非谓语动词的种类及用法.pptx

动词不定式分词动名词现在分词过去分词v.ing第1页/共55页非谓语动词的句法作用非谓语动词的句法作用动词不定式动词不定式 现在分词现在分词 过去分词过去分词动名词动名词主语主语宾语宾语表语表语定语定语状语状语补足语补足语第2页/共55页口诀：口诀：不定式，本领强，六种成分都能当。动名词，不示弱，主宾表定都能作。两分词，不相让，表定状补争亮相。第3页/共55页1.不定式的时态和语态 时态时态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般时一般时to do to be done进行时进行时to be doing 完成时完成时to have doneto have been done (1)不定式的时态 不定式的一般式表示将来要发生的动作或表示一种状态。I wish to finish my business and get away.He pretended to be asleep when his mother came in.一、动词不定式第4页/共55页 不定式的完成式表示不定式动作已完成或发生在句子的谓语动词之前。He is generally considered to have invented the telephone.不定式的进行式表示不定式动作仍在进行之中。It happened to be raining hard when the accident occurred.第5页/共55页(2)不定式的语态 当不定式与自己的逻辑主语之间是主动关系时,用主动语态；如果是被动关系则用被动语态。He refused to go abroad.He refused to be taken abroad.【注】下列情况下不定式用主动形式表达被动意义：不定式作定语时。She has a sister to look after.不定式放在形容词之后时。This book is difficult to understand.个别动词用在“be不定式”结构中表将来或应该时。I think he is to blame.我认为他应该受到责备。第6页/共55页1).不定式作主语 To know something about English is one thing；to know English is quite another.此时，常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在句子的后部。It isnt easy for her to find a new job.2).不定式作宾语 不定式可作某些动词的宾语，常见的动词有：afford，agree，ask，decide，desire，expect，fail，hope，manage，promise，pretend，plan，intend，refuse，wish等。I promised not to be late.2.不定式的功能第7页/共55页介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时，如前面有实义动词do，不定式就要省略to。It has no choice but to lie down and sleep.They did nothing but complain.3).不定式作宾语补足语某些动词如tell，want，wish，advise，order，require，expect，remind，persuade，encourage，convince，force，beg，allow，forbid等后可接不定式作宾语补足语。My doctor advised me to take a rest.第8页/共55页某些感官动词或使役动词后面可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。但如果句子变成被动语态时，就必须带to 符号。Did you notice anyone go into the house?Was anyone noticed to go into the house?五看二听一感觉三使役半帮助look at/see/watch/notice/observelisten to/hearfeelmake/let/havehelp第9页/共55页某些动词如find，feel，think，expect，consider，make等后可 接不定式作宾语，但宾语后要接形容词或名词作宾语补足语，而且要用it作形式宾语。News services make it possible for newspapers to give their readers news from around the world.第10页/共55页4).不定式作定语 Do you have the ability to read and write English?作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词 是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。Please give me a knife to cut with.不定式作定语一般表示将来的动作，但修饰有序数词或形容词最高级限定的名词时，则表示已完成的动作。I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.第11页/共55页5).不定式作状语不定式一般作目的状语，还可用短语in order to 或so as to。He sat down to have a rest.不定式有时可作结果状语，表示意想不到的结果，还可用only to。He left，never to return.He lifted a stone only to drop it on his own feet.第12页/共55页He was so careless as to forget to lock the door.不定式可用在下列句子中表示结果：第13页/共55页 不定式可作评注性状语，用以修饰整个句子。To be honest，I know nothing about it.6).不定式作表语 The first step is to check the victims breathing.All I did was(to)press the button.7).“疑问词不定式”在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语。When and where to hold the meeting is not known yet.I didnt know whether to laugh or cry about it.【注】此时不可用if to do结构。第14页/共55页3.不定式的省略问题 有时为了避免重复，不定式可用省略形式，但常常要保留不定式符号to。这种情况常出现在动词expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，care，forget，want，try或be glad，be happy或would like/love等后面。如果不定式中含有be，have，have been时，这些词也可保留。I havent been to Hong Kong，but I wish to.“I didnt tell him the news.”“You ought to have.”第15页/共55页1.现在分词的功能 (1)现在分词作宾语补足语 下列动词后可接现在分词作宾补：see，hear，notice，observe，watch，listen to，look at，have，keep，leave，find，catch，feel等。She kept me waiting for over 20 minutes.【注】如果句子改为被动语态，那么现在分词则变为主语补足语。The boy was caught cheating in the exam.二、分词第16页/共55页 (2)现在分词作表语 The movie is very boring.(3)现在分词作定语 现在分词作定语时，通常表示与先行词之间是主动关系。The taxi taking us to the airport broke down.【注】being done形式表示正在进行中的动作，且与先行词之间是被动关系。The house being built will serve as a library.正在建的那座房子将作为图书馆用。第17页/共55页 (4)现在分词作状语 现在分词作状语时，可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。此时，现在分词的逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，而且现在分词与句子的主语之间一般具有逻辑上的主谓关系。The cup dropped to the ground，breaking into pieces.第18页/共55页【注】如果现在分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，就要用分词的独立主格结构。Weather permitting，well play golf this afternoon.现在分词还可作评注性状语，表示说话人的态度，此时现在分词与句子的主语无关。常见的说法有：generally speaking“一般来说”；frankly speaking“坦白地说”；judging from.“根据 来判断”；considering.“考虑到”等。Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly.第19页/共55页2.现在分词的时态和语态主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般时一般时doingbeing done完成时完成时having donehaving been done Not knowing her address，I wasnt able to contact her.I saw him being taken away when I passed by his house.Having bought our tickets，we went into the theatre.Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.第20页/共55页3.过去分词 过去分词一般在句中作宾补、表语、定语和状语，通常表示已完成的被动动作或一种状态。1)Youd better have the television repaired.2)Some of the people invited to the party cant come.3)The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.4)Given a chance，I can surprise the world.5)He stood in front of the room with his arms folded.第21页/共55页三、不定式被动式、过去分词和现在分词的被动式作定语的区别1.过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。Have you read the novel written by Dickens?2.现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。Listen！The song being sung is very popular with the students.3.不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.第22页/共55页1.感官动词(see，watch，observe，look at，hear，listen to，notice等)和使役动词have后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词(不带to的不定式)，现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。1)I heard her sing an English song just now.2)I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.3)I heard the English song sung many times.四、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别第23页/共55页2.leave后接三种形式作宾补时，意为“使处于某种状态”。leavesb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事sth.undone留下某事未做 sb.to do sth.留下某人做某事sth.to be done留下某事要做 第24页/共55页Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.The guests left most of the dishes untouched，because they didnt taste delicious.He left，leaving me to do all the rest work.3.have，get后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have，get表示“使、让、叫”之意。（1）have sth.doneget sth.done“使/让某事由别人去做”。Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.【注】have sth.done还表示“使遭受”之意。Tom had his leg broken while playing football.第25页/共55页 The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.第26页/共55页【注】“have sb.doing”若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之意。I wont have you speaking to your parents like that.Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.I cant get him to stop smoking.He wont listen to me.第27页/共55页五、注意以下表达的意义区别 第28页/共55页1.动名词的时态和语态 主动语态主动语态被动语态被动语态一般一般doingbeing done完成完成having donehaving been done 1)He went away without saying anything.2)He came into the room without being seen.3)Im sorry for having wasted so much of your time.4)I forgot having been given a Christmas gift years ago三、动名词第29页/共55页2.动名词的句法功能 (1)动名词作主语 Watching them is a thrilling experience.【注】有时用it 作形式主语，而把动词的ing 形式放在句子的后部。It is no use crying over spilt milk.第30页/共55页(2)动名词作宾语 下列动词后只能接动名词作宾语，不可接不定式作宾语：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest等。I admit breaking the window.第31页/共55页下列短语后要接动名词作宾语：burst out，cant stand，end up，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，devote.to，object to，be busy(in)，get down to，have difficulty/trouble(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)等。He didnt want to end up going home alone.第32页/共55页下列动词或短语后接不定式和动名词作宾语时，意义上有所不同。第33页/共55页第34页/共55页第35页/共55页Remember to post the letter for me on your way to school.I remember turning off the light before I left the office.动词like，love，prefer，hate，continue等后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。但如表示经常性的动作要用动名词，如表示具体的行为要用不定式。1)I like reading books of this kind,but I dont like to read that book.2)She prefer walking to cycling.3)I prefer to stay at home today.第36页/共55页动词allow，advise，forbid，permit等后接动名词作宾语，但要接不定式作宾语补足语。We dont allow smoking here.We dont allow students to smoke.动词need，require，want作“需要”解时，其后要用动名词的主动语态或不定式的被动式作宾语。The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.第37页/共55页 介词后要接动名词作宾语。What do you mean by saying that?I congratulated them on getting married(3)动名词作表语 My hobby is growing flowers.(4)动名词作定语 He had a very expensive walking stick.形容词worth后要接动名词的主动语态表达被动意义，它不同于worthy 的用法。The place is worth visiting.The place is worthy of being visited/to be visited.第38页/共55页3.动名词的复合结构 动名词之前有时要加上自己的逻辑主语构成复合结构，逻辑主语可用名词的所有格或物主代词，有时也可用名词或宾格代词。1)I cant imagine George sailing across the ocean in a boat.2)My coming back home late made my mother very angry.第39页/共55页1.The last one _ pays the meal.Agreed!A.arrived B.arrives C.to arrive D.arriving 解析：不定式to arrive 作the last one 的后置定语，表示“最后来的那个人”。答案：C 过关落实第40页/共55页2.I smell something _ in the kitchen.Can I call you back in a minute?A.burning B.burnt C.being burnt D.to be burnt 解析：强调“闻到某物正在燃烧”，选择v.ing形式，且此处burn 为不及物动词，因此不用被动形式。答案：A第41页/共55页3.At the beginning of the class，the noise of desks _could be heard outside the classroom.A.opened and closed B.to be opened and closed C.being opened and closed D.to open and close 解析：句中意为“桌子(抽屉)正在被打开、关上的声音”，强调动作正在进行，用being done。答案：C 第42页/共55页4.The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day.A.watered B.watering C.water D.to water 解析：unless watered作条件状语，表示条件，water因和主语(the flowers)为动宾关系，故用过去分词形式。答案：A第43页/共55页5.As a result of the serious flood，twothirds of the buildings in the area _.A.need repairing B.needs to repair C.needs repairing D.need to repair 解析：主语中分数修饰的名词为复数(the buildings)，故排除B、C；need doing等于need to be done，表示被动。答案：A 第44页/共55页6.You cant imagine what difficulty we had _ home in the snowstorm.A.walked B.walk C.to walk D.walking 解析：have difficulty(in)doing sth.做某事有困难，固定句型，在本句中difficulty提前了。答案：D第45页/共55页7.Robert is indeed a wise man.Oh，yes.How often I have regretted _ his advice!A.to take B.taking C.not to take D.not taking 解析：regretv.ing形式表示后悔做过某事；v.ing形式的否定式在其前面加not。答案：D 第46页/共55页8.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft，the most recent _ at the end of last March.A.has been launched B.having been launched C.being launched D.to be launched 解析：having been launched等于which has been launched，表示“已经被发射”。答案：B第47页/共55页9.Come on，please give me some ideas about the project.Sorry.With so much work _ my mind，I almost break down.A.filled B.filling C.to fill D.being filled 解析：work与fill为主谓关系，故用filling作宾补。答案：B 第48页/共55页10.As the light turned green，I stood for a moment，not _，and asked myself what I was going to do.A.moved B.moving C.to move D.being moved 解析：此处moving在句中做伴随状语。答案：B第49页/共55页11.I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office.She just refuses _ talking while she works.A.working；stopping B.to work；stopping C.working；to stop D.to work；to stop 解析：stand doing sth.忍受做某事；refuse to do sth.拒绝做某事，均为固定搭配。答案：C 第50页/共55页12.He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out.A.to be told B.to tell C.told D.telling 解析：“only不定式”结构表示一种出乎意料的结果(失望，沮丧等)，此处用不定式的被动式表示“却被告知”。答案：A第51页/共55页13.It is difficult to imagine his _ the decision without any consideration.A.to accept B.accept C.accepting D.accepted 解析：本句中his 为动名词accepting的逻辑主语，动名词的复合结构作动词imagine的宾语。答案：C 第52页/共55页14.Russ and Earl were auto mechanics _ the same pay，but Earl had more ambition.A.to earn B.to have earned C.earning D.earned 解析：本句中earning为后置定语，相当于who earned。答案：C第53页/共55页15.In the dream Peter saw himself _ by a fierce wolf，and he woke suddenly with a start.A.chased B.to be chased C.be chased D.having been chased 解析：see oneself done看到自己被；句子用过去分词chased表示被动(被追逐)。答案：A 第54页/共55页感谢您的观看！第55页/共55页