourite.Generous with his money,always ready to lend a helping hand to anyone who was down on his luck,he also was a capital worker,and had,in spite of his rough clothes and the use of language as rough as that of his companions,a certain air which told that,like many others in the diggings,he was a gentleman by birth.Why these two men should have taken up with Limping Frank as a comrade was a matter of surprise to those who knew them.They were both men in the prime of life,while he was at least ten years their senior.His hair was already white;his face was that of a student rather than a miner,with a gentle and almost womanly expression.His frame was slight,and looked altogether incapable of hard work,and he walked with a distinct limp,the result of a bullet wound in the hip.And yet there were men in the gulch who,having known the trio at other diggings,declared that they would rather quarrel either with English Bill or Sim Howlett than with Limping Frank,and as some of them were desperate fellows,and noted pistol shots,their report was quite sufficient to secure respect for a man who otherwise would have been regarded with pity or contempt.Very little of the hard work of the partnership fell upon 13 Frank.He cooked,looked after the shanty,did what washing and mending to the clothes was necessary,and occasionally came down and assisted to work the cradle and sort the stuff.They generally addressed him as doctor.Not that he made any profession of medical knowledge;but he was always ready to give his services in case of sickness,and many a miner had he pulled through fevers which,had it not been for his nursing and care,would have proved fatal.I cant make out what yer mean by saying I had best not quarrel with that little old atomy you call Limping Frank,a big,powerful fellow who had recently arrived at the camp said to one who had been talking over with him the characteristics of several of the miners.I aint very pertiklar who I quarrels with;but what on arth there can be in that little chap to make one keep clear of him beats me.Can he shoot?年年此日一花开，却是石榴知立夏。杨花落尽浓荫日，芳草萋萋五月天。绿阴生昼静，孤花表春余。纷纷红紫已成尘，布谷声中夏令新。夹路桑麻行不尽，始知身是太平人。You bet,the other replied.He could put a bullet plumb between your eyes ten times following,the length of the long saloon up there.There aint no better shot nor quicker anywhere on the slopes.But he dont look as if he could speak up for himself,the other said.No;and he doesnt speak up for himself,though his mates would be ready enough to speak up for him if anyone said anything to him.There is nothing quarrelsome about him.He is always for peace and order.He is a sort of Judge Lynch all to himself.He has cleared out one or two camps I have been at.When a chap gets too bad for anything,and takes to shooting over and above what is usual and right,specially if he draws on quiet sort of chaps and becomes a terror,then Limping Frank comes out.I was down at Dead Mans Gulch when there was a gang of three or four men who were a terror to the place.They had stretched out seven or eight between them,and Texan Jack,as the worst of them was called,one day shot down a young fellow who had just come into camp,for no reason at all,as far as any one knew.14 I happened to be in the saloon five minutes afterwards,when Limping Frank came in.Texan Jack was standing drinking there with two of his mates,laughing and jawing.You would scarcely have known that little chap if you had seen him then!He had been nursing a mate of mine only the night before,and as I had been sitting near him I thought what a gentle sort of face he hadmore like a womans than a mans.But now his eyes were wide open and his lips closed,and there was just a set look in his face that I knew meant mischieffor I had seen him once before when his dander was upand I put my hand into my back pocket for my pistol,for I knew there was going to be a muss.He stopped in the middle of the room,and he said in a loud,clear voice that made every one look sharp round,Texan Jack,murderer and villain,we have borne with you too long.If you are a man,draw.Texan Jack stared with astonishment.Are you mad,you little fool?he said.Draw,or I will shoot you down as you sta