英语四六级阅读技巧.pptx

大学英语四级阅读理解大学英语四级阅读理解阅读的广泛理解 知识的源泉，能力的根本 利用阅读打天下，无往不胜第1页/共85页篇章阅读 -寻找可能的技巧第2页/共85页阅读理解新四级考试的阅读部分主要分为快速阅读和深度（仔细）阅读两个部分。新四级考试的阅读部分主要分为快速阅读和深度（仔细）阅读两个部分。深度阅读包括选词填空与题意选择两种题型深度阅读包括选词填空与题意选择两种题型,阅读阅读分数占全卷的35%.阅读理解(40mins)35%快速阅读15深度阅读2525%篇章词汇10%篇章阅读15%10%第3页/共85页篇章阅读要求 选材来源 命题来源1.NewScientist2.Newsweek3.The New York Times4.Time5.The Washington Post 大学英语四六级 考试命题委员会第4页/共85页篇章阅读要求体裁方面1.议论文2.说明文3.新闻评述4.记叙文题材方面1.人文科学2.自然科学第5页/共85页题材评述梳理把握广泛多样的题材，是“知己知彼”的第一步。以下是近五年阅读命题题材分布情况。文化教育 2007.6 学习写作 2007.12 远程教育 2009.12 大学招聘美国高层管理人才原因科技环保 2008.6 全球变暖 2009.6 环保时装，一滴水一个世界 2010.6 黑匣子的功能热点新闻 2007.6 性别歧视第6页/共85页题材评述经济商贸 2006.12 瓶装水的成功推广 2008.12 商店如何应对顾客投诉生命健康 2006.12 健康新解 2008.12 男性比女性更易得病社会生活 2008.6 保护隐私 2007.12 子女教育 2009.12 美国黑人女性形象 2010.6 正面思维与负面思维 2010.12 人们工作角色转变的原因 婚姻与长寿第7页/共85页识别文体说明文（最常见）第一句通常为主题句结构：提出问题分析问题解决问题格式：比较，对照，分类，列举。Tip.抓住文章主题，同时把握个层次的要点。第8页/共85页议论文 论点-论据Tips.抓住论点，论据，明确作者论证方法是归纳还是演绎抓住表示因果because,as a result,therefore，递进moreover,in addition，转折but,however等的信号词注意作者使用的表达赞同反对等感情色彩的形容词，副词或句型。第9页/共85页词汇要求1.题干中的关键词有50%能在原文中找到，还有一小部分是同义词替换。（定位原文）08.1 65 refine the story-correct the story2.定位原文后，不一定能直接找到答案，很多时候是同义替换第10页/共85页A背高频词汇（复用单词 一词多义一词多性）B。加强同义替换意识 同义替换的重要性:1.找出答案位置需要同义替换意识 2.得出正确答案需要同义替换意识第11页/共85页Example:The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs,such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc.,has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worthQ.it seems that the controversy over the values of MBA degrees has been fueled by _.Controversy-debate fueled-inspired第12页/共85页2.Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged _.原文：,people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy.Answer:to give up their former way of life第13页/共85页攻克长难句 常常涉及考点，所以不能跳过略过。会影响我们整体阅读的流畅性突破长难句：四级阅读中的很多句子都比较长，很多句子都在20个单词以上，它们不时的出没于四级阅读中，构成了一个个obstacle。其中，1995年6月大学英语四级考试阅读理解的第三篇文章的第三句话长达80个词，句子结构的复杂程度不亚于GRE阅读，现展示如下：In the past our own blocks of flats have been associated with the lower-income groups and they have lacked the obvious provisions,such as central heating,constant hot water supply,electrically operated lifts from top to bottom,and so on,as well as such details，important notwithstanding(然而),as easy facilities for disposal of dust and rubbish and storage places for baby carriages on the ground floor,playgrounds for children on the top of the buildings,and drying grounds for washing.第14页/共85页长难句 从真题一篇阅读理解的首句也可以看出四级阅读中部分句子的结构的复杂程度。A breakthrough(突破)in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community(EEC欧共体)could be brought forward by up to two decades,if a modest increase could be provided in the EECs research effort in this field,according to senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan.第15页/共85页长难句 实用的原则：修饰成分全找出来之后，用括号把每个修饰成分括起来，留在括号外面的就是主干 然后，按照一般顺序，谓语在前，宾语（或表语）在后，这样我们就有了主谓宾（或主系表）的主干结构了最后把修饰成分按对应的位置加上去，整个句子的结构就把握住了。第16页/共85页长难句常涉及的类型1.双重否定句 负负得正，把两个表示否定的结构都去掉。No,not,hardly,seldom,never little,few,small 应注意的词根词缀 de-/dis-/un-/in-There are probably no questions(that)we can think up that cant be answered,sooner or later,including even the matter of consciousness.Answer:Man can find solutions sooner or later to whatever questions concerning nature he can think up.第17页/共85页长难句常涉及的类型 2.分词做状语类（主干，现在分词、过去分词）Eg.1 Motivated in part by Christian compassion for the helpless as well as a practical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement,Chancellor Bismarck created the worlds first workers compensation law in 1884.Motivated by-Chancellor（总理 大臣）BismarkQ:The worlds first compensation law was introduced by Bismark _Answer:out of religious and political considerations.第18页/共85页解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。第19页/共85页长难句常涉及的类型3.定语从句类规律：找真正的谓语动词时，如果定语从句修饰主语，找第二个可以做谓语的动词，第一个是属于定语从句的谓语动词。Tips.先括出定语从句部分，跳出从句，抓住主干再解题。第20页/共85页长难句常涉及的类型4.倒装句类类型 1）only/not only/nor/neither在句首2）介词短语在句首 较难Example:Along with them goes social mobility,ambition to rise in the urban world,a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century.找主语 along with-prep them-objective form so,social mobility 后面两个同位语Tips:分析词性找出谓语与主语，将主语调至谓语之前再理解文章。第21页/共85页长难句涉及的类型 5.强调句型 It isthat 应对方法：多训练，熟悉句式，把读到过的四级文章中的所有的看不懂的长难句全部总结起来，摘抄到一个本子上面，翻译。当翻译到100句的时候，会发现长难句不过那么五六种。当看到101句的时候，你会马上给它归类。第22页/共85页篇章阅读方法整体阅读法（先看文章后做题）优点：全局感或整体感缺点：记不住细节，找答案费时间查找阅读法（适合段落较多文章）读完第一段做第一题，做完第一题读第二题，带着问题去读第二段 优点：符合题文同序的出题原则 缺点：不适合主旨题和全文态度题两者结合：1.略读全文，把握文章大意 2m (将注意力放在文章的主题句、关键词等部分。其余内容如具体论述、细节、数字等则可以跳过不读。)2.根据题干中的关键词定位原文3.以原文为依据，进行同义替换、判断推理。2+4+4 略读文章 读题干（选项）做题 第23页/共85页命题考点及规律 1、列举处常考 列举处指的是First,，second,，Third,等逐步列出，然后要求考生从列举出的内容中，选出符合题干要求的答案项。该考点常出题型是细节事实题。第24页/共85页命题考点及规律2.强调处、绝对处、最高处 the only only在句首做状语It is that must all,anyone,never,most,sole,just,simply,unique08.6 66 61 2010.6 58 best2010.6 61 only第25页/共85页命题考点及规律 3、举例子打比喻的地方常考 为了使自己的观点更有说服力、更加明确，作者经常用具体的例子打比方，句中常由as,such as,for example,for instance,as an illustration,that is,to name a few,as follows等引导的短语或句子作为举例句，这些例句或比喻成为命题者提问的焦点。考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心紧密相关的，常以“细节事实性”题型和“推断性”题型出现，但偏倾于“推断性”题型。关注其前或后总结性的句子.答案基本符合“中心思想即是答案的解题思路”第26页/共85页命题考点及规律 4.特殊标点处 破折号，冒号，引号等作者为了正确表达出自己观点或使论点更有依据，常常引用某名人的论断或重要发现等。命题者常在此作文章。多以“推理性”题为主，有时也出“细节事实性”题型。例There is a senseless notion that children grew up and leave home when theyre 18,and the truth is far from that,says sociologist Larry Bumpers of the University of Wisconsin.Q:There was apparently a trend in the USA _ 第27页/共85页命题考点及规律 5、转折处与强对比处常考 however,nevertheless,in contrast,otherwise,on the other hand,by comparison,but,yet,while,although,whereas,even if,likewise,similarly,in the same way,in the same manner,as if,as2010.6 59第28页/共85页命题考点及规律 6.主题句处 段首段尾处 主旨题、态度题较多7.因果关系处 信号词 for this reason,for,as,because,since,as a result of,owing to,thanks to,due to,as a result,therefore,consequently,thus,accordingly,so第29页/共85页命题考点及规律8.定义结论处In my opinion,my view is,as I see,conclude 通常考查文章的中心观点或引用的观点9.数字年代处 关注数字、年份 常出现于细节题第30页/共85页命题考点及规律 10.复杂句常考 复杂句常是命题者出题之处，包括同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句，从句、不定式、副词等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间指代关系。一般来说，备选项的长度不会超过15个单词，这就意味着长难句中的大部分信息只是起干扰作用。要找到真正与答题相关的信息，关键在于根据题干信息在长难句的内部进行定位，然后从备选项中找出意思一致的答案。第31页/共85页第32页/共85页第33页/共85页ExampleBut my own worry is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader,of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence,those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration,that surround the image of the classic act of reading.32.The authors biggest concern is _.Concern-worry biggestlessthanD.the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class.skill act of reading 第34页/共85页正确答案特征(一)答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项 这些语气词有：must,always,never,the most,all,only,have to,any,no,very,completely,none,hardly等。例(1)One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is that _ A.the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificant.B.peoples traditional concepts about work no longer hold true.C.most people have to take part-time jobs.D.people have to change their jobs from time to time.(分析：四个选项中，C、D两项中都含有have to，语气太绝对化，一般被排除。考生在剩下两项中进行选择，就大大降低了难度。)第35页/共85页正确答案特征（二）选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有：can,could,may,should,usually,might,most(大多数)，more or less,relatively,be likely to,possible,whether or,not necessarily 等。例（1）It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes_ AAmericans are more ambitious than people in other countries B.in many countries success often depends on ones social status C.American businesses are more democratic than those in other countries D.businesses in other countries are not as competitive as those in America(分析：选项B中often 一词，语气委婉，不十分肯定，故为答案。而其它三项中所表达出的语气都明显绝对化。)第36页/共85页正确答案特征（三）选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项，而同义替换的一般是选项。例（1）According to Dr.David,Americans _ Aare ideally vigorous even under the pressure of life B.often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit C.do not know how to relax themselves properly D.can get by(应对)on 6.5 hours of sleep (分析：答案项中A、D两项基本上是原文中句子的原现，故被排除。B项中有often 一词，语气委婉，不十肯定，故为答案。)第37页/共85页正确答案特征（四）较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的，选项一般是答案项。例（1）which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?AMusical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replaced by computers.B.Music cant be passed on to future generations unless its recorded.C.Folk songs cant be spread unless they are printed on music sheet.D.the development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect.(分析：根据短文内容可以看出，A、B、C三项的内容都只是从某一个方面阐述了一种观点，而D项句子所表达的意思就较全面，高度囊括了全篇短文的主旨。)第38页/共85页正确答案特征（五）选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的（字面意思）一般不是答案项，而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。Eg.From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one Ato be more successful in his career B.to solve technical problems C.to be more specialized in his field D.to develop his professional skill （分析：题意是从文中看出员工素质有助于人们.。B解决技术问题；C深化专业；D项发展职业技能。这三项表达的意思都比较具体，而A项则概括地有深度，包括了B、C、D三项内容。）第39页/共85页正确答案特征（六）选项中较符合常识的,易明白的一般不是选项；而似乎不太合理，一时较难理解的往往是正确选项。例（2）Raising children,in the authors opinion,is _.Aa moral duty B.a thankless job C.a rewarding task D.a source of inevitable pain（分析：题目问的是，“依作者观点，抚养孩子是”。依据我们日常生活所闻所见，抚养孩子就是A.“一种道德责任”B.“不求回报的工作”。我们都觉得抚养孩子是人生义务，是天经地义的。这两项太熟悉了，因而一般不是答案。而C项“有回报的任务，似乎不太合人情味、合乎常识。但这样的选项就是答案。D项有inevitable一词，语气太绝对化，故排除掉。）第40页/共85页正确答案特征（总结）1.经常与中心有关2.位置：和复杂句，长难句，转折句有关，或是段首句、段尾句09.1 58 62 08.6 57 65 08.6 63 64 08.1 58 61 3.原则：同义替换 正话反说 反话正说09.1 62 66 08.6 654.语气：不肯定语气词 委婉表达用词May might possible not necessarily5.具有概括性和深刻性 08.1 62 2010.6 Passage.2第41页/共85页Sample passage 09.1 If you are a male and youre reading this,congratulations:you are survivor.According to statistics,youre more than twice s likely to die of skin cancer than a woman,and nine times more likely to die of AIDS.Assuming you make it to the end of you natural term,about 78 years for men in Australia,youll die on average fives years before a woman.第42页/共85页Sample passage 09.1 Therere many reasons for this-typically,men take more risks than women and as more likely to drink and smoke-but perhaps more importantly,men dont go to the doctor.“Men arent seeing doctors as often as they should,”says Dr.Gullotta.“this is particularly so for the over-40s,when diseases tend to strike.”Gullotta says a healthy man should visit the doctor every year or two.For those over 45,it should be at least once a year.第43页/共85页Sample passage 09.1 Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smokers cough for a year.“When I finally say him it had already spread and he has since died for lung cancer,”he says.”Earlier detection and treatment may not have cured him,but it would have prolonged(延长)his life.”第44页/共85页Sample passage 09.1 According to a recent survey,95%women aged between 15 and early 40s see a doctor once a year,compared to 70%of men in the same age group.“A lot of me think theyre invincible(不可战胜的)”。Gullotta says.“They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think,Geez,if it could happen to him”第45页/共85页Sample passage 09.1 Then theres the ostrich approach.”Some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know,”says Dr.Ross Cartmill.“most men get their cars serviced more regularly than they service their bodies,”Carmill says.He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups.第46页/共85页Sample passage 09.1 Regular check-ups for men would inevitably place strain on the public purse,Carmill says.“But prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the disease.Besides,the ultimate cost is far greater:its called premature death.”第47页/共85页Sample passage 09.1 57.why does the author congratulate his male readers at the beginning of this passage?A.They are more likely to survive serious disease today.B.They average life span has been considerably extended.C.They have lived long enough to read this articleD.They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier life.第48页/共85页58.what does the author state is the most important reason men die five years earlier on average than women?A.Men drink and smoke much more than women.B.Men dont seek medical care as often as womenC.Men aret as cautious as women in face of danger.D.Men are more likely to suffer fatal diseases.第49页/共85页59.Which of the following best completes the sentence”Geez,if it could happen to him,”(Line2,para.8)A.It could happen to me,too.B.I should avoid playing golfC.I should consider myself luckyD.It would be a big misfortune.60.What does Dr.Ross Cartmill mean by“the ostrich approach”(Line1,para.9)第50页/共85页A.A casual attitude towards ones health conditionsB.A new therapy for certain psychological problemsC.Refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involved.D.Unwillingness to find out about ones disease because of fear.61.What dose Cartmill say about regular check-ups for men?A.They may increas public expenses.B.They will save money in the long runC.They may cause psychological strains on menD.They will enable men to live as long as women第51页/共85页篇章阅读要求题型介绍1.事实细节题2.推理判断题3.语义理解题4.主旨大意题5.观点态度题第52页/共85页第53页/共85页事实细节题通常从一个句子中找到答案 提问方式：灵活多样，涉及短文的各种细节，如时间 地点原因结果方式等理解要点：具体信息和概念性含义解题步骤：定位分析和选项分析第54页/共85页事实细节题步骤：1.准确定位 1）关键词-A。专有名词（人名，地名）B。比较明显的描述性词汇C。副词、形容词，尤其一些程度词，比较词。D.特殊印刷字体 及其同义替换Eg.1According to the passage,people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager _.原文：A few common misconceptions.Beauty is only skin-deep.Ones physical assets dont count all that much in a managerial career.（make every day count）Eg.2The author ends the passage with the implication that _.Starts.Why-middle (put forward question-analyze-solve)solutionend2)顺序定位 例：36.。the years 1976-1978 37.What influences the birth rate most in the United States is(the US 整个选材依据，不能作为关键词).38.The sentence“”(Line 4,Para 2)第55页/共85页事实细节题2.选项分析同义替换 （很少原文照搬）B.a persons outward appearance is not a critical qualification.排除干扰项-联系主题 第56页/共85页事实细节题干扰项特征：1）偷梁换柱 越像的越不对 十个单词有九个与原文一致，只有一个不一样。2）他处细节The idea of“improvement factor”(para.3 line 8)implies roughly:A.wages should be paid on the basis of length of service(P.3,L.7)B.(P.3,L.8)C.(P.3,L2)D.(P.2,L6)距离远的免谈。A,C.D第57页/共85页细节题的常考点举例、列举处。关键词：for example,such as,firstly,on the other hand,in addition not onlybut also 例证题 example 看不懂没关系，收索例证周围区域，10%向下，90%向上 Eg.It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because onceOne thing,however,is certain:your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you dont at least ask for it.Men tend to ask for more,and they get more,and this holds true with other resources,not just pay increase.Consider Beths story:I did not get what I wanted when I didnt ask for it.58.What can be inferred from Beths story?A.If people want what they deserve,they have to ask for itl 第58页/共85页细节题的常考点 特殊标点处 如引号、冒号、破折号 08.1 64 2007.1 62 2006.6 65 2006.1 62 07.1 原文As we have seen,the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease-especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behavior,such as poor eating habits,sm