英美文学鉴赏.pptx

1.Jeffery Chaucer(1340-1400)Father/founder of English Poetry was buried in“poets corner”in Westminster AbbeyMajor works:The Romaunt of the Rose 玫瑰传奇The Parliament of Fowls百鸟议会Troilus and Criseyde 特鲁伊罗斯和克里塞德The Legend of Good Women好女人传The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷故事集第1页/共55页The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury TalesThe story of a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury.A rich,tapestry(织锦)of medieval social life combining elements of all classes,from nobles to workers,from priests and nuns to drunkards and thieves.第2页/共55页The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales1.london dialect 伦敦方言2.heroic couplet英雄双韵体3.iambic pentameter五音步抑扬格4.order of words 语序5.humor,satire and irony 幽默与讽刺艺术第3页/共55页The General Prologue The General Prologue（总序）The General Prologue consists of character sketches of each member of the group that is going to CanterburyThe setting(P3-4)The Prioress 女修道院副院长(P4-5)irony 反讽secular 世俗的hypocritical 虚伪的第4页/共55页2.William Shakespeare(1564-1616)RenaissanceMeaning:rebirth or revivalTime:began in the 14th century,end in the 17th century.Place:began in Italy,later spread to France,Spain and England.A keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture;the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.Essence:humanism第5页/共55页William ShakespeareWorks37 plays2 long narrative poems154 sonnets第6页/共55页William ShakespeareDrama:Tragedies-Hamlet,Macbeth,King Lear,Othello,Romeo and JulietComedies-As You Like It,The Merchants of Venice,Much Ado About Nothing,A Midsummer Nights Dream，The Taming of the Shrew,Twelfth Night Histories-Henry IV,Henry V,Henry VI,Henry VIII,Richard III,Romances/tragicomedies:Cymbeline,The Tempest第7页/共55页HamletCharacters:Hamlet,Claudius,Gertrude,Ophelia,Polonius,LaertesPlot(P10-11)ThemeAct III,Scene I“To be or not to be”(P11-12)Soliloquy(内心独白)（P16）第8页/共55页William Shakespeare:SonnetA sonnet is a lyric invariably of fourteen lines,usually in iambic pentameter五音步抑扬格,restricted to a definite rhyme scheme韵律.Three types of sonnet1)Petrarchan sonnet(彼特拉克体/意大利十四行诗)2)Spenserian Sonnet（斯宾塞体十四行诗）3)Shakespearian Sonnet（莎士比亚/英国体十四行诗第9页/共55页Shakespearian Sonnet3 quatrains+a coupletabab cdcd efef ggSonnet 18(P14)“Shall I compare thee to a summers day?”Theme:A nice summer day is usually transient,but the beauty in poetry can last forever.Thus Shakespeare expresses his faith in the permanence of poetry,of art and love.Figures of speech:simile,metaphor,personification第10页/共55页Artistic achievements Characterization:Shakespeares major characters are individuals representing certain types.Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters inner world.Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairsContrasts plot construction:Shakespeare seldom invents his own plot;instead,he borrows them.There are usually several clues running through the play,thus providing the story with the suspense and apprehension.Language:different poetic forms,such as the sonnet,the blank verse and the rhymed couplet.rich in vocabulary and idiom.第11页/共55页3.John Milton(1608-1674)English poet in 17th centuryBoth his life and his works are closely related to politicsHe became completely blind in 1652Major works:Paradise LostParadise RegainedSamson Agonistes第12页/共55页Paradise Lostepic 史诗blank verse无韵诗Plot(P21-22)Satans Adjuration(P22-23)The image of Satan/God第13页/共55页Sonnet On His Deceased Wife(P24)To his second wife Katherine Woodcockabba abba cdcdcd第14页/共55页4.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)One of the pioneers of the realistic novel in 18th centuryMasterpiece:Robinson Crusoe(1719)第15页/共55页Robinson CrusoeForerunner of the English realistic novelBased on a real story(P30)plot(P30-31)Image of Robinson Crusoe:typical of the English bourgeoisie(资产阶级)of the 18th century：hard-working,iron-willed,persistent,self-relianttheme:the molding of character through the influence of varied environment;glorifying the human labor;a typical character of English bourgeoisie at the early stages of its development;colonization in germ.(P31)Excerpt:P31-34第16页/共55页RomanticismBegins with the publication of Lyrical Ballads(1798)and ends with the death of Sir Walter Scott(1832).Pre-romantic poets:William Blake,Robet BurnsActive romantic poets:George Gordon Byron,Percy Bysshe Shelley,John KeatsPassive romantic poets/Lake Poets:William Wordsworth,Samuel Taylor Coleridge,Robert Southey.第17页/共55页5.William WordsworthPoet Laureate 桂冠诗人Collaborate with Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads:a declaration of romanticismDefine Poetry as“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility”.A worshipper of nature 第18页/共55页I Wandered Lonely as CloudStructure:four six-line stanzas;iambic tetrameter;rhyme scheme:ababcc;theme:the harmony between things in nature and the harmony between nature and the poet himself/Nature s beauty uplifts the human spirit.Figures of speech:simile,metaphor,personification第19页/共55页6.Jane Austen(1775-1817)The first important English woman novelistWriting style:Theme:mostly about love and marriageLanguage:simple,humourous,witty,ironicPlot:straightforward,little actionCharacters:like real living personsDialogues:true to life第20页/共55页Jane Austen(1775-1817)She called her work“a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square”(“两寸牙雕”):A very narrow literary fieldBut within her own field,she is unrivaled:vivid portrait of her major characters and realistic and colorful pictures of the life and manners of the upper middle class in rual England of her time第21页/共55页Jane AustenMajor works:Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺(1818)Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感(1811)Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见(1813)Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园(1814)Emma 艾玛(1816)Persuasion 劝导(1818)第22页/共55页Pride and Prejudice“It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possesion of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.”Main characters/plot/themeDialoguesCharacter analysis:Mr.and Mrs.Bennet;Elizabeth and Mr.Darcy;Jane and Mr.BingleyPride/prejudice第23页/共55页7.Washington Ivring(1783-1859)Father of American literature.the father of American short stories.the first American writer to gain international game.His writing marks the beginning of Romanticism in American literature第24页/共55页Washington Ivring Major worksMajor works A History of New York A History of New York 纽约外史纽约外史 The Sketch Book The Sketch Book 见闻札记见闻札记including:including:“The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow”“The Legend of the Sleepy Hollow”睡谷的传说睡谷的传说“Rip Van Winkle”“Rip Van Winkle”瑞普瑞普 凡凡 温克尔温克尔第25页/共55页Rip Van WinkleRip Van WinkleThe story of Rip Van Winkle begins about five or six years before the American Revolution and ends twenty years later.The action takes place in a village in British colonial New York,near the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains.The character of Rip Van Winkle:A simple,good-natured man;An obedient,henpecked(惧内的)husband;A great favorite among neighbors and children;who loathes（厌恶）profitable labor.Language:humorousTheme:the nostalgia for the unrecoverable past第26页/共55页8.Brontee sistersCharlotte Brontee:Jane EyreEmily Brontee:Wuthering Heights Anne Brontee:Agnes Grey The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall 第27页/共55页Jane EyreThe first important governess novel in the English literary historyPlot:five stagesChildhood at GatesheadEducation at the Lowood SchoolAs a governess at ThornfieldWith the Rivers family at Moor HouseHer reunion with and marriage to Rochester at Ferndean第28页/共55页Jane EyreDo you think I can stay to become nothing to you?Do you think I am an automaton?-a machine without feelings?and can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips,and my drop of living water dashed from my cup?Do you think,because I am poor,obscure,plain,and little,I am soulless and heartless?You think wrong!I have as much soul as you-and full as much heart!And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth,I should have made it as hard for you to leave me,as it is now for me to leave you.I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom,conventionalities,nor even of mortal flesh:it is my sprit that addresses your spirit;just as if both had passed through the grave,and we stood at Gods feet,equal-as we are!第29页/共55页Jane EyreA ground-breaking(开拓性的)novel:1.The heroine is small,plain,&poor2.The heroine is the first female character to claim the right to feel strongly about her emotions and act on her convictions（信念）3.It is the first governess novel in the history of English literature.4.It is a work of critical realism as well as the first and one of the most popular works of the working middle-class women.第30页/共55页Wuthering HeightsCharacters:Wuthering Heights vs Thrushcross Grangeplottheme:love,class,revengeExcerpt:chapter 9(P91-96)第31页/共55页Mr.LintonMr.EarnshawIsabellaEdgarCatherine Heathcliff HindleyLittle Catherine(Cathy)Little LintonHareton第32页/共55页9.Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)An eventless lifeRemain single all her life1,800 poems altogether,but only 7 were published while she was aliveThemes:death and immortality;nature;love;truth,beauty,etc.第33页/共55页Emily DickinsonPoems:Because I could not stop for death(P116-117)Structure:six 4-line stanzasTheme:death leads to immortalityForm:unconventional dash;capital letterFigures of speech:metaphor;personificationI Died for beauty-but was scarce(P118)Theme:beauty and truth are ultimately oneIm Nobody!(P119)Somebody/nobody/frog/bog第34页/共55页Style A:Her poems have no titles,hence the first line of each poem is always quoted as the title of each poem.B:particular stress pattern:dash“”C:Capital letters as a means of emphasis;D:Language:brief,direct,and plain;E:Poem:short,always on original images or symbols F:Short poetic lines,condensed by using intense metaphors and by extensive use of ellipsis.第35页/共55页10.Mark Twain(1835-1910)Related literary terms:Local colorism(乡土文学):as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s,it is defined as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.In literature,regionalism or local color referts to fiction or poetry that focuses on specific featureincluding characters,dialects,customs,history,and landscapeof a particular region.Mark Twain employed an unpretentious style of colloquialism in his novels which is best described as“vernacular”.第36页/共55页Mark TwainThe Gilded Age(镀金时代):the term was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book,The Gilded Age:A Tale of Today.In American history,the Gilded Age refers to substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of Americas upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era,in the late 19th century.第37页/共55页Mark TwainThe Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventure of Huckleberry FinnThe Prince and the PauperThe Cop and the AnthemRunning for GovernorThe 1,000,000 Bank-NoteThe Innocents AbroadThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyThe Gilded AgeLife on the Mississippi第38页/共55页Mark TwainThe Adventure of Huckleberry FinnPlotThemeMain charactersWriting style:humor;local colorism;vernacularExcerpt(P124-129):How Huck escapes from his father第39页/共55页11.Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961)In 1954,he was awarded the Noble Prize for literature.Deeply depressed and tormented by failing artistic and physical power,he committed suicide on July2,1961.He is the spokesman for the Lost Generation.第40页/共55页Major worksThe Sun Also Rises(1926)太阳照常升起A Farewell to Arms(1929)永别了，武器For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940)丧钟为谁而鸣The Old Man and the Sea(1952)老人与海（Pulizer Prize,Nobel Prize）第41页/共55页Ernest HemingwayHemingways hero is usually isolated,and fights a good fight.There is a particular term for his character,“the code hero/man”(硬汉形象)。（P166）He thinks a writer should write little,so that readers can understand much more.This is calles Iceberg Principle(冰山原则).（P166）第42页/共55页The Old Man and the Sea“Life is but a losing battle,it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity；man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.”人生不过是一场注定失败的战斗。但人们可以主导这场战斗，化损失为尊严。人的肉体可以被毁灭，但精神永不败。At the end of the story,is the old man defeated?Why or why not?第43页/共55页12.Toni Morrison(1931-)A famous African American woman writerWon the Nobel Prize in literature in 1993Her novels mainly deal with the problems of black women defining their roles and striving to survive in a male dominated society.第44页/共55页Toni MorrisonMajor works:The Bluest Eye(1970)Song of Solomon(1977)Tar Baby(1981)Beloved(1987)Jazz(1992)第45页/共55页Figures of speechSimile 明喻Metaphor 暗喻Personification拟人Hyperbole夸张Repetition重复Parallelism排比Allusion 典故第46页/共55页Terms of poetry1.stanza 诗节2.meter 格律3.foot 音步4.pentameter 五音步5.iamb 抑扬格6.iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步7.rhyme 韵8.Rhyme Scheme 韵律第47页/共55页MeterRefers to the arranged pattern composed by stressed syllable and unstressed syllable.One unit,or combination of a stressed and unstressed syllable is called a foot(音步).第48页/共55页Types of stresspatternexampleIambic 抑扬格decideTrochee扬抑格comforanapest抑抑扬格representDactyl 扬抑抑格volleyballSpondee扬扬格greenhouse第49页/共55页Kinds of Meter(1)monometer(one foot)(2)diameter(two feet)(3)trimeter (three feet)(4)tetrameter（four feet)(5)pentameter(five feet)(6)hexameter(six feet)(7)heptameter(seven feet)(8)octameter(8 feet)iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格)iambic tetrameter (四音步抑扬格)第50页/共55页Kinds of Stanza(1)couplet(两行押韵的诗体)(2)tercet(三行押韵的诗体)(terza rima:隔行押韵的三行诗体,如:Ode to the West Wind)(3)quatrain(四个诗行组成的诗体)(4)ottava rima(八行诗体)(5)Spenserian stanza(九行诗体)(6)sonnet(十四行诗)(又叫商籁体)第51页/共55页Heroic couplet英雄双韵体Two successive rhyming lines of iambic pentamenter.It was common practice to string long sequences of heroic couplets together in a patten of aa,bb,cc,dd,ee,ff,and so on.E.g.As soon as April pierces to the root a The drought of March,and bathes each bud and shoot aThrough every vein of sap with gentle showers bFrom whose engendering liquor spring the flowers;bWhen zephyrs have breathed softly all about cInspiring every wood and field to sprout c第52页/共55页Rhyme schemeDefinition:pattern or sequence in which rhyme occurs E.g.Bid me to weep,and I will weep A While I have eyes to see;B And having none,and yet I will keep A A heart to weep for thee.B第53页/共55页Alliteration 头韵Alliteration is the repetition of the same consonant sound in several words close together in a sentence or in a line.Writing Essays About Literature头韵是指一组词，一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头音相同的单词。E.g.safe and sound pride and prejudice第54页/共55页感谢您的观看！第55页/共55页