《经济学专业英语教程(第三版·下)》Unit-3.ppt
Unit 3 Text:Human Resources Management（人力资源管理）1.Key words2.Motivation3.Maslows need hierarchy theory4.Equity Theory5.Reinforcement Theory6.Questions1.Key wordsneed hierarchyfringe benefitslower-level needshigher-level needsphysiological needssafety and securityself-preservationsocial or affiliation needsesteem needsself-confidenceself-actualizationfrom the individuals perspectivepositive inequitynegative inequitywalking into a polepositive reinforcementnegative reinforcementundesirable behaviordisciplinary letter2.MotivationA basic definition of motivation might be the process that causes behavior to be energized,directed,and sustained.To explain motivation,we must try to understand the“whys”of behavior.Why does an individual choose to act one way rather than another?Why does the individual stop doing something that needs to be done?In attempts to understand the“whys”of individual behavior,different types of motivational theories have been developed.3.Maslows need hierarchy theory3.1 Three basic assumptions for need levels3.2 Lower-level needs3.3 Higher-level needs3.1 Three basic assumptions for need levels3.1.1 A satisfied need does not motivate.When a need is satisfied,another need emerges to take its place,so people are always striving to satisfy some need.3.1.2 Various needs are arranged in a hierarchy such that individuals attempt to satisfy some needs before moving on to others.3.1.3 There are more ways to satisfy higher-level needs than lower-level needs.3.2 Lower-level needs3.2.1 Physiological needs3.2.2 Safety and security needs3.2.1 Physiological needsThe physiological needs are those that sustain life itself:food,clothing,and shelter.Until these basic needs are met to some degree of comfort,most of our energy will be devoted to this level.Only when the physiological needs have been sufficiently satisfied will other levels of needs become important and provide motivation.3.2.2 Safety and security needsSafety and security needs essentially includes the needs to be free from fear of physical danger and from not meeting basic physiological needs.In other words,this need level involves self-preservation.3.3 Higher-level needs3.3.1 Social or affiliation needs3.3.2 Esteem needs3.3.3 Self-actualization3.3.1 Social or affiliation needsBecause people are social beings,they have a need to belong and to be accepted by various groups.3.3.2 Esteem needsThe need for esteem means both selfesteem and recognition and respect from others.Satisfaction of these esteem needs produces feelings of self-confidence,prestige,power,and control.3.3.3 Self-actualizationSelf-actualization is the need to maximize ones potential.4.Equity Theory4.1 Concept of equity4.2 A social comparison of existing conditions against some standard4.3 Valuing4.1 Concept of equityEquity can mean several things;we use it here as the equivalent of such words as fairness and justice.Individuals in organizations want fair treatment,not only for themselves but for others as well.This is not saying that all people should be treated equally.Pure equality would not take into account various levels of contribution to productivity and other factors that may enter into compensation decisions.4.2 A social comparison of existing conditions against some standardThe equity theory uses the relationship between two factors:inputs and outcomes.Inputs represent what an individual gives or contributes to an exchange;outcomes are what an individual receives from the exchange.4.3 ValuingEach person assigns a value to the inputs and outcomes in the job.This value is based on relative importance of that particular item in the present situation.As a result of this valuing,three possible conclusions for the person are:(1)there is equity;(2)there is positive inequity;or(3)there is negative inequity.A positive inequity exists when the individual feels that he or she has received more than others in the exchange.A negative inequity occurs when the individual feels that he or she has received less than others.5.Reinforcement Theory5.1 Concept of reinforcement theory5.2 Types of reinforcement5.1 Concept of reinforcement theoryHaving once been reinforced by this environmental condition(called a consequence),the behavior is more likely to occur automatically in the future.That is,the behavior is not a conscious decision but has merely been reinforced by the environment.The behavior will continue until another environmental condition causes another behavior.When we use reinforcement to obtain some desired behavior we are shaping behavior.Behavior is shaped by reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired response.5.2 Types of reinforcement5.2.1 Positive reinforcement5.2.2 Negative reinforcement5.2.3 Punishment5.2.1 Positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement occurs when a desired behavior is followed by something pleasant.For example,when the supervisor praises an employee for a job well done.5.2.2 Negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement is when a desired behavior is followed by the termination or withdrawal of something unpleasant.For example,if your classroom instructor asks a question you dont know the answer to,looking through your lecture notes is likely to keep you from being called upon.5.2.3 PunishmentPunishment is producing an unpleasant condition in an attempt to eliminate an undesirable behavior.For example,an employee who receives a disciplinary letter because of poor-quality work has received a form of punishment.6.Questions(1)Which type(s)of motivational theories discussed in the text do you find most useful in explaining human behavior?Why?(2)Use Maslows hierarchy of needs to describe various members of yourimmediate family.How do family members satisfy their needs?
