最新心理学专业英语PPT课件.ppt
心理学专业英语心理学专业英语n1.AIMn2.PROCEDUREn3.APPARATUSn3.THE SUBJECTSn4.VOCAL FEEDBACK CONDITIONn5.THE EXPERIMENTERn6.THE LEARNERn7.RESULTS nMilgram decided to conduct many variations of the study to determine the key factors that were responsible for the obedience.n米尔格兰姆决定去实施许多不同的研究来确定决定服从的关键因素。APPARATUSnTwo rooms in the Yale Interaction Laboratory were used-one for the learner containing an electric chair and an answering device,the other for the teacher and experimenter with an electric shock generator.n实验在耶鲁大学的互动实验室中的两个房间进行。一个是为学生准备的，包括一个“电击椅”和一个回答装置，另外一个是为老师和实验者准备的，这里有一个可以实施电击的发电机。nThe generator did not actually give shocks to the learner,and was used to measure the dependent variable of obedience.It was a convincing machine with a row of 30 witches that ranged from 15 volts to 450 volts in increments of 15 volts,and was marked with descriptive terms of the shock effects-ranging from slight shock through to Danger:severe shock and xxx.nIncrement:增量nDescriptive：描述性的n发电机不会真的对学生产生电击，这只是被用作测试服从的因变量。这是一个令人信服的机器，它有30个按钮，最低从15伏开始，每个按钮的电极以15伏为单位递增直到450伏，而且被标记上描述性的术语：电机等级从轻微电击到危险：严重点击和xxx。THE SUBJECTSnThey were 40 males between the ages of 20 and 50 from a range of occupations,and were drawn from the New Haven area.They were obtained by newspaper ads for participation in a study of learning at Yale University and were paid 4.50 just for turning up.n他们是年龄在20-50岁之间的从事不同职业的40名男性，住在美国纽黑文地区。他们是看到了一份寻求志愿者来耶鲁大学进行记忆力和学习方法的研究，参加者可获每小时4美元的广告而到来的。VOCAL FEEDBACK CONDITIONnAt 75volts moans/groans.nAt 150volts requests to be excused from the experimentnAt 195volts yelled let me out!My hearts bothering menAt 285volts agonised screamnAt 300volts kicked the wall and begged to be released.nAt 315volts no further responses n75伏 呻吟n150伏 要求停止实验n195伏 大喊：放我出去！我心脏受不了了n285伏 挣扎 尖叫n300伏 撞墙 请求被释放n315伏 没有进一步反应THE EXPERIMENTERnHe was 31 years old,dressed in a grey laboratory coat,and appeared somewhat stern and impassive through the experiment.If at any point the subject showed reluctance to administer the shock,he would command them to continue with standardised prompts ranging from please continue to You have no other choice,you must go on.nReluctance：不情愿，勉强nPrompt：提示性语言n他31岁了，穿着灰色的实验服，整个实验过程显得有些严厉和冷漠。如果在任何时候被试表现出拒绝执行电击，他会命令他们继续，并且是使用标准化的提示语，从请继续到你没有选择，必须继续。THE LEARNERnAn actor was required to play the role of the learner-an lrish-American,47 year old accountant who appeared mild-mannered and likeable.n一个演员被要求扮演学生的角色，是个爱尔兰人。他是个会计师，47岁，看起来很温和而且招人喜欢。RESULTSnLevels of obedience expectednPsychology students and professional colleagues were asked what percentage of subjects would administer the highest degree of shock(450 volts)-the answers ranged from 1 to 3,with a mean of 1.2n预期的服从水平n心理学的学生和专业的大学生被问到被试会执行450伏这个最大电击强度的人数百分比时，他们的答案在一到三之间，平均是1.2。Subjects realisation of shock effectsnIn the post-experimental interview the subjects were asked“How painful to the learner were the last few shocks that you administered to him?”.The mean response was 13.42 out of 14-extremely painful on the scale.n被试实施的电击反应n在后来的实验采访中，被试被问到“你实施的最后几个电击对学生产生多大的痛苦？”平均的反应是13.42不到14在极端痛苦这个强度上。Behavioural reactions to the studynIn a large number of cases,the degree of tension reached extremes that are rarely seen in sociopsychological laboratory studies.Subjects were observed to sweat,tremble,stutter,bite their lips,groan and dig their fingers into their flesh.These were characteristic rather than exceptional responses to the experiment.n研究的行为反应n在大量的案例中，紧张达到极大程度的情况很少在社会心理学实验室研究中出现。被试被观察到出现出汗，颤抖，结巴，咬嘴唇，呻吟，手指甲都抓到肉里面去。这些特点在实验中不是例外而是典型。nOne sign of tension was the regular occurrence of nervous laughing fits.Full-blown,uncontrollable seizures were observed for 3 subjects.On one occasion,we observed a fit so violently convulsive that it was necessary to call a halt to the experiment.nSeizure：癫痫nConvulsive:抽搐n紧张的另一个信号是几阵紧张的笑声的有规律的出现。三个被试出现了全面的，不受控制的癫痫症状。有时，我们观察到非常激烈的抽搐以至于不得不停止实验。nIn the post experimental interviews,subjects took pains to point out that they were not sadistic types,and that the laughter did not mean they enjoyed shocking the victim.Milgram(1963).n在后来的实验采访中，被试就伤害来说他们并不是虐待狂，而且笑声并不意味着他们享受电击受害人的过程。The percentages of those who continued to the maximum shock level:n65%Remotevictimcondition.The victim in a separate room and no feedback until a bang on the wall at 300 volts.No subject stopped before 300 volts.n继续执行最大强度电击的人数百分比：n65%受害者远离条件：受害者在独立的房间，而且没有反馈直到达到300伏时出现撞墙的声音。在达到300伏前，没有被试停止。n62.5%Vocalfeedbackcondition.With the verbal protestations,screams,wall pounding,and ominous silence after 300 volts.Only a few stopped before 300 volts.n62.5%雨声反馈条件：有口头的抗议，尖叫，撞击还有在300伏之后的不祥的沉默。只有一少部分人在300伏之前停止。n92.5%Twoteachercondition.The subject was paired with another teacher(a confederate)who actually delivered the shocks while the teacher only read out the words.n92.5%两教师条件：被试和另一个老师（一个同伙）一组，老师只说话，被试负责执行电击。n47.5%Shiftofsettingcondition.The experiment was moved to a set of run down offices rather than the impressive Yale University.n47.5%设定条件的转换：这个实验在一套破旧的办公室进行而不是在著名的耶鲁大学。n40%Proximitycondition.Learner moved into the same room so the teacher could see his agonised reactions.nAgonised:挣扎的n40%接近条件：学生进入同一个房间，所以老师可以看到他挣扎的反应。n30%Touchproximitycondition.The teacher had to force the learners hand down onto a shock plate after he refused to participate after 150 volts.nOnto：自身的nPlate:金属板n30%触觉接近条件：在150伏后，如果学生拒绝参与，老师不得不强迫让学生的手放到自身的电极板上。n20%Absentexperimentercondition.The experimenter has to leave and give instructions over the telephone.Many subjects cheated and missed out shocks or gave less voltage than ordered to.nMiss out:略过n20%实验者不在场条件：实验者必须离开只能通过电话传达命令。许多被试选择欺骗而且略过电击或者给与少量的电击而不是执行命令。n10%Socialsupportcondition.Two other subjects(confederates)were also teachers but soon refused to obey.Most subjects stopped very soon after the others.nConfederate：同伙n10%社会支持条件：两个以上的被试（同伙）都是老师但是不久会拒绝服从。大部分被试在其他人之后不久也停下来了。结束语结束语谢谢大家聆听！谢谢大家聆听！30
