《研究生专业英语》PPT课件.ppt

研究生专业英语研究生专业英语英文科技论文写作程序英文科技论文写作程序1.选择论题选择论题2.确立论点确立论点3.搜集材料搜集材料4.拟定提纲拟定提纲5.写作与修改初稿（反复多次进行）写作与修改初稿（反复多次进行）6.注明参考文献注明参考文献7.撰写摘要撰写摘要8.打印校对打印校对论文的基本结构论文题目论文题目Title作者姓名及单位作者姓名及单位 Author name and affiliation内容提要内容提要Abstract关键词关键词Key words正文正文Text body致谢致谢Acknowledgements(可省）可省）参考文献参考文献References附录附录Appendix(根据需要）根据需要）作者简介作者简介Resume(视刊物而定）视刊物而定）论文正文构成1.1.引言引言/概述概述IntroductionIntroduction2.2.背景分析背景分析 Background(Background(视情况而定）视情况而定）3.3.材料和实验材料和实验 Materials and experimentsMaterials and experiments4.4.实验结果实验结果ResultsResults5.5.讨论讨论DiscussionDiscussion6.6.结论结论/总结总结ConclusionsConclusions标题标题论文题目写在第一行的正中。如果较长，可写成论文题目写在第一行的正中。如果较长，可写成两、三行。一般居中排列。题尾不加句号。两、三行。一般居中排列。题尾不加句号。论文题目一般为名词词组或名词短语，较少使用论文题目一般为名词词组或名词短语，较少使用完整的句子。在必须使用动词的情况下，一般用完整的句子。在必须使用动词的情况下，一般用动名词或具有动词性质的名词。例如：动名词或具有动词性质的名词。例如：Two-dimensionalpatternformationinsurfactant-mediatedepitaxial(取向附生的取向附生的)growthDopantdiffusioninSiGe：modelingstressandGechemicaleffects作者名称作者名称论文的作者姓名一般写在论文题目的下面。按论文的作者姓名一般写在论文题目的下面。按照英美国家的习惯，名（照英美国家的习惯，名（first namefirst name)在前，在前，姓（姓（surname/family name/last namesurname/family name/last name)在后。在后。如果几个人共同撰写，应该逐一写出各自的姓如果几个人共同撰写，应该逐一写出各自的姓名，同时注明作者的工作单位。名，同时注明作者的工作单位。摘要摘要摘要一般放在标题页的正文之前，用不同于正文的字摘要一般放在标题页的正文之前，用不同于正文的字体排版，以突出其显著位置。体排版，以突出其显著位置。摘要是对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度摘要是对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度的概括，使读者不必阅读论文全文即可迅速了解论文的概括，使读者不必阅读论文全文即可迅速了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的论文有思想准备，或内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的论文有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。摘要只对论文者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。摘要只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不架主观评论或解释。一般信息进行浓缩，而不架主观评论或解释。一般50005000字字数论文，摘要长度小于数论文，摘要长度小于300300字。字。注意abstract与summary的区别。关键词关键词关键词既可作为文献检索或分类的标关键词既可作为文献检索或分类的标识，它本身又是论文的主题浓缩。读识，它本身又是论文的主题浓缩。读者可以从中判断论文的主题、研究方者可以从中判断论文的主题、研究方向、所用方法等。关键词以名词或名向、所用方法等。关键词以名词或名词短语居多。缩略语慎用。词短语居多。缩略语慎用。致谢致谢论文的作者可以在论文的末尾对他论文的作者可以在论文的末尾对他人对自己工作的指导、帮助和资助人对自己工作的指导、帮助和资助表示感谢，即为致谢。一般置于结表示感谢，即为致谢。一般置于结论之后，参考文献之前。论之后，参考文献之前。参考文献参考文献参考文献的具体内容和形式不统一，大家读比较头痛。参考文献的具体内容和形式不统一，大家读比较头痛。一般包括一下三项内容：一般包括一下三项内容：作者、题目、出版事项作者、题目、出版事项出版事项指：书刊名称，出版地点，出版单位，出版事项指：书刊名称，出版地点，出版单位，出版年份与卷、期、页。出版年份与卷、期、页。1.T.P.L.Pedersen,A.N.Larsen,andA.Mesli,Appl.Phys.Lett.75,4085(1999).2.H.Weman,B.Monemar,G.S.Oehrlein,S.J.Jeng,Phys.Rev.B42(1990)3109.3.LeeSKandStebbinJ,Structureofsilicateglassesandmeltsathigh pressure:quantum chemical calculations and solid-stateNMR,JournalofPhysicalChemistryB,2004,108:5889-5900.如何写摘要摘要的内容摘要的内容摘要的写作必须准确、简洁，概述与细节之间应摘要的写作必须准确、简洁，概述与细节之间应该平衡互补。内容取舍的标准首先是对论文本身该平衡互补。内容取舍的标准首先是对论文本身重点的内容的理解，其次是应该考虑到读者阅读重点的内容的理解，其次是应该考虑到读者阅读的方式。的方式。资料性摘要资料性摘要一般包括的内容为：一般包括的内容为：1、方法手段简介、方法手段简介(Methodology)2、主要结果、主要结果(Results)3、结论和建议、结论和建议(ConclusionsandSuggestions)摘要的语言摘要的语言摘要的时态1、叙述研究方法和目的时，使用现在时。、叙述研究方法和目的时，使用现在时。2、报道研究结果时，使用现在时。、报道研究结果时，使用现在时。3、介绍研究过程时，可以用过去时。、介绍研究过程时，可以用过去时。4、陈述结论或建议，用现在时。、陈述结论或建议，用现在时。5、根据需要，也可以适当用完成时。、根据需要，也可以适当用完成时。摘要的语态主动语态为主，被动语态比其它写作更常见。主动语态为主，被动语态比其它写作更常见。常用句型和表达方法常用句型和表达方法1、回顾或介绍相关专业知识、回顾或介绍相关专业知识AnPTCceramicispresentinthispaper.ThispaperreviewsthemethodfordealingwithThisarticlesummarizesthetheory2、阐明论文写作目的、阐明论文写作目的ThepurposeofthisstudyistoexploreanewmethodThepaperattemptstoanalyzeintermsofThestudyisaimedatfindingoutthesimilaritiesThemainobjectiveofthisinvestigationisBasedonourresearch,weintenttofindout3、陈述论文的论点或作者的观点、陈述论文的论点或作者的观点Thecarbon-relateddefectsarediscussedThispaperreportsthepreparationandthequantumconfinementeffectsofThispaperdealswith(concerns)4、介绍研究过程和研究范围、介绍研究过程和研究范围Thecharacteristicofwasinvestigated.Westudythesynthesismethodofinthispaper.Theprincipleofpreparingisproposed.ThesamplesofpyroelectricceramicwerecollectedbyThePTCeffectismeasuredby6、阐述论证或结果、阐述论证或结果TheresultsshowthatItisfoundthattheamorphousSishowatendencyinThestudyofthosepropertiesindicatesTheexperimentalresultsdemonstratethat7、介绍结论、介绍结论ItisconcludedthattheabsorptionspectraofBasedon,thefollowingconclusioncanbedrawnInconclusion,theresultsshowsTheresearchhasledtoInsummary,8、突出论文的重点、突出论文的重点ThispaperfocusesonTheprimaryconcernofthispaperisParticularattentionisontherevolutionofThispaperconcentratesontheeffectsofTheemphasisisonisthemaintopicofthispaper.COVERLETTER(投稿信投稿信)实用指南实用指南 什么是什么是coverletter？coverletter的内容主要包括那些？的内容主要包括那些？如何写如何写coverletter？常用模板常用模板 例文例文 1、什么是什么是coverletter？2、coverletter的内容主要包括那些？的内容主要包括那些？所投稿件的核心内容、主要发现和意义，拟投期刊，所投稿件的核心内容、主要发现和意义，拟投期刊，对稿件处理有无特殊要求等。对稿件处理有无特殊要求等。附上主要作者的中文姓名、通讯地址、电话、传真和附上主要作者的中文姓名、通讯地址、电话、传真和e-mail地址。地址。有的杂志要求推荐几位审稿人及其联系方式。以及谁已有的杂志要求推荐几位审稿人及其联系方式。以及谁已经阅读过该文。经阅读过该文。说明你论文研究的意义，以及与这个杂志的相关性；说明你论文研究的意义，以及与这个杂志的相关性；写明没有一搞多投等。写明没有一搞多投等。临床实验要求写明符合伦理学要求。临床实验要求写明符合伦理学要求。3、如何写如何写coverletter？在杂志的在杂志的guideforauthors一般会有要求。一般会有要求。4、常用模板：、常用模板：（1）CoverletterDearMr.*Theworkdescribedhasnotbeensubmittedelsewhereforpublication,inwholeorinpart,andalltheauthorslistedhaveapprovedthemanuscriptthatisenclosed.IhavereadandhaveabidedbythestatementofethicalstandardsformanuscriptssubmittedtoNeuroscience.kindregards.Yoursincerely,通讯作者通讯作者（2）DearDr.主编主编name:Wesubmitourmanuscriptentitled文章文章titleto杂志名杂志名forpublication.接着简单介绍你文章的主要创新点和意义，不易接着简单介绍你文章的主要创新点和意义，不易过多，但要突出新意和关键点。过多，但要突出新意和关键点。Allauthorshaveseenthemanuscriptandapprovedtosubmittoyourjournal.Thankyouverymuchforyourattentionandconsideration.Sincerelyyours,通讯作者通讯作者（3）Dr.*Editor-in-Chief,*(addaddress)January22,2003DearDr.*,Enclosedherewithpleasefind3copiesofaMSby:*.*and*entitled:“*”,whichwewouldliketosubmitforpublicationinthe*.Lookingforwardtoyourdecision,Withkindpersonalregards,Sincerelyyours,*Professorof*（4）DearProf.Gil:Thisisamanuscriptby*and*entitled“.”.Itissubmittedtobeconsideredforpublicationasa“.”inyourjournal.Thispaperisnew.Neithertheentirepapernoranypartofitscontenthasbeenpublishedorhasbeenacceptedelsewhere.Itisnotbeingsubmittedtoanyotherjournal.Webelievethepapermaybeofparticularinteresttothereadersofyourjournalasit.Correspondenceshouldbeaddressedto*atthefollowingaddress,phoneandfaxnumber,andemailaddress:.Thanksverymuchforyourattentiontoourpaper.Sincerelyyours,*例文例文1例文例文2例文例文3例文例文4例文例文5询问有无收到稿件询问有无收到稿件背景介绍：稿件通过邮寄方式已经于背景介绍：稿件通过邮寄方式已经于2009年年1月月3日寄出，结果直到现在没有受到编日寄出，结果直到现在没有受到编辑部的任何信息，询问是否已经收到稿件。辑部的任何信息，询问是否已经收到稿件。DearEditors,Wedispatchedourmanuscripttoyourjournalon3January2009buthavenot,asyet,receiveacknowledgementoftheirsafearrival.Wefearthatmayhavebeenlostandshouldbegratefulifyouwouldletusknowwhetherornotyouhavereceivedthem.Ifnot,wewillsendourmanuscriptagain.Thankyouinadvanceforyourhelp.询问论文审查回音询问论文审查回音 背景介绍：背景介绍：编辑部收到您的论文时间已经超过编辑部收到您的论文时间已经超过1212周，周，询问论文是否已经被接受或者被拒。询问论文是否已经被接受或者被拒。如果您是编辑部的编辑，收到此信后，要如果您是编辑部的编辑，收到此信后，要作何答复。作何答复。DearEditors，Itismorethan12weekssinceIsubmittedourmanuscript(No:)forpossiblepublicationinyourjournal.Ihavenotyetreceivedareplyandamwonderingwhetheryouhavereachedadecision.Ishouldappreciatedyourlettingmeknowwhatyouhavedecidedassoonaspossible.Dear*,Thankyouforyoure-mail.Wewouldliketosincerelyapologizeforthelongdelayinreviewingyourarticle.Yourarticlewassenttomanydifferentreferees,mostofwhomfeltthattheywereeitherunqualifiedortheirtimewastoorestrictedtoreviewthepaper.Weunderstandthatyoumustfeelfrustrated,andwearesorryforthis.Pleaseunderstandthatwerelyentirelyontherefereestoreturnarticlestousspeedily.Unfortunately,thisisnotalwaysthecase.Itwouldbemuchappreciatedifyoucouldsuggestanalternativerefereeforyourarticle,apersonwhomaybeabletoreviewthearticleinamoreappropriatetimeframe.Pleaseforwardthispersonscontactdetails(e-mailaddress)tousassoonaspossible.Wewilldoourverybesttospeeduptheprocess.Weapologizeforanyinconveniencethatyouexperiencedduetothisdelay,andweappreciateyouunderstandingandtriedpatienceinthisregard.如何询问稿件以及编辑的答复如何询问稿件以及编辑的答复背景介绍：稿件已经寄出将近一个月，询背景介绍：稿件已经寄出将近一个月，询问一下稿件的情况。问一下稿件的情况。DearEditor,Iamnotsureifitistherighttimetocontactyouagaintoinquireaboutthestatusofmysubmittedmanuscript(ref:*)althoughnearlyonemouthhavepassedsinceIcontactedyoulasttime.Iwouldbegreatlyappreciateifyoucouldspendsomeofyourtimecheckthestatusforme.Bestregards*邀请函上没有老外签名，无法签证邀请函上没有老外签名，无法签证背景介绍：老外的签名跟我们的盖章差不背景介绍：老外的签名跟我们的盖章差不多，没有签名的东西是不正式的，我多，没有签名的东西是不正式的，我（Whyerect）去参加某次国际会议，签证的去参加某次国际会议，签证的时候才发现，粗心的老外给我的邀请函没时候才发现，粗心的老外给我的邀请函没有他的签名，我只好有他的签名，我只好e-mail给她（给她（Ms.Rose）询问，并马上传真给我。）询问，并马上传真给我。DearMs.Rose:IamWhyerectfromChina,whoplanstoparticipatethe11thInternationalSymposiumonDataMining2002inSyndney.Theposternumberofmypaperis007.IfoundtheOFFICIALACCEPTANCELETTERyousenttomewaslackofyoursignature.IamafraidthiswouldcausetroublewhenIgototheembassyformyvisa.CouldyoupleasesendmeafaxorelectronicversionofOFFICIALACCEPTANCELETTERwithyourautograph?Thankyou!RegardsWhyerect老外的答复老外的答复DearWhyerect:Thankyouforyourmessage.Iamsorrythatthecorrectedinvitationhasnotreachedyou.Ihaverequestedanewmailingtobesenttoyoutoday.BestRegards,Rose你希望老外最好给你传真一份，这样你可以有足你希望老外最好给你传真一份，这样你可以有足够的时间来签证，按照大使馆的规定，签证可能够的时间来签证，按照大使馆的规定，签证可能需要需要2-3周，再写信说明你的意思周，再写信说明你的意思。DearMs.Rose,CouldyoupleasefaxacopyofmyacceptanceletterfirstsothatIcouldhaveenoughtimeformyvisaapplication?Thevisaapplicationwilltakemeabout2-3weeksaccordingtotheembassy.Thanksalot!RegardsWhyerectDearWhyerect,TheinvitationletterforyourpresentationatSPIEsInternationalSymposiumDataMining(22-27October2002)hasbeenmailed.AnAdobeacrobatpadfileoftheletterisattachedtothismessageforyouruse.WelookforwardtoyourparticipationinSydney.BestregardsRose一、投稿信一、投稿信二、询问有无收到稿件二、询问有无收到稿件三、询问论文审查回音三、询问论文审查回音四、关于论文的总体审查意见四、关于论文的总体审查意见五、给编辑的回信五、给编辑的回信 四、关于论文的总体审查意见四、关于论文的总体审查意见 1.Thisisacarefullydonestudyandthefindingsareofconsiderableinterest.Afewminorrevisionarelistbelow.2.Thisisawell-writtenpapercontaininginterestingresultswhichmeritpublication.Forthebenefitofthereader,however,anumberofpointsneedclarifyingandcertainstatementsrequirefurtherjustification.Therearegivenbelow.3.Althoughtheseobservationareinteresting,theyareratherlimitedanddonotadvanceourknowledgeofthesubjectsufficientlytowarrantpublicationinPNAS.Wesuggestthattheauthorstrysubmittingtheirfindingstospecialistjournalsuchas4.Althoughthispaperisgood,itwouldbeeverbetterifsomeextradatawereadded.5.Thismanuscriptisnotsuitableforpublicationinthejournalofbecausethemainobservationitdescribewasreported3yearsagoinareputablejournalof-.6.PleaseasksomeonefamiliarwithEnglishlanguagetohelpyourewritethispaper.Asyouwillsee,Ihavemadesomecorrectionatthebeginningofthepaperwheresomesyntaxisnotsatisfactory.7.WefeelthatthispotentiallyinterestingstudyhasbeenmarredbyaninabilitytocommunicatethefindingcorrectlyinEnglishandshouldliketosuggestthattheauthorsseektheadviceofsomeonewithagoodknowledgeofEnglish,preferablenativespeaker.8.Thewordingandstyleofsomesection,particularlythoseconcerningHPLC,needcarefulediting.AttentionshouldbepaidtothewordingofthosepartsoftheDiscussionofandSummarywhichhavebeenunderlined.9.PreliminaryexperimentsonlyhavebeendoneandwithexceptionofthatsummarizedinTable2,nonehasbeenrepeated.Thisisclearlyunsatisfactory,particularlywhenthereissomuchvariationbetweenassays.10.Theconditionofincubationarepoorlydefined.Whatisthetemperature?Wereantibodyused?五、给编辑的回信五、给编辑的回信1.Inreplytotherefereesmaincriticismofpaper,itispossibletosaythatOneminorpointraisedbytherefereeconcernsoftheextracompositionofthereactionmixtureinFigure1.Thishasnowbeencorrected.Furtherminorchangeshadbeenmadeonpage3,paragraph1(line3-8)and2(line6-11).Thesedonotaffectourinterpretationoftheresult.2.Ihavereadtherefereescommentsverycarefullyandconcludethatthepaperhasbeenrejectedonthesolegroundsthatitlaketoxicitydata.IadmitthatIdidnotincludeatoxicitytableinmyarticlealthoughperhapsIshouldhavedone.Thiswasforthesakeofbrevityratherthananerrororomission.3.Thankyouforyourletterofandfortherefereescommentsconcerningourmanuscriptentitled“”.Wehavestudiedtheircommentscarefullyandhavemadecorrectionwhichwehopemeetwiththeirapproval.4.Ienclosedarevisedmanuscriptwhichincludesareportofadditionalexperimentsdoneattherefereessuggestion.Youwillseethatouroriginalfindingsareconfirmed.5.Wearesendingtherevisedmanuscriptaccordingtothecommentsofthereviewers.Revisedportionareunderlinedinred.6.Wefoundtherefereescommentsmosthelpfulandhaverevisedthemanuscript7.Wearepleasedtonotethefavorablecommentsofreviewersintheiropeningsentence.8.Thankyouforyourletter.IamverypleasedtolearnthatourmanuscriptisacceptableforpublicationinCancerResearchwithminorrevision.9.Wehavethereforecompletedafurtherseriesofexperiments,theresultofwhicharesummarizedinTable5.Fromthisweconcludethatintrinsicfactorisnotaccount.10.Wedeletedtherelevantpassagesincetheyarenotessentialtothecontentsofthepaper.11.IfeelthatthereviewerscommentsconcerningFigures1and2resultfromamisinterpretationofthedata.12.Wewouldhaveincludeanon-proteininhibitorinoursystem,asacontrol,ifonehadbeenavailable.13.WeprefertoretaintheuseofTable4forreasonsthatitshouldbeclearfromthenewparagraphinsertedattheendoftheResultssection.14.Althoughreviewerdoesnotconsideritisimportanttomeasurethetemperatureofthecells,weconsideritessential.15.Therunningtitlehasbeenchangedto“”.16.TheMaterialsandMethodssectionnowincludesdetailsformeasuringuptakeofisotopeandassayinghexokinase.17.TheconcentrationofHATmedia(page12paragraph2)wasincorrectlystatedintheoriginalmanuscript.Thishasbeenrectified.Theauthorsaregratefultotherefereesforpointingouttheirerror.18.Assuggestedbybothreferees,adiscussionofthepossibilityoflaseractiononchromosomehasbeenincluded(page16,paragraph2).19.Weincludedanewsetofphotographswithbetterdefinitionthanthoseoriginallysubmittedandtowhichascalehasbeenadded.20.Followingthesuggestionofthereferees,wehaveredrawFigure3and4.21.Twofurtherpapers,publishedsinceouroriginalsubmission,havebeenaddedtothetextandReferencesection.Theseare:22.Weshouldliketothanktherefereesfortheirhelpfulcommentsandhopethatwehavenowproducedamorebalanceandbetteraccountofourwork.Wetrustthattherevisedmanuscriptisacceptableforpublication.23.Igreatlyappreciatebothyourhelpandthatoftherefereesconcerningimprovementtothispaper.Ihopethattherevisedmanuscriptisnowsuitableforpublication.24.Ishouldliketoexpressmyappreciationtoyouandtherefereesforsuggestinghowtoimproveourpaper.25.Iapologizeforthedelayinrevisingthemanuscript.Thiswasduetoourdoinganadditionalexperiment,assuggestedbyreferees.没有出席会议，索要论文集没有出席会议，索要论文集 背景：会议论文被录用，但没有出席会议，背景：会议论文被录用，但没有出席会议，对方邮寄了光盘，询问是否有纸质论文集。对方邮寄了光盘，询问是否有纸质论文集。DearSeanThanksforsendingtheCD-ROMcopy,butIhavenotreceivedthebook(theprodeeding),Iwanttoknowwhetherabookshouldbeincluded.Asyouknow,theprintedcopywouldbemorebelievableandusefulasareference,IfIwantonehowmuchitcost?Thankyou.BestwishesJinkeHelloDr.,Aprintedversionis125pluswhatevershippingandcurrencyconversioncosts.Theycanbeorderedandpaidforthroughthesamerouteadpreviously.CheersDr.SeanD.Dessureault2005APCOMChairman 科技英语写作语法错误举例科技英语写作语法错误举例英语写作表达的几个问题英语写作表达的几个问题科技英语写作语法错误举例1Subject-VerbAgreements2RestrictiveandNonrestrictiveClauses3DanglingModifiers（垂悬修饰语）4AwkwardOmissionsofVerbsandAuxiliaryVerbs 1Subject-VerbAgreements例1Applicationofthistechniquetostudiesonphytoplanktonbiomassanditsenvironmentsaredescribed.说明Thesubjectis“application”,whichissingular.Applicationofthistechniquetoisdescribed.Sometimes,two singular subjects joined by“and”causethiserror.例2GrowthandisolationofM13viruswasdescribedGrowthandisolationofM13virusweredescribed.Exception:Asubjectthatispluralinformbutsingularineffecttakesasingularverb.例3Thenameandaddressofeachcontributorisgivenonthetitlepage.例4Researchanddevelopmentisattractingagrowingnumberofyoungscientists.However,whent