2020年中央电大秋护理、药学专科《病理与病理生理学》考试必考重点【基于网络终结性考试答案】.doc

精选中央电大2014年秋护理、药学专科病理与病理生理学基于网络终结性考试答案（上机考试，从以下题中抽 50 道考试）1能够促进疾病发生发展的因素称为D疾病的诱因 2疾病的发展方向取决于D损伤与抗损伤力量的对比 3全脑功能的永久性停止称为C脑死亡4下列哪项不宜作为脑死亡的判定标准 A心跳停止 5细胞缺氧时最常见的变化是C.核蛋白体脱落6慢性萎缩性胃炎时，胃粘膜上皮可化生为E肠上皮 7下列哪种变化不属于脂肪变性? D脂肪细胞内出现多数脂滴 8凋亡是细胞的D固缩性坏死 9细胞坏死的主要形态学指标是B核缩、核碎、核溶10下列组织对缺氧的耐受性依次为B肾>肝>脑 11全身营养不良时首先发生萎缩的组织是B脂肪组织12腹股沟疝嵌顿后，疝囊内的肠壁可发生D湿性坏疽 13. 心力衰竭细胞是指心力衰竭时出现的C. 胞浆内含有含铁血黄素的巨噬细胞14. 槟榔肝是指 D. 肝慢性淤血 15. 脂肪栓塞易发生于 C.输血时16. 栓塞最常见的类型是 B. 血栓栓塞 17. 肺动脉栓塞患者，死亡的常见原因是 A. 急性右心衰竭18. 左心的附壁血栓脱落后可引起 B. 脑动脉栓塞 19. 出血性梗死可发生于 D. 门静脉栓塞 20. 引起梗死最常见的原因是 B. 血栓形成 21. 大脑中动脉血栓栓塞，栓子可能来源于 B. 左心房 22. 贫血性梗死常发生于 C.肾、心、脑 23. 肠扭转可引起肠壁发生D. 出血性梗死 24. DIC 的最主要特征是D.凝血功能紊乱 25华-佛综合征是指B.肾上腺皮质功能衰竭26.休克的最主要特征是C.组织微循环灌流量锐减 27.快速失血量一般超过机体总血量的多少即可引起失血性休克B.20% 28.休克早期微循环灌流的特点是 A.少灌少流29.较易发生 DIC 的休克类型是D.感染性休克 30.在低血容量性休克的早期最易受损害的器官是E.肾 31脱水热产生的原因是 A散热减少 32患者口渴，尿少，尿中钠高，血清钠 >150mmol/L，其水与电解质平衡紊乱的类型是C.高渗性脱水 33低渗性脱水的婴儿发生皮肤弹性降低、眼窝凹陷，前囟下陷主要是由于D组织间液减少 34判断不同类型脱水的分型依据是C细胞外液渗透压的变化35给严重低渗性脱水患者输入大量水分而未补钠盐可引起C水中毒 36造成血浆胶体渗透压降低的主要原因是 A.血浆白蛋白减少37水肿时造成全身钠、水潴留的基本机制是C肾小球肾小管失平衡38低钾血症时，心电图表现为 AT 波低平39某患者作消化道手术后禁食一周，从静脉输入葡萄糖盐水。此患者最容易发生的电解质紊乱是 E低血钾 40细胞内的钾转移到细胞外引起高钾血症见于D血管内溶血41正常血清钾的浓度范围是B.3.55.5 mmol/L 42下列何种情况最易引起高钾血症D急性肾衰少尿期43高钾血症和低钾血症均可引起D心律失常 44机体每天产生最多的酸性物质是 A.碳酸 45对挥发酸进行缓冲的最主要系统是D.血红蛋白缓冲系统46对固定酸进行缓冲的最主要系统是 A.碳酸氢盐缓冲系统47血液 pH 的高低取决于血浆中D. HCO3-/H2CO3的比值48血浆 H2CO3 浓度原发性升高可见于C.呼吸性酸中毒 49血浆 H2CO3 浓度代偿性降低可见于 A.代谢性酸中毒50严重失代偿性呼吸性酸中毒时,下述哪个系统的功能障碍最明显 A.中枢神经系统51碱中毒时出现手足搐搦的主要原因是D.血钙降低 52代谢性碱中毒常可引起低血钾,其主要原因是C.细胞内 H与细胞外 K交换增加 53严重的代谢性碱中毒时,病人出现中枢神经系统功能障碍是由于C.脑内r-氨基丁酸含量减少 54某病人血 pH 7.25，PaCO2 9.3kPa(70mmHg)，HCO3- 33mmol/L，其酸碱平衡紊乱的类型是B.呼吸性酸中毒55.下列疾病中哪种不是化脓性炎? C. 急性肾小球肾炎 56. 炎症是C. 机体对局部损伤的血管反应57. 最常见的致炎因子是D. 生物性因子 58. 下列哪种物质被认为是炎症介质? C. 前列腺素 59. 溶血性链球菌感染最常引起D. 蜂窝织炎 60. 只有一个开口的病理性盲管是C. 窦道 61. 发热是体温调定点 A. 上移，引起的主动性体温升高62. 下述哪种情况的体温升高属于发热E. 伤寒 63. 高热持续期的热代谢特点是D. 产热与散热在较高水平上保持相对平衡，体温保持高水平 64. 发热时蛋白代谢变化为.B蛋白分解加强，出现血浆蛋白增多，尿氮排泄增加65. 发热时C.交感神经兴奋，消化液分泌减少，胃肠蠕动减弱 66. 下列哪一项不符合肿瘤性生长? D. 增生过程中需致癌因素持续存在 67. 下列哪项是诊断恶性肿瘤最可靠的依据？ C. 出现转移 68如下肿瘤中哪种是恶性肿瘤？ B. 软骨肉瘤 69. 诊断恶性肿瘤的组织学依据是C. 细胞异型性显著 70. 有关骨肉瘤的主要诊断依据，哪项是错误的? A. 好发于老年人 71. 以下哪种肿瘤常分泌激素？ D. 绒毛膜上皮癌72. 下列哪一项最符合畸胎瘤的特征？ D.由三个胚叶组织组成73. 下列哪一项不符合良性肿瘤? D. 浸润血管和淋巴管 74. 交界性肿瘤是指 A. 介于良性与恶性肿瘤之间的肿瘤75. 下列哪一项是原位癌的主要特征？C癌变波及上皮全层，但基底膜完整。76. 良性肿瘤对机体的影响最主要决定于D. 肿瘤发生的部位77. 下述哪种肿瘤与内分泌因素关系密切？ D. 乳腺癌78. 下述哪种病毒与鼻咽癌关系密切？ CEB 病毒79心冠状动脉粥样硬化，最常受累的动脉分支是C. 左前降支 80. 脑动脉粥样硬化时，下列哪项不易发生? E. 引起延髓性麻痹 81. 下列哪项符合动脉粥样硬化性肾萎缩? C.双侧肾脏大瘢痕82. 有关原发性高血压的记述，下列哪一项是错误的? E.高血压常引起下肢坏疽 83. 风湿性心肌炎的特征性病变是C. 阿少夫小体 84. 二尖瓣狭窄不会引起D. 左心室增大85. 风湿性病变中，以下哪一项对机体危害最大? C. 反复发作的风湿性心内膜炎86下述哪项原因不会导致心脏容量负荷增加E.肺动脉高压87心肌缺氧的主要代偿方式是( C增加冠脉血流量88下列哪一项不是肺水肿的表现 D.呼吸微弱 89心功能降低时最早出现的变化是B.心力贮备降低 90右心衰竭不可能出现下面哪些变化E.心性哮喘 91左心衰竭病人新近出现右心衰竭，会表现出B.肺淤血、水肿减轻92心力衰竭时最常出现的酸碱平衡紊乱是 A.代谢性酸中毒93引起心力衰竭的最主要的原因是E. 原发性心肌舒缩功能障碍 94. 慢性支气管炎患者咳痰的病变基础是B. 腺体肥大，增生，粘膜上皮内杯状细胞增多95. 病毒性肺炎常为C.间质性肺炎 96. 常引起肺心病的是 A. 慢性阻塞性肺气肿97有关肺癌的描述，下列哪一项是错误的？ B. 多起源于支气管粘膜上皮的嗜银细胞98. 大叶性肺炎时不会发生E. 败血症 99下列哪一项能反映大叶性肺炎的本质？ B. 肺泡的纤维素性炎症100. 缺氧是由于 A向组织供氧不足或组织利用氧障碍101. 静脉血分流入动脉可造成B乏氧性缺氧 102. 对缺氧最敏感的器官是B大脑 103. 呼吸衰竭通常是 A外呼吸功能严重障碍的后果104肺动脉栓塞患者发生呼吸衰竭是由于B死腔样通气105. ARDS 的基本发病环节是D弥漫性肺泡-毛细血管膜损伤 106. 胃溃疡最常见的合并症是C. 出血 107. 我国门脉性肝硬化的常见原因是D. 病毒性肝炎108. 核黄疸是指 A脑细胞核黄染变性 D大脑基底核黄染变性109. 肝细胞性黄疸患者临床上可出现下述哪种变化C. 胆红素定性试验呈双项反应阳性110. 肝性脑病时血氨生成过多的最常见来源是 A肠道产氨增多 111. 假性神经递质的毒性作用是E干扰去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的功能 112. 下述诱发肝性脑病的因素中最为常见的是 A.消化道出血113下列哪种是胃癌的癌前病变？ D胃粘膜上皮不典型增生 114早期胃癌是 A仅限于粘膜层及粘膜下层115大肠癌好发部位是 A直肠和乙状结肠 116. 急性肾盂肾炎的基本病变属于以内的癌 D化脓性炎D. 化脓性炎117. 急性肾功能衰竭少尿期，水代谢紊乱的主要表现是 A. 水中毒118. 急性肾功能衰竭少尿期，病人常见的电解质紊乱是B. 高钾血症 119. 急性肾功能衰竭少尿期，病人最常见的酸碱平衡紊乱类型是 A.代谢性酸中毒120. 慢性肾功能衰竭患者较早出现的症状是B. 夜尿121慢性肾功能衰竭患者常出现B. 血磷升高，血钙降低122关于膀胱恶性肿瘤，错误的叙述是C. 是鳞状上皮发生的恶性肿瘤 123关于肾盂肾炎，错误的叙述是 A. 主要侵犯肾盂黏膜及肾实质124乳腺癌最好发于乳腺的 A外上象限125与外阴尖锐湿疣关系最大的病毒是B乳头状瘤病毒 126宫颈鳞状上皮化生是B慢性宫颈炎的继发病变 127下列哪一种乳腺疾病可发生桔皮样外观？ E浸润性导管癌 128下列哪项不符合前列腺增生症？ E增生的腺上皮异型性明显 129. 关于霍奇金病，有诊断意义的细胞是C. 镜影细胞 130. 脾脏在哪种白血病时肿大得最显著? B. 慢性粒细胞性白血病131. 下列哪一项不符合白血病? B. 急性白血病可转变为慢性白血病 132. 急性粒细胞性白血病时,瘤细胞在骨髓外浸润,聚集成肿块,称为 C. 绿色瘤 133. 急性白血病的骨髓组织的描述中，哪一项是不正确的? B. 巨核细胞增多 134. 霍奇金病最常发生的部位是C. 颈部淋巴结 135. 甲状腺恶性肿瘤中，哪一种恶性度低，预后较好? B. 乳头状腺癌136. 关于地方性甲状腺肿，哪一项是错误的? D. 当地居民均患有甲状腺肿137. 下述哪项不符合型糖尿病？ E. 与自身免疫反应无关 138. 下述哪项不符合型糖尿病？ D. 血胰岛素水平明显降低 139. 结核病具有诊断意义的病理改变是 A. 类上皮细胞性肉芽肿140肺结核原发性病灶的好发部位是C. 肺上叶下部或肺下叶上部 141. 哪种疾病最易引起肠道狭窄 C. 肠结核 142. 细菌性痢疾的肠道病变特点为 B. 纤维素性炎 143. 有关急性暴发性流行性脑脊髓膜炎的描述，哪项不正确? B. 脑膜病变重 144. 有关乙型脑炎的主要病理变化,下列哪项是错误的？ D. 病变以小脑，延髓和桥脑最严重 145. 脊髓灰质炎最主要的传播途径是经 B. 消化道 146. 关于原发性肺结核病的描述，哪一项是不正确的? D. 如不经过积极治疗难于痊愈 147. 伤寒的传染途径是 A. 经口传染148. 能并发结肠癌的肠道寄生虫病为 C. 血吸虫病 149.关于流行性乙型脑炎的叙述，错误的是 E. 经呼吸道传播 Visa-free policy brings Chengdu biz, tourism boost. Making national headlines several times, Chengdu's 72-hour visa-free policy has attracted wide attention from both Chinese and foreign experts and businessmen since it took effect on Sept 1 last year. The program permits citizens from 51 countries and regions including the United States, Australia, Canada and Japan who have valid visas and flight tickets to a third country to spend three days in the city. The capital of Sichuan province is the first city in the western region of China to offer foreign tourists a three-day visa and the fourth nationwide to adopt the policy following Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. Li Zhiyong, deputy dean of the tourism institute at Sichuan University, said the move "contributes to a large increase in the number of overseas tourists and raises the city's level of internationalization". "The policy will also bring direct economic revenue," Li said. "Chengdu has many cultural legacies and is also a paradise for panda lovers with the world's largest breeding and research center. Three days are long enough for foreign visitors to visit those iconic tourist spots," he noted. The city is home to the remains of the Jin sha civilization that dates back more than 3,000 years as well as the Qing cheng Mountains and the Du jiang yan irrigation system. Qing cheng has long been recognized as the birthplace of Taoism, China's ancient indigenous religion, while Du jiang yan is considered to be the oldest functioning water-control project in the world. Chengdu ranked third in tourist facilities, management and services among 60 Chinese cities in a customer satisfaction survey released last year. But, Li added that efforts are still needed to develop more tourism products, improve English services and provide accurate translation of traffic signs and scenic billboards. Zhao Yun, chairwoman of British Chamber of Commerce Southwest China, told China Daily that his colleagues found the policy very convenient. "A British client once flew here and stayed for just one day to check her ordered goods," she said. Zhao was born in Shanxi province, but she has lived in Chengdu for more than 10 years. "My life was like a running race moving from place to place. I also lived in Beijing and Shanghai before," she said. "But Chengdu is a place that you never want to leave once settling down. It is now my second hometown," she said. If the environment is further improved, the city will attract more people to visit and live, with the 72-hour visa-free policy and compelling conditions in transportation, culture, climate and cuisine, he said. Foreigners also gave positive feedback on the policy. A spokesman from Dell Inc said the company has a global hub of operation in Chengdu, so the three-day visa "has an immediate and positive influence on the company's business development". Rudy Buttignol, president of the public broadcasting company in British Columbia, Canada, said his work requires frequent travel to Chengdu and the policy "makes the trips easier". Data from the city's public security bureau shows some 100 foreign visitors enjoyed the 72-hour policy by the end of March, most of them from the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany. Chengdu also reported robust growth in its overall tourist industry last year. Official statistics show that it received some 150 million tourists last year, an increase of 28 percent from 2012. Around 1.7 million came from abroad, an increase of 12 percent. Total revenue from tourism surpassed 133 billion yuan ($21.7billion). During his visit to Kazakhstan in September, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed that China and Central Asia join hands to build a Silk Road economic belt to boost cooperation. The idea has been widely echoed in Central Asian countries, becoming an encouraging blueprint for Chinese areas along the Silk Road that has linked Asia and Europe for more than 2,000 years. In the next three weeks, China Daily reporters will travel through the belt in China and in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkey. They will show the progress and expectations of the countries, businesses and peoples on the route. Shaanxi - the start of the ancient Silk Road - has positioned itself as the new starting point for the development of the Silk Road Economic Belt, which will strengthen China's cooperation with Central Asian countries, a senior official said. Shaanxi Governor Lou Qinjian said the province is fresh, rich and unique, as it was when it anchored one end of the ancient Silk Road. "It is the best option for accommodating industrial transfers from East China or the world at large," he said on Wednesday in Xi'an.Lou held a joint interview with 27 media, including China Daily, the first in a series of interviews entitled Chinese Media Along the Silk Road. The interviews will be in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, as well as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkey.The media group held the first interview on Wednesday morning in Xi'an, the starting point of the ancient Silk Road, a trade channel established more than 2,000 years ago linking China, Central Asia and Europe.-可编辑修改-