最新应用化学专业英语教案PPT课件.ppt
应用化学专业英语教案应用化学专业英语教案TeachingPlanonSpecializedEnglishCourseforAppliedChemistryPart1PhysicalPropertiesPhysicalPropertiesPart2ChemicalEquationsPart3ChemicalCalculationPart4NomenclatureOfInorganicChemicalsPart5SomeBasicChemicalTheoriesPart6TranslationPart7AbriefintroductiontoscientificwritinginEnglish7)hardnesshardsoftductilemalleable8)toxicitytoxicpoisonous9 9)meltingpointboilingpointHighlow10)conductivityelectronicconductivitythermalconductivityconductorsemiconductorinsulatordisproportionationneutralization;hydrolysisexothermicreactionendothermicreactionreversiblereactionforwardreactionreversereactionspontaneousreactionnonspontaneousreaction1.反应名称:化化学学方方程程式式Part2ChemicalEquations2、反应条件heat;burnignite/ignitionelectrolyze/electrolysisunder/atambient/roomtemperatureunderstandardpressurewith/intheprescenceofcatalyst3、读法3.1Nitrogenreactswithhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.1molnitrogenreactswith3molhydrogentoform2molammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.3.2Nitrogencombineswithhydrogentoformammoniaathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.Ammoniadecomposestonitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalyst.3.3Reactionbetweennitrogenandhydrogenathightemperatureandpressurewiththepresenceofacatalystgivesammonia.Athightemperatureandpressure,reactionofnitrogenwithhydrogeninthepresenceofacatalysttakesplace.Zinctreatedwithhydrochloricacidformshydrogenandzincchloride3.4CalciumcarbonatewhenheatedproducescalciumoxideandcarbondioxideCalciumcarbonateisheatedtoyieldcalciumoxideandcarbondioxideCalciumcarbonatedecomposestocalciumoxideandcarbondioxidewhenitisheated3.1化学术语atomicmass/weight;molecularweightamount(ofsubstance);molenumberofmoles;molarmassmolarvolume;concentrationmolarity;excessagentlimitingagent;reactantproduct;yieldPart3ChemicalCalculation(化学计算化学计算)3.2数学术语:运算名称additionsubstractionmulplicationdivision动词读法addsubstract(ed)frommultiply(ied)bydivide(d)by介词读法plusminustimesover运算结果 sumdifferenceproductquotient0.001o/zeropointooone2/3twothirdsequals/isequaltoisapproximatelyequaltolessthangreaterthanx2xsquaredx3xcubedx-10 xtotheminustenthpower100oconehundreddegreescentigrade5%fivepercent(bymass,volume)()roundbrackets/parenthesessquare/angularbracketsbraces基本形状linearpyramidal三角锥的trigonaltetrahedral正四面体的squarespherical球形的rectangularovalcircleplanarsteroscopic无机物质的命名Part4NomenclatureOfInorganicChemicalselementcompound4.1元素和单质的命名元素和单质的命名“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”,有时为了区别,在强调“单质”时可用“freeelement”。因此,单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称,同时又是单质的名称。S-blockElementIAHydrogenLithiumSodiumPotassiumRubidiumCesiumFranciumIIABerylliumMagnesiumCalciumStrontiumBariumRadiumIIIAboronAluminiumGalliumIndiumThalliumIVACarbonSiliconGermaniumTinLeadVANitrogenPhosphorusArsenicAntimonyBismuthVIAOxygenSulfurSeleniumTelluriumPoloniumVIIAFluorineChlorineBromineIodineAstatine0HeliumNeonArgonKryptonXenonRadonP-blockElementCommonTransitionElememtFe:ironMn:manganeseCu:copperZn:zincHg:mercuryAg:silverAu:gold4.2化合物的命名化合物的命名化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀:mono-di-tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-,nona-,deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。1化合物正电荷部分的读法化合物正电荷部分的读法直呼其名,即读其元素名称。如CO:carbonmonoxideAl2O3:aluminiumoxideN2O4:Dinitrogentetroxide(tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。如FeO:iron(II)oxide或ferrousoxideFe2O3:iron(III)oxide或ferricoxideCu2O:copper(I)oxide或cuprousoxideCuO:copper(II)oxide或cupricoxide化合物负电荷部分的读法:化合物负电荷部分的读法:.二元化合物.非金属氢化物.无氧酸.含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子.盐4.2.1二元化合物常见的二元化合物有卤化物,氧化物,硫化物,氮化物,磷化物,碳化物,金属氢化物等,命名时需要使用后缀-ide,如:fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide,oxide,sulfide,nitride,phosphide,carbide,hydride;OH-的名称也是用后缀-ide:hydroxide,非金属氢化物不用此后缀,而是将其看成其它二元化合物(见4.),非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀,如O22-:peroxideO2-:superoxide举例:NaF:sodiumfluorideAlCl3:aluminiumchlorideMg2N3:magnesiumnitrideAg2S:silversulfideCaC2:calciumcarbideFe(OH)2:iron(II)hydroxide有些物质常用俗称,如NOnitricoxideN2Onitrousoxide4.2非金属氢化物1)除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。对于卤族和氧族氢化物,在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成另一元素的二元化合物。举例:HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodideH2ShydrogensulfideH2SehydrogenselenideH2Tehydrogentelluride2)对于其它族的非金属氢化物,在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀ane,氮族还可加-ine举例:PH3:phosphine或phosphane AsH3:arsine或arsaneSbH3:stibine或stibaneBiH3:bismuthaneCH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diborane4.无氧酸命名规则:hydro-词根-icacid举例:HCl:hydrochloricacidH2S:hydrosufuricacidBBoronBor-BorideBrBromineBrom-BromideClChlorineChlor-ChlorideFFluorineFluor-FluorideHHydrogenHydr-HydrideIIodineIod-IodideNNitrogenNitr-NitrideOOxygenOx-OxidePPhosphorusPhosph-PhosphideSSulfurSulf-orsulfur-SulfideSymbolElementStemBinarynameendings4.含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子化学专业英语用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。高某酸per-ic正酸ic亚酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate正酸根ate亚酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有ortho-正meta-偏thio-硫代举例:HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateionHClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateionHClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteionHClOhypochlorousacidClO-hypochloriteionH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidS2O32-thiosulfateion4.盐正盐正盐:根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。如FeSO4iron(II)sulfateKMnO4potassiumpermanganate酸酸式式盐盐:同正盐的读法,酸根中的读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。如NaHCO3:sodiumhydrogencarbonate或sodiumbicarbonateNaH2PO4:sodiumdihydrogenphosphate复复盐盐:同正盐的读法,并且阳离子按英文名称的第一个字母顺序读。如KNaCO3:potassuimsodiumcarbonateNaNH4HPO4:ammoniumsodiumhydrogenphosphate水合盐水合盐:结晶水读做water或hydrate如AlCl36H2O:aluminumchloride6-water或aluminumchloridehexahydrateAlK(SO4)212H2Oaluminiumpotassiumsulphate12-water有机物质的命名有机物质的命名烷烃的英文命名1)烷烃()烷烃(Alkanes)有有机机化化合合物物的的英英文文命命名名很很不不统统一一,有有普普通通命命名名、衍生命名、系统命名及衍生命名、系统命名及CA系统命名等。系统命名等。CH4甲烷methaneC2H6乙烷ethaneC3H8丙烷propaneC4H10丁烷butaneC5H12戊烷pentaneC6H14己烷hexaneC7H16庚烷heptaneC8H18辛烷octaneC9H20壬烷nonaneC10H22癸烷decaneC11H24十一undecaneC12H26十二烷dodecaneC18H28十三烷tridecaneC14H30十四烷tetradecaneC15H32十五烷pentadecaneC16H34十六烷hexadecan烷烃的英文名称字尾都有烃的英文名称字尾都有-ane2不饱和烃不饱和烃UnsaturatedHydrocarbonCH3甲 基 methyl methylCH3CH2乙 基 ethyl ethylCH3CH2CH2正丙基n-propyl propyl异丙基isopropyl(1-methyl ethyl)CH3CH2CH2CH2 正丁基n-butyl butylCH3(CH2)3CH2 正戊基n-pentyl或n-amyl pentyl异戊基isopentyl或isoamyl(3-methyl butyl)新戊基neopentyl(2,2-dimethyl propyl)烷基的名称烷基的名称CH2=CH2乙烯ethyleneethylene,CH3CH=CH2丙烯propylenepropene,1丁烯1-butylene1-butene,(CH3)2C=CH2异丁烯isobutylenepropene,2methylCH3CH2CH2CH=CH21戊烯1-amylene1-pentene,异戊二烯isoprene1,3butadiene,2-methyl-烯基(alkenyl)是将烯的字尾-ene改为-enyl。烯类化合物的名称烯类化合物的名称烯基的名称CH2=CH乙烯基vinylethenyl烯丙基allyl(2-propenyl)丙烯基propenyl(1-propenyl)2-丁烯基(2-butenyl)炔类化合物的名称炔类化合物的名称HCCH乙炔acetylene;ethyne,CH3CCH丙炔methylacetylene;propyne,2丁炔dimethylacetylene;2-butyne,丙烯基乙炔propenylacetylene;3-penten-1-yne,系统命名是以芳香环为母体,取代基根据环上的位置而定位,苯环上表示2个基团的相对位置普通命名常用邻O,对P,间m表示芳香烃芳香烃AromaticHydrocarbonCompounds苯benzene,萘naphthalene,蒽anthracene,菲phenanthrene,甲苯toluene;methyl-benzene邻二甲苯o-xylene;1,2-dimethyl-benzene对二甲苯p-xylene;1,4-dimethyl-benzene间二甲苯m-xylene;1,3-dimethyl-benzene苯乙烯styrenestyrene;ethenyl-benzxene卤代烃卤代烃OrganicHalidesCH3Cl氯甲烷methylchloride;chloro-methaneCH2Cl2二氯甲烷methylenedichloride;dichloro-methaneCHCl3三氯甲烷(氯仿)chloroform;trichloro-methaneCCl4四氯化碳carbontetrachloride;tetrachloro-methaneCH3CH2Br溴乙烷ethylbromide;brormo-ethane1,2二溴乙烷ethylenedibromide;1,2-dibromo-ethaneCH2=CHCl氯乙烯vinylchloride;chloro-ethyleneCH2=CH-CH2Cl烯丙基氯allylchloride;3-chloro-1-propene氯苯phenylchloride;chloro-benzene二氯苯p-phenylenedichloridebenzene,1,4-dichlorop-dichlorobenzene5醇、酚、醚醇、酚、醚Alcohols,PhenolsandEthersCH3OH甲醇methylalcohol;carbinolmethanol,C2H5OH乙醇ethylalcohol;carbinolethanol,CH3CH2CH2OH正丙醇n-propylalcohol;ethylcarbinol1-propanol,异丙醇isopropylalcohol;dimethylcarbinol2-propanol,CH2(CH2)3OH正丁醇n-butylalcohol;propylcarbinol1-butanol,苯甲醇(苄醇)benzylalcohol;phenylmethanol,醇的英文名称醇的英文名称苯苯酚酚phenol,-萘酚萘酚-naphthol;1-naphthalenol,-萘酚萘酚-naphthol;2-naphthalenol,对甲苯酚对甲苯酚p-cresolphenol,双酚双酚AbisphenolA;1-methylethylidenebis-phenol,酚的英文名称酚的英文名称CH3CH2OCH2CH3乙乙醚醚diethylether或或ethylether,1,1-oxybis-ethaneCH3OCH2CH2CH2CH3甲丁醚甲丁醚n-butylmethylether,1-methoxy-butane苯甲醚苯甲醚methylphenylether或或methoxy-anisole醚的英文名称醚的英文名称烷氧基的英文名称烷氧基的英文名称CH3O-甲氧基甲氧基methoxyC2H5O-乙氧基乙氧基ethoxyC3H7O-丙氧基丙氧基propoxy含氮有机化合物含氮有机化合物(NitrogenousOrganicCompounds)CH3NH2甲甲胺胺methylamine;methanamine,CH3NHC2H5甲乙胺甲乙胺ethylmethylamine;N-methyl-ethanamine醛和酮醛和酮AldehydesandKetones醛和酮醛和酮AldehydesandKetonesCH2O甲醛甲醛formaldehyde,CH3CHO乙醛乙醛acetaldehyde,CH3CH2CHO丙醛丙醛propionaldehyde;propanal,CH3CH2CH2CHO正丁醛正丁醛n-butyraldehyde;butanal,CH3(CH2)3CHO正戊醛正戊醛n-valeraldehyde;pentanal,-甲基丁醛甲基丁醛-methylbutyraldehyde;2-methyl-butanalCH2=CHCHO丙烯醛丙烯醛acrolein2-propenal,丙丙酮酮acetone;2-propanone,acetone2-戊酮戊酮methylpropylketone2-pentanone,环己酮环己酮cyclohexanonecyclohexanone,二苯酮二苯酮diphenylketonebenzophenonemethanone,diphenyl-羧酸和取代酸羧酸和取代酸CarboxylicAcidsandSubstituteCarboxylicAcidsHCOOH甲酸甲酸formicacid,CH3COOH乙酸乙酸aceticacid,CH3CH2COOH丙酸丙酸propionicacid,CH3(CH2)2COOH正丁酸正丁酸n-butyricacid;butanoicacid,CH3(CH2)3COOH正戊酸正戊酸n-valericacid;pentanoicacid,CH3(CH2)4COOH正已酸正已酸n-caproicacid;hexanoicacid,乳乳酸酸lacticacid;2-hydroxy-propanoicacidCH2=CHCOOH丙烯酸丙烯酸acrylicacid;2-propenoicacid,草草酸酸oxalicacid;ethanedioicacid,丙二酸丙二酸malonicacid;propandioicacid,已二酸已二酸adipicacid;hexanedioicacid,顺顺-丁烯二酸丁烯二酸maleicacid;Z-2-butenedioicacid,反反-丁烯二酸丁烯二酸fumaricacid;E-2-butenedioicacid,苯甲酸苯甲酸benzoicacid;benzoicacid,Part6Translation(English-ChineseandChinese-English)I.ImportantRoleofTranslation Translationisarenderingfromonelanguageintoanother,i.e.,thefaithfulrepresentationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.Asameansofcommunication,translationplayanimportantroleinhumancivilization.Inthewest,literarytranslationcantracedbackto300BC,Whileinchina,recorded translation activities are even earlier,dating from the ZhouDynasty(1100BC).Hower,notuntilrecentcenturies,especiallybytheendofthe19thcenturydidsystematicstudyoftranslationgetunderway.Inthepastdecadestranslationtheoriesandactivities have developed fast at home and abord.Amordensocietyseesanextensiveuseoftranslationonvariousoccasion.Ifaforeignlanguageisgenerllyacceptedasatooloflife,translation then obviously serves as a dynamic means of emplooying this tool.A proper and dexterous translation helps to promote mutual understanding between pepoles of different cultural and social backgrounds,whereas a misunderstanding or improper rendering of words or expressions may lead to confusion.NatureandScopeofTranslation WhatisTranslation?Somepeoplebelieveitisascience,otherstakeitasanart;andyetmanyconsideritacraft,orrather,askill.Ofthesevariedopinions,whichoneholdstrueforourpurpose?Ifitreferstoasubject,namely,thestudyoftranslationtheoryandskills,itisnodoubtascience,ifitreferstosomespecificpiecesoftranslation,thenitismorelikeanart,Ifitreferstoaprocess,inwhichsomethingistranslated,thenwemayregarditasacraftoraskill.Translationcoversaverybroadrange.Intermsoflanguages,itcanbedividedintotwocategories:fromnativelanguagesintoforeignlanguagesandviceversa;intermsofthemode,itcanbedividedintooralinterpretation,writtentranslationandmachinetranslation;intermsofmaterialstobetranslated,thereistranslationofscientificmaterials,translationofliteraryworkssuchasnovels,poetydrama,etc.,translationofpoliticalessayssuchastreatisesonsocialproblems,reports,speeches,etc.,intermsofdisposal,itcanbeeitherfull-texttranslation,abridgedtranslationoradaptedtranslation.PrinciplesandCriteriaofTranslationTheso-calledprinciplesandcriteriaoftranslationareactuallythetwosidesofthesamething.Theformerlaysemphasisonthetranslator;whilethelatteronthereaderorcritic.YanFus“three-characterguide”:faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance.LiteralTranslationandFreeTranslation Theso-calledliteraltranslation,generallyspeaking,means“nottoaltertheoriginalwordsandsentences”;strictlyspeaking,itstrives“tokeepthesentimentsandstyleoftheoriginal”.Freetranslationisanalternativeapproachwhichisusedmainlytoconverythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalwithouttryingtoreproduceitssentencepatternsorfiguresofspeech.1.Theresnopotsouglyitcantfindalid 2.Littlefishdoesnoteatbigfish3.Whatthetonguesays,theneckpaysfor4.Whatwashatchedahenmustnottrytobearooster5.Agiftisthekeytoopenthedoorclosedagaistyou.TranslationTechniquesGenerallyspeaking,thebasictranslationtechniquesthatmeritourattentionandthataretobeappliedinEnglish-ChineseandChinese-Englishtranslationsinclude:(1)Diction(2)Amplification(3)Omission(4)Repetition(5)Conversion(6)Restructuring(7)Negation(8)Division科技英语的写作科技论文中文写作科技论文英文写作科技论文的写作明确所研究的方向设计实验着手实验撰写论文科技论文的中文写作写作步骤3结论2结果与讨论1实验部分引言作者及单位题目参考文献摘要作者为几个单位的,请在右上角用上标形式标出去,姓名间空一格,作者单位标至二级单位,单位间用分号隔开;作者及单位示例(注意项目、顺序、英文大小写、标点符号)示例(注意项目、顺序、英文大小写、标点符号)离体培养条件下半夏叶柄形成珠芽过程中内源激素的变化*常 莉1)徐有明1)薛建平2)*(1)华中农业大学园艺林学学院,武汉 430070;2)安徽省淮北煤炭师范学院生物系,淮北235000)首页面脚注示例(注意项目、顺序及标点符号)首页面脚注示例(注意项目、顺序及标点符号)*国家农业成果转化基金(05EFN213400124)和淮北市重点项目(06125)资助*通讯作者.E-mail:常莉,女,1981年生,华中农业大学园艺林学学院硕士研究生,武汉430070赵铭钦,男,1964年生,副教授.工作单位:河南农业大学农学院,国家烟草栽培生理生化基地,郑州450002.E-mail:中文摘要为报道式摘要,包括简要介绍研究目的、材料、方法和结论,结果要求详细。摘要关键词间用分号隔开,分号后空半格。关键词摘要示例摘要示例为研究黄花蒿生长发育过程中青蒿素含量的动态变异特性,对黄花蒿生长发育过程中青蒿素含量的变化进行了研究,实验表明:黄花蒿下部叶中青蒿素含量明显高于中、上部;黄花蒿上午采收样青蒿素含量明显高于下午;时间越长,青蒿素的含量越黄花蒿生长高;黄花蒿在整个的生长发育过程中,从营养生长末期到花蕾期,青蒿素含量有递增趋势,开花后青蒿素含量明显下降。关键词:黄花蒿;青蒿素;动态变异;含量摘要:为了探讨不同穗型品种水稻的穗部性状与产量和稻米品质的关系(表示目的),以辽宁省近年育成的水稻品种(品系)为试材(交待材料),(必要时介绍方法)进行了品种类型间的比较研究。结果表明:根据水稻着粒密度可将试材分为散穗型、半散穗型、半紧穗型和紧穗型四种类型。各类型间稻谷产量差异显著,其中半散穗型和半紧穗型品种产量较高。紧穗型品种的一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数和每穗空秕粒数都较多,成粒率较低。除了散穗型品种整精米率显著高于半散穗型和半紧穗型品种外,散穗型、半散穗型和半紧穗型间其它品质性状差异不显著,三者品质明显好于紧穗型品种。着粒密度与每穗成粒数、产量呈抛物线,与碱消值呈显著负相关,与谷草比呈显著正相关;产量与食味值呈显著的正相关。在籽粒灌浆结实期,半散穗型和半紧穗型品种的单叶净光合速率较高,后期生产的干物质较多,谷草比较大(明确介绍结果)。半紧穗型和半散穗型品种在产量较高,食味品质较好,选择适宜着粒密度的材料,容易育出高产优质品种(得出结论)。包括研究的重要意义、前人研究进展、研究切入点及拟解决的关键问题。前言前前言言示示例例:【本研究的重要意义】穗型是株型的重要组成部分,是水稻的重要形态特征之一,随着水稻穗型由弯到直,穗型与稻米品质的协调关系已成为日益重要的研究内容1-3。【前人研究进展】徐正进等4按颈穗弯曲角度划分为直立、半直立和弯曲3种穗型;周开达等5按单穗重划分为重穗型、中穗型和轻穗型;Yamamoto6等按着粒密度划分为紧穗型、半紧穗型、半散穗型和散穗型。徐正进等按穗型指数2(PTI)划分为上部优势型、中部优势型和下部优势型。穗部性状与结实率7,与碾米品质8、物质积累与分配9,籽粒灌浆特性10以及产量潜力11关系密切。【本研究切入点】近年来,随着水稻品种产量不断提高和要求品质的改善,介于紧穗型和散穗型之间的中间类型有增加的趋势。【拟解决的关键问题】本文以辽宁省近年育成的水稻品种(品系)为材料,对以着粒密度为指标,对不同穗型品种的穗部性状和稻米品质进行探讨。旨在探索穗型分类与指标,为水稻产量提高和品质的改良提供理论依据。有机磷农药作为高效杀虫剂,对蔬菜、稻米、瓜果生长作出了巨大贡献,但是,这些农药对水体和生态环境的污染也日益严重,这些污染影响了人类的生存,它对人畜毒性较大,近年来许多食物中毒事件都是由于有机磷等农药残留所引起的,农药残留严重威胁着人类健康。目前除了推广使用低毒农药外,研究此类农药的有效降解方法也有重要意义。近年来逐渐发展起来的光催化降解技术为这一问题的解决提供了良好的途径1-2。二氧化钛(TiO2)光催化降解技术是近年来逐渐发展起来污染治理的技术之一。TiO2在环保方面的突出优点就是活性高、稳定性好、对人体无害、过量使用也不会引发污染问题,成为最受欢迎的一种光催化剂,被称为“绿色”的污染治理技术3-4。TiO2及其改性物对农药的催化作用在国内较少报道,尤其是稀土改性的TiO2对农药降解的相关报道甚少,本文研究了铒掺杂TiO2对甲胺磷的光催化降解的影响。科技论文的英文写作写作步骤4.Conclusion3.Rusultsanddiscussion2.Experimentalsection1.IntroductionAuthorandhisworkTitleRefferenceAbstractFigurecaptionsAcknowledgement FiguresTablesKeeptheseinmindwhenyouread What is the major question addressed in thispaper?Isthisquestionimportantandwhy?Whataretheapproachesusedinthispaper,andwhethertheyareadequateforthequestions?What are the novel idea or using innovativeapproaches?Whatistheconceptcomingoutofthispaper?Do the results presented support this newconcept?How to Read Scientific Papers?How to Read Scientific Papers?TitlesImportant/significantUnexpected/unusualFunctionMechanismsStraightforward Rationale“remain unknown”;“Todetermine”Summarystatement“Hereweshow”BodyDontgointodetails;dontusemanyspecialtermsAbstr