科技英语翻译技巧比较全的翻译技巧.ppt

科技英语翻译技巧比较全的翻译技巧 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望Characteristics of Language Structure：（语言结构特点）Nouns（大量使用名词化结构）；Passive sentences（广泛使用被动句）；Non-finite verbs（非限定动词）；Postpositional attributives（后置定语）；Long sentences（长句）。科技英语要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容准确、信息量大，常强调存在的事实，而非某一行为，所以大量使用名词化结构。Nouns（大量使用名词化结构）The earth rotates on its own axis,which causes the change from day to night.The rotation of the earth on own axis causes the change from day to night.科技文章侧重叙事、推理，强调客观、准确，因而大量采用第三人称叙述，使用被动语态。过多使用第一、第二人称，会造成主观臆断的现象。科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动语态。Passive sentences（广泛使用被动句）The safety policy should be put into practice through careful planning of the safety activities.Occupational safety and health has received increasing attention due to its undeniable influence on economic development and social stability.由于科技文章要求书写简练、结构紧凑，因而常常使用分词短语代替定语从句；使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；使用不定式代替各种从句，“介词+动名词短语”代替定语从句或状语从句。这样，既可缩短句子，又比较醒目。Non-finite verbs（非限定动词）Organizational culture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior.A safety policy is the management s expression of the direction to be followed in the organization.The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers health and safety at work.大量使用后置定语是科技文章的特点之一。常用的句子结构形式有：介词短语后置、形容词及形容词短语后置、副词后置、定语从句后置。Postpositional attributives（后置定语）In small and medium-sized companies,the safety manager and the safety representative often have other duties besides their health and safety tasks.(介词短语后置)The safety managers role is to act an expert who is aware of the health and safety legislation and other obligations concerning the company.(定语从句后置)The efforts necessary to assure that sufficient emphasis is placed on system safety are often organized into formal programs.(“形容词短语+从句”后置)为了表达一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，科技文章中常常出现许多长句。Long Sentences（长句）One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is“a pattern of basic assumptions-invented,discovered,or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration-that has worked well enough to be considered valid and,therefore,to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive,think,and feel in relation to those problems”.Translation Skill Semantic Extension（翻译技巧 词义引申）Nouns（词义转译）；Concretizing（词义具体化）；Abstracting（词义抽象化）；（词的搭配）。词义的引申是指在一个词所具有的原始意义的基础上，根据上下文和逻辑关系进一步加以引申，选择适当确切的目标语词语来表达，避免生搬硬套地逐句死译，使译文更加通顺流畅。值得注意的是，词义的引申不得超出原始意义所允许的范围。词词 义义 转转 译译 翻译时，如果完全生搬硬套字典所给的字面意思，“对号入座”，会使译文生硬晦涩，含糊不清，甚至令人不知所云。因此，遇到一些无法直译的词或词组时，应根据上下文和原词的字面意思，作适当的转化。Like any precision device,the monitor of methane requires careful treatment.译：跟任何精密仪器一样，瓦斯监测仪也需要精心维护。（不译“待遇”）The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.译：可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。（不译“不停留在这里”）Solar energy seems to offer more hope than any other source of energy.译：太阳能似乎比其他能源更有前途。（不译“提供更多希望”）Whether you like it or not,globalization is here to stay.We are not going to reverse the trend.译：不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为我们生活的一部分，这个趋势不可逆转。（不译“呆在这里”）Our products,if maintained properly and regularly,can at least see twenty years service.译：我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用20年。（不译“看见20年的服务”）International business as a field of management training deals with the special features of business activities that cross national boundaries.译：作为管理训练一个领域的国际商务具有跨国商务活动的专门特征。（不译“安排，处理，涉及，做生意”）词义的具体化词义的具体化 英语中常用代表抽象意义的词表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般须作具体化的引申，否则意义会不明朗。因此，翻译时应根据汉语的表达习惯，把文中抽象笼统的词语引申为意义明确具体的词语。The purpose of a driller is to holes.译：钻机的功能是钻孔。（不译“洞”）There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem,more than transient everydayness.译：他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。（不译“日常性”）The factory is famous for its arsenal of technical geniuses.译：这家工厂以拥有众多技术精英而著称。（不译“军火库”）A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes.译：普通车床是用单刃刀具来车螺纹的。（不译“切、砍”）Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market 译：许多人要求建立阿拉伯共同市场。（不译“许多声音”）词义的抽象化词义的抽象化 翻译时把原文中词义较具体的词引申为词义较抽象的词，或把词义较形象的词引申为词义较一般的词。The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components.译：元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。（不译”主要贡献者“）The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent.译：利率一直在10到15之间不断波动。（不译“跷跷板一上一下的交替摆动”）There were times when emigration bottleneck was extremely rigid and nobody was allowed to leave the country out of his personal preference.译：过去有过这种情况：移民限制极为严格，不允许任何人出于个人考虑而迁居他国。（bottleneck不译“瓶颈”或“（交通）狭口”，preference不译“偏爱”）There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.译：我们要完全掌握集成电路，还必须经过三个阶段。（不译”毕业于“）词的搭配词的搭配 翻译时遇到动词、形容词与名词搭配时，应根据汉语的搭配习惯，而不应受原文字面意义的束缚。The iron ore used to make steel comes from open-pit and underground mines.译：炼钢用的铁矿石来自露天开采的矿山和地下矿井。（不译“制造刚”）An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes.译：绝缘体对电流通过有很大阻力。（不译“高阻力”）The translation of poetry，especially into poetry，presents very special difficulties，and the better the original poem，the harder the translators task 译：译诗，特别是以诗译诗，有十分特殊的困难。原诗越是精彩，译者的任务就越艰巨。（不译“说明”、“出面”、“提出”等）So he（the swallow）flew round and round her，touching the water with his wings，and making silver ripples 译：他便在她身边不停地飞来飞去，用他的翅膀点水，激起许多银色的连猗。(touch不译“触摸”、“触及”，make不译“制造”、“做出”、“使”)Translation Skill Semantic Extension（翻译技巧 词量增减）Nouns（词量增加）；Concretizing（词量减少）。词量增减是指在英译汉时，根据汉语的习惯，在译文中增加一些原文中无其形而有其意的词，或减去原文中某些在译文中属于多于的词。词量增加词量增加Mater can be changed into energy,and energy into mater.译：物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。（增补英语中省略的词）The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest has the greatest.译：最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大（增补英语中省略的词）If A is equal to D,A plus B equals D plus B.译：若A=D，则A+B=D+B（增加关联词）The first electronic computers used vacuum tubes and other components,and this made the equipment very large and bulky.译：第一代电子计算机使用真空管和其他元件，这使得设备又大又笨。（增加表示复数的词）Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.译：氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。（增加具有动作意义的抽象名词）The cost of such a power plant is a relatively small portion of the total cost of the development.译：这样一个发电站的修建费用仅占该开发工程总费用的一小部分。（增加具有动作意义的抽象名词）The resistance of the pipe to the flow of water through it depends upon the length of the pipe,the diameter of the pipe,and the feature of the inside walls(rough or smooth).译：水管对通过的水流的阻力取决于下列三个因素：管道长度、管道直径、管道内壁的特性（粗糙或光滑）。（补充概括性的词）Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere,generating winds.译：太阳发出的热能搅动大气，于是产生了风。（修辞加词，语气连贯）In general,all the metals are good conductors,with silver the best and copper the second.译：一般来说，金属都是良导体，其中以银为最好，铜次之。（修辞加词，语气连贯）词量减少词量减少The world of work injury insurance is complex.译：工伤保险是复杂的。（名词省译）A wire lengthens while it is heated.译：金属丝受热则伸长。（代词省译）Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.译：不锈钢硬度大、强度高。（动词省译）Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled.译：几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。（连词省译）Any substance is made of atoms whether it is a solid,a liquid,or a gas.译：任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都是由原子组成的。（冠词省译）In the absence of force,a body will either remain at rest,or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line.译：无外力作用，物体则保持静止状态，或作匀速直线运动。（介词省译）Translation Skill Word Conversion（翻译技巧 词性转换）转译成汉语动词；转译成汉语动词；转译成汉语名词；转译成汉语名词；转译成汉语形容词；转译成汉语形容词；转译成汉语副词。转译成汉语副词。由于英汉两种语言属于不同的语系，所以它们在语言结构与表达形式方面各有特点。要使译文既忠实于原意，又顺畅可读，就不能局限于逐词对等，必须采用适当的词性转换。转译成汉语动词转译成汉语动词A change of state from a solid to a liquid form requires heat energy.译：从固态变为液态需要热能。（名词转译成动词）The term laser stands for amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.译：“激光”这个术语指的是利用辐射的受激发射放大光波。（介词转译成动词）Both of the substances are not soluble in water.译：这两种物质都不溶于水。（形容词转译成动词）In this case the temperature in furnace is up.译：在这种情况下，炉温就升高。（形容词转译成动词）转译成汉语名词转译成汉语名词Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.译：这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。（动词转译成名词）The result of this experiment is much better than those of previous ones.译：这次实验的结果比前几次的实验结果都好得多。（代词转译成名词）All structural materials behave plastically above their elastic range.译：超过弹性极限时，一切结构材料都会显示出塑性。（副词转译成名词）某些表示事物特征的形容词做表语时可将其转译成名词，其后往往加上“性”、“度”、“体”等。带有定冠词的某些形容词用作名词，应译成名词。The cutting tool must be strong,tough,hard,and wear resistant.译：刀具必须具有足够的强度、硬度、韧性和耐磨性。Both the compounds are acids,the former is strong,the latter is weak.译：这两种化合物都是酸，前者是强酸，后者是弱酸转译成汉语形容词转译成汉语形容词This experiment was a success.译：这个试验是成功的。（名词转译成形容词）This man-machine system is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of operation and the ease with which it can be maintained.译：这种人机系统的主要特点是操作简单，容易维修。（副词转译成形容词）It is demonstrated that dust is extremely hazardous.译：已经证实，粉尘具有极大的危害。（副词转译成形容词）The equations below are derived from those above.译：下面的方程式是由上面的那些方程式推导出来的。（副词转译成形容词）转译成汉语副词转译成汉语副词The mechanical automatization makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.译：机械自动化可以大大地提高劳动生产率。（形容词转译成副词）A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.译：直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方去。（形容词转译成副词）Rapid evaporation at the heating surface tends to make the steam wet.译：加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。Translation Skill Semantic Extension（翻译技巧 句子成分转换）谓语、表语、宾语、状语转译成主语；主语、定语、表语、状语转译成谓语；主语、状语、宾语转译成定语；定语、谓语、主语转译成状语；主语、状语、谓语转译成宾语；主语、宾语转译成表语。句子成分转换是指词类不变而成分改变的译法。通过改变原文中某些句子成分，以达到译文逻辑正确、通顺流畅、重点突出等目的。谓语、表语、宾语、状语转译成主语谓语、表语、宾语、状语转译成主语Gases differ from liquids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.译：气体和固体的区别，在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。（谓语转译成主语）Rubber is a better dielectric but a poorer insulator than air.译：橡胶的介电性比空气好，但绝缘性比空气差。（表语转译成主语）Water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.译：水的密度是每立方英尺62.4磅。（宾语转译成主语）Aluminum is very light in weight,being only one third as heavy as iron.译：铝的重量很轻，只有铁的1/3.（状语转译成主语）The same signs and symbols of mathematics are used throughout the world.译：全世界都使用同样的数学记号和符号。（状语转译成主语主语、定语、表语、状语转译成谓语主语、定语、表语、状语转译成谓语The prevention of many types of occupational diseases isdistinctly within the realm of possibility.译：许多职业病显然可以预防。（主语转译成谓语）A semiconductor has a poor conductivity at room temperature,but it may become a good conductor at high temperature.译：在室温下，半导体导电率差，但在高温下，它可能成为良导体。（定语转译成谓语）The wide applications of computers affect tremendously the development of science and technology.译：计算机的广泛应用，对科学技术的影响极大。（状语转译成谓语）Also present in solids are numbers of free electrons.译：固体中也存在着大量的自由电子。（表语转译成谓语）主语、状语、宾语转译成定语主语、状语、宾语转译成定语CMOS chips in the computer work a thousand times more rapidly than nerve cells in the human brain.译：电脑芯片的工作比人类大脑中的神经细胞要快1000倍。（主语转译成定语）In Britain the first stand-by gas-turbine electricity generator was in operation in Manchester in 1952.译：英国的第一台辅助燃气发电机于1952年在曼彻斯特开始运转。（状语转译成定语）By 1914 Einstein had gained world fame.译：1914年爱因斯坦已成了著名的科学家。（宾语转译成定语）定语、谓语、主语转译成状语定语、谓语、主语转译成状语After more experiments,Galileo succeeded in making a much better telescope.译：又做了一些实验之后，伽利略成功地制造了一架好得多的望远镜。（谓语转译成状语）The result of its revolutionary design is that the engine is much smaller,works more smoothly,and has fewer moving parts.译：由于他在设计上的革新，发动机变得小多了，工作得更平稳了，活动部件也少了。（主语转译成状语）It was an amazing piece of scientific clairvoyance,comparable perhaps to Charles Babbages anticipation of the principle of the computer.译：这个理论在科学上充满了元件卓识，也许可以跟巴贝奇的计算机原理相提并论。（定语转译成状语）主语、状语、谓语转译成宾语主语、状语、谓语转译成宾语The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator.译：利用发电机可以把机械能重新转变成电能。（主语转译成宾语）Television has been successfully sent by laser,too.译：用激光发射电视也获得了成功。（状语转译成宾语）The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man.译：太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。（谓语转译成宾语）主语、宾语转译成表语主语、宾语转译成表语A great contribution of Edison was the carbon microphone.译：炭精传声器是爱迪生的一大贡献。（主语转译成表语）The production had considerable difficulty getting patent protection if it had no patent right.译：如果产品没有专利权，要获得专利保护是相当困难的。（宾语转译成表语）由此看来，句子成分的转译显得变化万千，由此看来，句子成分的转译显得变化万千，异彩纷呈，难于穷究，几乎所有的句子成分都可异彩纷呈，难于穷究，几乎所有的句子成分都可以互相转译。进行成分转译的目的是为了使译文以互相转译。进行成分转译的目的是为了使译文通顺，合乎汉语习惯和更好地跟上下文响应。通顺，合乎汉语习惯和更好地跟上下文响应。Translation Skill Semantic Extension（翻译技巧 常见多功能词的译法）as的译法；it的译法；that的译法；what的译法。多功能词as as，it it，thatthat，whatwhat在科技文章中广泛使用，出现频率很高，有必要提出来重点讨论。as as的译法的译法 as 作为介词可引出主语补足语、宾语补足作为介词可引出主语补足语、宾语补足语、状语、同位语等，可译为语、状语、同位语等，可译为“作为作为”、“为为”、“以以”、“是是”、“当作当作”等。等。1.as 作为介词的译法Fire protection engineers define the term explosion as an“effect”produced by a sudden violent expansion of gases.译：消防工程师把爆炸定义为气体瞬时剧烈膨胀的效应。We take steel as the leading engineering 译：我们把钢作为主要的工程材料。as 作为关系代词可以单独使用，也可以与作为关系代词可以单独使用，也可以与suchsuch，the samethe same等词搭配使用，引导定语从句。等词搭配使用，引导定语从句。2.as 作为关系代词的译法 as单独使用，引导定语从句或省略定语从句时，可译为“正如”或“这”、“这样”等，有时as可略去不译。As known to us,inertia is an absolute quality possessed by all bodies.译：正如我们所知，惯性是所有物体都具有的一种绝对属性。As have been found there are more than a hundred elements.译：已经发现，元素有一百多种。（略去不译）suchas，such as引出的定语从句，可译为“像这（那）样的”、“那样（中）的”、“像之类的”等。Fire deals with such ideas as substance,temperature,explosion and combustion.译：火灾涉及到诸如物质、温度、爆炸和燃烧之类的概念。the sameas，the same as引出的定语从句，可译为“和一样”、“与相同”、“和相等”等。The weight of an object on the moon is not the same as its weight on the earth.译：某一物体在月球上的重量与该物体在地球上的重量不一样。as 作为关系副词引导定语从句的译法，与作为关系副词引导定语从句的译法，与作为关系代词引导定语从句的译法基本相同。作为关系代词引导定语从句的译法基本相同。3.as 作为关系副词的译法A vector multiplied by a scalar quantity is a vector in the same direction as the original vector.译：乘以标量的矢量是一个与原矢量同向的矢量。as 作为连词，可引导时间、原因、比较、作为连词，可引导时间、原因、比较、让步等状语从句。不同的状语从句中的让步等状语从句。不同的状语从句中的asas有有不同的译法，分述于后。不同的译法，分述于后。4.as 作为连词的译法 as引导时间状语从句，可译为“（当）时”、“随着”等。the force of gravitational attraction between two bodies decrease as the distance between them increases.译：两物体之间的引力随着两物体之间的距离增大而减小。as引导原因状语从句，可译为“由于”、“因为所以”等。As liquids and gases flow,they are called fluids.译：由于液体和气体能流动，因此成为流体。as引导比较状语从句时，as+形容词或副词+as可译为“与一样（同样）”、“又又”；not so+形容词或副词可译为“不如（没有）（那样）”；as long as可译为“多久.多久”。The wheel turns as fast as stable.译：这只轮子转得又快又稳。The development stage lasts as long as it needs to.译：研制阶段需要持续多久，就持续多久。as引导让步状语从句，可译为“虽然”、“尽管”。Complicated as the problem is,it can be worked out in a few minutes by a computer.译：尽管那个问题很复杂，计算机能在几分钟内将它解出。as引导方式状语从句，可译为“正如一样”、“像那样”、“正如”等。Friction,as the term is understood in mechanics,is the resistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact.译：正如大家在力学中所知，摩擦就是两个相接触的物体产生相对运动的阻力。it it的译法的译法 it 用作无人称主语，表示天气、时间、距离用作无人称主语，表示天气、时间、距离等；或用作先行主语、先行宾语，可略去不等；或用作先行主语、先行宾语，可略去不译。译。1.it 的省略We found it necessary to use modern composite materials for tall buildings.译：我们认为，采用现代复合材料建造高层建筑是必要的。无在这种句型上，无在这种句型上，itit本身无词汇意义，但本身无词汇意义，但在被强调部分的前面加译在被强调部分的前面加译“是是”、“正是正是”、“只有只有”等字。等字。2.it 引导强调句型的译法It is to reduce accidents that safety valves are designed.译：正是为了减少事故，才设计了安全阀。3.it 作为人称代词的译法 it代替上文所提及的事物，一般可译成“它”。A new science,safety behavior,has emerged,and it is very closely allied to management and psychology.译：出现了一门新兴学科安全行为科学，它与心理学和管理学关系密切。英语中的多数状语从句可位于主句之前或之后，因此指代的某一事物在主句中可用名词也可用代词；但汉语中的状语从句一般位于主句之前，而指代某一事物总是先出现名词后使用代词。基于上述情况，it往往译成所代替的名词。The light is slowed down as it goes through the lens.译：当光线穿入透镜时，速度就减慢下来。it往代替上文所提及的某件事或上面的整个句子时，可译成“这”、“这一点”。Is a structure safe when loaded?It is a problem to be studied.译：结构受载后还安全吗？这是一个需要研究的问题。thatthat的译法的译法1.that作为限定词，可译成“那”、“该”等Up to thatthat time wood and stone were still the main building materials.译：直到那那时，木材和石头仍是主要建筑材料。2.that作为指示代词的译法 that代表前面的句子时，可译成“这”。Plastics are light and strong and do not rust at all.That That is why they find such wide uses in