五种句子基本类型教学文稿.ppt

英语英语(yn y)句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence第一页，共33页。英英语语句句子子的的基基本本结结构构可可以以归归纳纳成成五五种种基基本本句句型型及及其其扩扩大大、组组合合、省省略略或或倒倒装装。掌掌握握(zhngw)(zhngw)这这五五种种基基本句型，是掌握本句型，是掌握(zhngw)(zhngw)各种英各种英语语句子句子结结构的基构的基础础。一：一：（主（主谓谓）二：二：（主系表）（主系表）三：三：（主（主谓谓宾宾）四：四：（主（主谓谓间宾间宾直直宾宾）五：五：（主（主谓谓宾宾宾补宾补）第二页，共33页。组组成句子成句子(j zi)(j zi)的各个部分叫做句子的各个部分叫做句子(j zi)(j zi)成分，成分，英英语语的的基基本本成成分分有有七七种种：_和和_主主语语(zhy)(zhy)（subjectsubject）、）、谓语谓语(wiy)(wiy)（predicatepredicate）、）、表表语语（predicativepredicative）、）、宾语宾语（objectobject）、）、定定语语（attributeattribute）、）、状状语语(adverbial)(adverbial)补语补语（complementcomplement）。）。第三页，共33页。基本基本(jbn)句型句型 一：一：（主谓）（主谓）主主语语：主主语语是是一一个个句句子子叙叙述述(xsh)的的主主体体，说说明明句句子子讲讲的的是是“什什么么人人”“什什么么事事物物”。可可以以作作主主语语的的成成分分有有名名词词，主主格格代代词词，动动词词不不定定式式，动动名名词词，从从句等等。主语一般在句首。句等等。主语一般在句首。谓谓语语：谓谓语语用用来来(yn li)描描述述主主语语的的行行为为动动作作或或所所处处的的状状态态。谓谓语语由由动动词词构构成成，是是英英语语时时态态、语语态态变变化化的的主主角角，一一般般在在主主语语之之后后。不不及及物物动动词词（vi.）没没有有宾宾语语，形成主谓结构，形成主谓结构，如：如：We study.He often comes late.第四页，共33页。（不不及及物物动动词词(j w dn c)）1.The sunrose.2.Itdoes not work.3.I live in Kaifeng.4.They talked for half an hour.5.You can come whenever you like.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，后不能直接整的意思，后不能直接(zhji)加宾语，若要加上宾语，加宾语，若要加上宾语，必须先在其后添加某个介词如：必须先在其后添加某个介词如：to,of,at,in,from,with，on 等等后方可加上宾语，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、后方可加上宾语，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常用的不及物动词有介词短语、状语从句等。常用的不及物动词有live,stay,work,come,go,sit,rise等。等。第五页，共33页。基本基本(jbn)句型句型 二：二：（主系表）（主系表）此此句句型型的的句句子子有有一一个个共共同同的的特特点点(tdin)：句句子子谓谓语语动动词词都都不不能能表表达达一一个个完完整整的的意意思思，必必须须加加上上一一个个表表明明主主语语身身份份,状状态态或或特特征征的的表表语语,才才能能表表达达完完整整的的意意思思。这这类类动动词词叫叫做做连连系系动词动词。第六页，共33页。系系动词动词分两分两类类：表状：表状态态或表或表变变化化表状表状态态持持续续(chx)的的词词有：有：1.be（am,is,are,was,were）be本本身身没没有有什什么么意意义义,只只起起连连系系主主语语和和表表语语的的作作用用，其其它它系系动动词词仍仍保保持其部分持其部分词义词义。2.感官感官动词动词：look cool,sound great,feel soft,smell bad，taste terrible3.keep,stay,remain,seem,appear,look等等:keep quiet,stay calm表情况表情况变变化的化的词词：get,grow,become,turn,go,fall等等:get paid,grow old,become a lawyer,turn green,go bad.第七页，共33页。请观察下列请观察下列(xili)句子：句子：1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinner smells good.3.Everything looks different.4.He is growing tall and strong.5.His face turned red.6.Everyone keeps silent.第八页，共33页。基本基本(jbn)句型句型 三：三：（主谓宾）（主谓宾）此此句句型型句句子子的的共共同同特特点点是是：谓谓语语动动词词都都具具有有实实义义，都都是是主主语语产产生生的的动动作作，但但不不能能表表达达完完整整的的意意思思，必必须须跟跟有有一一个个(y)宾宾语语，即即动动作作的的承承受受者者，才才能能使使意思完整。意思完整。这类动词这类动词叫做及物叫做及物动词动词。第九页，共33页。请观察下列请观察下列(xili)句子：句子：1.Who knows the answer?2.He has refused to help them.3.He enjoys reading.4.He said，Good morning.5.He admits that he was mistaken.第十页，共33页。请观察下列请观察下列(xili)句子：句子：1.She ordered herself a new dress.2.He brought you a dictionary.3.I showed him my pictures.4.I told him that the bus was late.5.He showed me how to run the machine.基本基本(jbn)句型句型 四：四：（主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）有些及物有些及物动词动词可以有两个可以有两个(lin)宾语宾语，eg：give/pass/bring/show。这这两两个个(lin)宾宾语语通通常一个指人常一个指人 (间间接接宾语宾语)；一个指物；一个指物(直接直接宾语宾语)。第十一页，共33页。特别提醒:在此句型中，通常是间接宾语（人）在前，直接宾语（物）在后，有时直接宾语和间接宾语可以对调，这时间接宾语前应加上适当的介词。直接宾语与间接宾语对调时，间接宾语前加介词to的动词(dngc)有：give(给),tell(告诉),lend(借给),sell(卖),teach(教),send(寄给),write(写给),show(出示),return(还给),bring(带给),pass(递给),leave(留给),offer(提供),hand(交给)间接宾语前加介词for的动词(dngc)有：buy(买),choose(选择),get(弄到),make(做),order(订购),sing(唱歌),do(做),play(演奏)第十二页，共33页。基本基本(jbn)句型句型 五：五：（主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）此此句句型型的的句句子子(j zi)的的共共同同特特点点是是：动动词词虽虽然然是是及及物物动动词词，但但是是只只跟跟一一个个宾宾语语还还不不能能表表达达完完整整的的意意思思，必必须须加加上上一一个个补补充成分来充成分来补补足足宾语宾语，才能使意思完整。，才能使意思完整。宾宾语语补补足足语语：位位于于宾宾语语之之后后对对宾宾语语作作出出补补充充说说明明的的成成分分。可可以以用用作作宾宾语语补补足足语语的的有有名名词词，形形容容词词，不定式，不定式，动动名名词词，分，分词词，介，介词词(jic)短短语语等。等。第十三页，共33页。请观请观察察(gunch)下列句子：下列句子：1.They painted the door green.2.The war made him a soldier.3.I often find him at work.4.He asked me to come back soon.5.I saw them getting on the bus.6.I found my wallet stolen.第十四页，共33页。感官(gngun)动词跟do/doing/done做宾补:feel,hear,listen to,see,look at,watch,notice,find(1感2听4看1发现)I often heard her speak to herself.I saw the thief run away.第十五页，共33页。形容词做宾补的动词(dngc)find发现,认为,think,believe认为,color染色,paint涂色,漆,make/leave使,让,keep保持,使,让,wish祝愿,希望,consider考虑,认为 We found this question easy in fact.Color the picture green.He made his meaning clearDont leave the door open when you arent at home.You must keep your room clean.第十六页，共33页。a，b，c，d，e，1.Please tell us a story._2.She smiled._3.His job is to train swimmers._ 4.I have a lot work to do._5.He noticed a man enter the room._6.I finished my homework._daebec第十七页，共33页。1.They work hard.主主 +谓谓2.The flower is dead.主主+系系+表表3.Plants need water.主主+谓谓+宾宾4.He gives me some seeds.主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾5.We should keep the plants in the shade.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补6.Many animals live in the forest.主主 +谓谓第十八页，共33页。7.The cake tastes delicious.主主+系系+表表8.Classes begin at eight every day.主主 +谓谓9.They havent decided where to go next.主主+谓谓+宾宾10.Jim cannot dress himself.主主+谓谓+宾宾11.Mr.Johnson taught us German last year.主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾12.Shall I call you a taxi?主主+谓谓+间宾间宾+直宾直宾第十九页，共33页。13.The sun keeps us warm.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补14.The potatoes went bad.主主+系系+表表15.You must get your hair cut.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补16.She sat there alone,reading a novel.主主 +谓谓17.They made Tom monitor.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补18.I heard him singing.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补第二十页，共33页。但但常常用用的的英英语语句句子子并并不不都都象象基基本本句句型型这这样样简简短短，除除了了基基本本句句型型的的成成分分不不变变外外，通通常常是是在在这这些些成成分分的的前前面面或或后后面面增增加加(zngji)一一些些修修饰饰语语而而加加以以扩扩大大。这这些些修修饰饰语语可可以以是是单单词词（adj./adv./num.数数词词）短短语语（主主要要是是介介词词短短语语、不不定定式式短短语语和和分分词词短短语语）或或从从句。我句。我们们称之称之为为：定：定语语、状、状语语第二十一页，共33页。一、一、一、一、定定定定语语语语(dngy)(dngy)：定语是对名词或代词定语是对名词或代词(dic)起修饰、限定作用的起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，译为词、短语或句子，译为的的观察下列句子中定语观察下列句子中定语(dngy)的用法：的用法：Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen.There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy who you will know is Tom.定语通常位于被修饰的定语通常位于被修饰的成分前成分前成分前成分前。复合不定代词复合不定代词（something/nothingsomething/nothing）之）之后后；不定式不定式/分词短语分词短语/从句作定语从句作定语时要放在时要放在被修饰的成分被修饰的成分后后；副词副词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词之后之后之后之后。第二十二页，共33页。二二、状状 语语(zhungy)：状状语语是修是修饰动词饰动词、形容、形容词词、副、副词词或全句的或全句的句子成分，句子成分，说说明方式、因果、条件明方式、因果、条件(tiojin)、时间时间、地点、地点、让让步、方向、程步、方向、程度、目的等。可用作状度、目的等。可用作状语语的有副的有副词词,不定式，不定式，分分词词，介，介词词短短语语，从句等。，从句等。1.The boy needs a pen very much.2.On Sundays,there is no student in school.3.The boy needs a pen to do his homework.4.He sits there,asking for a pen.5.Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.6.Even if she laughs at him,he adores her.第二十三页，共33页。此此句句型型是是由由“there+be+主主语语”构构成成(guchng)，用用以以表表达达存存在在关关系系可可以以称称“有有”。它它其其实实是是倒倒装装的的一一种种情情况况，主主语语位位于于谓谓语语动动词词 be 之之后后，there 仅仅为为引引导导词词，并无实际语意。并无实际语意。此此句句型型有有时时不不用用be动动词词，而而用用 live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如：等。如：There stands a hill in the middle of the park.Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.英语基本句型英语基本句型6 There be 句型句型 第二十四页，共33页。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致(yzh)，有，有时态和情态变化。如：时态和情态变化。如：现在有现在有 there is/are 过去有过去有 there was/were 将来有将来有 there will be；there is/are going to be.现在已经有现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有可能有 there might be.肯定有肯定有 there must be/there must have been.过去曾经有过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 第二十五页，共33页。巩固巩固(gngg)练习练习（一）（一）挑出下列句中的挑出下列句中的宾语宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.第二十六页，共33页。(二二)挑出挑出(tio ch)下列句中的表下列句中的表语语-The old man was feeling very tired.-The leaves have turned yellow.-Soon They all became interested in the subject.第二十七页，共33页。(三三)挑出下列挑出下列(xili)句中的定句中的定语语1.What is your given name?2.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!第二十八页，共33页。(四四)挑出下列句中的挑出下列句中的宾语宾语(bny)补补足足语语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.第二十九页，共33页。(五五)挑出下列挑出下列(xili)句中的状句中的状语语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.第三十页，共33页。With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.第三十一页，共33页。划分划分(hu fn)句子成分句子成分1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2.But as the moon gave far too much light,I didnt dare open a window.3.Another time five months ago,I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4.The dark,rainy evening,the wind,the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.第三十二页，共33页。1.You will tell（your）friend that youve got to school.2.But as the moon gave far too much light,I didntdare open a window.3.Another time five months ago,I happened to beupstairs at dusk when the window was open.4.The(dark,rainy)evening,the wind and the thunderingclouds held me entirely in their power.主语(zhy)谓语谓语(wiy)间宾间宾定语(dngy)直接宾语原因状语原因状语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语第三十三页，共33页。