工程管理专业英语教程.ppt

Unit 1 The Importance of Management in Civil Engineering Lesson 1 Emerging Role of Management in Civil Engineering1.Why are managerial skills highly demanded in civil engineering?Because civil engineering firms have grown substantially in staff size,disciplines,and geographic areas served,so these conditions have created a demand for civil engineers with special skills in project management.2.What are the main subjects one should learn in order to get MPM(Masters in Project Management)?It includes subjects as:1.Financial issues for engineers2.Bargaining and negotiations3.Human resources management4.Project scheduling5.Accounting issues for engineers6.Engineering law3.Why is it necessary to provide a local manager?What kind of qualities should he possess?When the projects are based in remote locations,particularly overseas,and when the client requires the design to be carried out locally,it becomes necessary to provide a project manager possessing not only well-honed engineering skills and good judgment,but other skills in contract management,such as those needed to negotiate changes in project scope and duration.Lesson 2 The Construction IndustryWhat is construction?Why is the construction of projects so complicated?Construction is essentially a service industry,whose responsibility is to convert the plans and specifications prepared by an engineer or an architect into a finished project.The construction of projects involves thousands of details and complex interrelationships among owners,architects,engineers,general contractors,speciality contractors,manufacturers,material dealers,equipment distributors,governmental bodies and agencies,labor,and others What should designers and constructors do in order to cooperate with each other harmoniously?The designer must be in close contact with everything that is done during the construction work so that any changes in the site conditions,materials and work being done can be evaluated and,if necessary,corrected or improved.The constructors should have the same knowledge of the working-plan as the designer.They must also know the details of the design and must understand any unusual aspect of the design.Both the designers and constructors must always work in harmony.Give a brief analysis of the five steps of construction.The first stage of evaluation consists of a careful study of demand of design and of the site itself.The second stage is most important if the job is to be done economically.The equipment,labor and materials for each stage in the construction must be provided at the correct time.The third includes constructing access roads,making the warehouse,concrete mixers,offices and housing for the workmen ready.The fourth is building the structure and the fifth is cleaning up.Unit 2 Building Types and MaterialsLesson 3 Building Types1.What are industrial buildings and civil buildings?Industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling,employment,education and other social activities.2.What are peoples requirements today for housing besides shelters?Why?people today require much more than this of their housing.A family moving into a new neighborhood will want to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety,health,and comfort.A family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops,food markets,schools,stores,the library,a movie theater,and the community center.3.What is the modern trend of industrial buildings?The modern trend is towards light,airy factory buildings with the offices,reception rooms,telephone exchange,etc.,house in one low building overlooking the access road,the workshop,also light and airy,being less accessible to public view.Lesson 4 Material Procurement and Delivery1.According to the text,what is the broad classification of material for delivery?The materials for delivery to and from a construction site may be broadly classified as:(1)bulk materials,(2)standard off-the-shelf materials,and(3)fabricated members or units.2.Describe in detail how to simplify field assembly.Fabricated members such as steel beams and columns for buildings are pre-processed in a shop to simplify the field erection procedures.Welded or bolted connections are attached partially to the members which are cut to precise dimensions for adequate fit.Similarly,steel tanks and pressure vessels are often partly or fully fabricated before shipping to the field.3.What should be taken into consideration when it comes to the time for equipment procurement?Requisition ready by designerOwner approvalInquiry issued to vendorsVendor quotations receivedComplete bid evaluation by designerOwner approvalPlace purchase orderReceive preliminary shop drawingsReceive final design drawingsFabrication and delivery Unit 3Construction TechnologyLesson 5 Surveying and Mapping1.How can you survey an area of land?An area of land without hill or many buildings can be accurately surveyed with nothing but a good steel tape,but this is hard work when the land has more sides than four,or when its sides are longer than 1,000 meters.A small area with many hindrances to the lines of sight across it can not be exactly surveyed with a tape,and an instrument that measures angles will then be needed.2.In what way can you get the length of the unmeasured sides?With a theodolite,it is possible to get the lengths of the unmeasured sides from the known angles of the triangle and measured side.3.How do you use a tachometer?The tacheometer is often used with the plane table.It is an ordinary theodolite with two horizontal hair lines in the telescope which are at such a distance apart that they subtend at a100 meters a length of 1 meter.Lesson 6 Earthwork1.What does earthmoving mean?How can the earthwork costs be reduced?Earthwork or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high(cuts),and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low(fills).To reduce earthwork costs,the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placed near to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handling of the fill.2.What are the respective advantages and disadvantages of draglines,bulldozers and face shovels?Draglines,bulldozers and face shovels can do this.The largest radius is obtained with the draglines,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer,though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself,it cannot dig with force into compacted material,it cannot dig on steep slopes,and its dumping and digging are not accurate.3.What is the distinction between dumpers and dump trucks?The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered.Dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load.Dump trucks are heavy,strengthened tipping lorries,the driver travels in front of the load and the load is dumped behind him,so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks.Unit 4Project Management1.What is project management and how is it accomplished?Project management is the application of knowledge,skills,tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirements.Project management is accomplished through the application and integration of the project management processes of initiating,planning,executing,monitoring and controlling,and closing.The project manager is the person responsible for accomplishing the project objectives.2.What are the points included in managing a project?Managing a project includes:Identifying requirements Establishing clear and achievable objectives Balancing the competing demands for quality,scope,time and cost Adapting the specifications,plans,and approach to the different concerns and expectations of the various stakeholders.3.How do you understand the first sentence of the last paragraph?The term“project management”is sometimes used to describe an organizational or managerial approach to the management of projects and some ongoing operations,which can be redefined as projects,that is also referred to as“management by projects.”An organization that adopts this approach defines its activities as projects in a way that is consistent with the definition of a project.Lesson 8 The Project Life Cycle1.What is a project life cycle and what is the function of its definition?Managers or the organization can divide projects into phases to provide better management control with appropriate links to the ongoing operations of the performing organization.Collectively,these phases are known as the project life cycle.2.When does fast tracking happen?It is not uncommon for a phase to begin prior to the approval of the previous phases deliverables,when the risks involved are deemed acceptable.This practice of overlapping phases,normally done in sequence,is an example of the application of the schedule compression technique called fast tracking.3.What kind of problems should a project life cycle generally define?What technical work to do in each phase(for example,in which phase should the architects work be performed?)?When the deliverables are to be generated in each phase and how each deliverable is reviewed,verified,and validated?Who is involved in each phase(for example,concurrent engineering requires that the implementers be involved with requirements and design)?How to control and approve each phase?4.Are the life cycles of different projects identical?Why or why not?Although many project life cycles have similar phase names with similar deliverables,few life cycles are identical.Some can have four or five phases,but others may have nine or more.Unit 5Scheduling ProcedureLesson 9 Construction Project Planning1.Describe the functions and characteristics of bar chart.In addition to showing an estimated start and finish time for each activity,the bar chart provides for calculating the time at which various resources are needed for the project plan and provides the contractor with a means of recording the actual work progress of the project activities Its characters are visual effectiveness and simplicity.2.Make a comparison between bar charts and network models.A network is a diagrammatic representation of the projects activities.Whereas the bar chart is restricted in its ability to identify the complex interrelationships which exist between project activities and in its ability to indicate optimal activity timing,calculations may be made by means of the network which indicates optimal activity timing decisions.As a result,the network model has become a widely used project planning tool.3.Give a brief description of arrow notion and circle notation.An arrow-notation network is constructed by using arrows to represent activities.The relation,or logic,between activities is represented by connecting the arrows by means of circles(often referred to as network nodes).The nodes represent events which are points in time.A circle-notation network may also be constructed to represent the logic between a projects activities.In the circle notation network,an activity is represented by a circle.The logic between the activity circles is shown by connecting the circles with arrows.As in the arrow notation network,the actual length of the arrow is of no significance.4.What are the respective advantages of arrow nation and circle notion?Arrow notation has the advantage of providing a better visual representation of the activity logic than the circle-notation network.When activity logic becomes complex,it becomes difficult to visually follow in circle-notation network.Another advantage of the arrow-notation network is that it is relatively easy to transform the network into a tie scale.The circle-notation network has the advantage of being easier to construct than the arrow-notation network.There is no need for the use of the dummy activity.The circle-notation network is especially advantageous when changes in the activity logic must be made.Lesson10 Relevance of Construction Schedules1.Why is project scheduling so important?Good scheduling can eliminate problems due to production bottlenecks,facilitate the timely procurement of necessary materials,and otherwise insure the completion of a project as soon as possible.In contrast,poor scheduling can result in considerable waste as laborers and equipment wait for the availability of needed resources or the completion of preceding tasks.Delays in the completion of an entire project due to poor scheduling can also create havoc for owners who are eager to start using the constructed facilities.2.What are the different attitudes toward formal scheduling of a project?Attitudes toward the formal scheduling of projects are often extreme.Many owners require detailed construction schedules to be submitted by contractors as a means of monitoring the work progress.In contrast to these instances of reliance upon formal schedules,many field supervisors disdain and dislike formal scheduling procedures.In particular,the critical path method of scheduling is commonly required by owners and has been taught in universities for over two decades,but is often regarded in the field as irrelevant to actual operations and a time consuming distraction.3.State the basic distinction that exists between resource oriented and time oriented scheduling techniques.A basic distinction exists between resource oriented and time oriented scheduling techniques.For resource oriented scheduling,the focus is on using and scheduling particular resources in an effective fashion.Unit 6Construction QualityLesson 11 Quality Control and Quality Assurance1.How do you understand the term quality control?Give examples.Quality control assures the reliability of performance of the designed system in accordance with assumed and expected reserve strengths in the design.A quality assurance system needs to be provided based on the exercise of quality control at various phases and interacting parameters of a total system 2.What are the activities that may influence the final quality of a concrete structure?1.Based on clearly defined fundamental requirements that satisfy the operational,environmental,and boundary conditions set for the project at the outset.2.Properly presented in accurate,well-dimensioned engineering working drawings based on optimal design procedures.3.Correctly and effectively carried out by competent personnel in accordance with predetermined plans and working drawings well supervised during the design stage.4.Systematically executed in accordance with detailed specifications that conform to the applicable code and local regulations.3.What factors may affect the quality of the finished product?As previous sections of this book have discussed,many other factors affect the quality of the finished product such as water/cement ratio,cement content,creep and shrinkage characteristics,freeze and thaw properties,and other durability aspects and