第06讲动词及动词短语讲义高中英语二轮复习语法专项.docx

英语个性化教学辅导教案学生年级上课地点第 次授课授课时间星期学科老师教学规划师教学课题动词及动词短语教学内容Step 1 课前语法填空专练Step 2 知识讲解I.及物动词和不及物动词根据动词在句子中是否可以直接接宾语，可以把动词分为及物动词和不及物动词两种类型：A.能直接接宾语的动词称为及物动词，可分为跟单宾语的及物动词、跟双宾语的及物动词、跟复合宾语（即宾语宾语补足语）的及物动词等。1)双宾语I give him a book.注意1：有些双宾语动词间接宾语（人）放在直接宾语（事物）后时，间接宾语前要加to。常用的此类词有bring, give, hand, pass, pay, post, return, sell, show, teach, tell, throw, lend等。Hand me that book, please.= Hand that book to me, please. 请递给我那本书。有些双宾语动词间接宾语（人）放在直接宾语（事物）后时，间接宾语前要加for。常用的此类词有buy, choose, cook, draw, book, find, get, make, order等。My mom bought me a nice backpack.= My mom bought a nice backpack for me. 我妈妈为我买了一个好看的书包。 explain sb sth × explain sth to sb 注意2：及物动词有被动语态形式。A little girl opened the door. 一个小女孩打开了门。（主动语态）The door was opened by a little girl. 门被一个小姑娘打开了。（被动语态）2)复合宾语(宾补)1.常接形容词作宾语补足语的动词有：keep, make, find等。We must keep our classroom clean. 2.常接名词作宾语补足语的动词有：call, name, make, think等。We call them mooncakes. 3.常接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有: see, watch, hear, find, keep等。In the country, we can hear birds singing. 4.常接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有：keep, find, leave等。I left my pen on my desk at home. 5.常接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask, tell, want, teach, wish等；接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, hear, make, let, have等。I often see him play football. She often asks me to help her. 注：help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to。I often help my mother(to) do some housework. 3)怎样区分"双宾语"和"复合宾语"?看宾语与其后面的成分之间的关系：如果宾语与其后成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系(或主表关系)，那么该动词所接的是复合宾语，否则就是双宾语。Who kept you waiting so long? (宾语you与waiting之间存在着主谓关系，因此you waiting是复合宾语)B. 不及物动词一般不可以接宾语，但是有时和介词或副词一起使用，可以接宾语。The little boy runs quickly. The little boy runs to school quickly.C. 大多数动词既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。常用的此类动词有open, close, start, change, drive, play, meet, win, study等。例如：The girl turned her head and smiled. 这个女孩子转过头笑一笑。（turn是及物动词）She turned and walked back to the classroom. 她转过身走回教室。（turn是不及物动词）D.有一些及物动词用作不及物动词可以表示被动的意思，主要是描述主语的特征，这个时候句子的主语是物而不是人。The books sell well.II.连系动词1.最常用连系动词：be(am; is/was; are/were)。 2.表变化的系动词：get; turn; go; become; grow; come; run。It is becoming colder and colder. The food has gone bad. 【辨析】become，get，go，grow，turn它们虽然都表示“(从一种状态)变成另一种状态”，但与其相关的搭配却有差别。若不注意，在使用时就会出错。形容词在这类系动词后面作表语 go和come相比，“go+形容词”多表示“(从好的状态)变成坏的状态”; 系动词go后面的表语为mad，crazy，blind，lame或表示颜色的形容词时，go前面的主语一般为人。(1)He went mad last year.去年他疯了。(2)Hearing this，she went red.听到这个，她脸红了。系动词grow后面可以接表示人或物的特征的静态形容词作表语，也可以接表示天气的形容词作表语。它侧重于“逐渐变成某种状态”。; 系动词grow后面接不定式，表示变化过程, 注意：这种结构不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。The girl grew thinner and thinner. 这个女孩越来越瘦了。Soon the sky grew dark.天很快变黑了。Mary"s growing to be more and more like her mother. 玛丽越长越像她的母亲了。系动词turn后面多接表示颜色的形容词作表语，也可以接表示天气的形容词作表语。意思上侧重于“变得与以前完全不同”。The man turned blue with fear.那个男人因害怕而脸发青。The weather suddenly turned much colder.天气突然变得冷多了。“get+形容词”多用在口语中。get能替代become，但become较为正式。He became/got angry with his son.他生他儿子的气。His coat has become/got badly torn.他的外套已经非常破了。get经常与形容词的比较级连用。The days are getting longer and longer after the winter solstice.冬至过后，天变得越来越长。.系动词become，turn，后面能跟名词作表语，其他的“变成”类系动词后面不能跟名词作表语。His dream has become a reality.他的梦想变成了现实。He has turned scientist.他成了科学家。注意: 在turn后面作表语用的名词前通常不带冠词。系动词get，go，后面可接现在分词，但含义不是“成为”。They went in and got chatting together.(get意为“开始”)他们进去后开始聊天。We often go swimming.(go意为“去”)我们常去游泳。become通常不用来表示未来的事，而表示变化过程已经完成，用法比较正式; be表示“成为”的意思时，多用于将来时、祈使语气或不定式。I became ill.我病倒了。He will be a scientist.他将成为一名科学家。3. “感官动词”:look; sound; taste; smell; feel。意思为“起来，上去”The food tasted good.食物尝起来很香。 He looked sadly at the picture.She looked sad after hearing the news.Tom tasted the food and it tasted good. 4.表状态的系动词：keep; stay; remain;（依然是；保持） She remains loyal to her father despite his cruelty towards her. What a lovely day today! I love fine weather and I hope it will stay fine for some more days. Much remains to be done. 5.表像系动词：seem; appear看起来像、似乎、好像。这两个动词有一个共同的特点，即如果要表达时态的变化，需要后接不定式来完成。 He seemed to have caught cold.When Father came in, Tom seemed to be eating something. 句型转换也要要求牢记It seemed that he had caught cold. When Father came in, it seemed that Tom was eating something.终止系动词：prove; turn out。表达“证实、证明、结果为.”之意。 He proved (to be) right. The experiment turned out successful. 系动词用法应注意的几个问题1.一般地说，系动词无进行时态，无被动语态 Your hand feels cold.The soup tastes good.The dinner smells good.2.系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越”。He is growing taller and taller./Our life is getting better and better.3.所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论。英语中某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态，二者不可混为一谈。不能说: The apple is tasted good.因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）The apple is tasted by me.这苹果被我尝了一下。（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）因此,在平时的英语学习中，要有意注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法,要注意区分,识别。4.瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by + 时间,so far”等直接连用。例如：不能说：He has become a teacher for 2 years.应改为：He has been a teacher for 2 years.不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago.应改为：He has been a write since 3 years ago.或It is two years since he turned writer.不能说：He got angry until his child came back home.应改为:He didnt get angry until his child came back home.III.延续性动词和终止性动词 1延续性动词有的动词所表示的动作可以延续，可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，这样的动词叫延续性动词。常见的有：stay/write/work/smile/talk/run/speak/carry/exist/collect/gather/repair/train/blow/fight/have/lie/laugh/hold/run/climb/serve等。The boy slept until seven o'clock this morning.那个孩子今天早晨一直睡到七点。She has stayed here for two hours.她在这儿呆了两个小时了。2终止性动词有的动词所表示的动作不可以延续，而是在瞬间完成，不可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，这样的动词叫终止性动词。常见的有：finish/stop/put/go/come/arrive/receive/jump/bring/catch/close/cut/die/begin/start/pay/lose/fall/enter/marry等。They didn't finish their homework until 12 o'clock.他们直到十二点才完成家庭作业。It began to rain at four o'clock yesterday morning.昨天早晨四点开始下的雨。3终止性动词一般不用于while引起的时间状语从句。While the family came here from Japan，they were penniless.(×)4有时终止性动词也能同表示一段时间的状语搭配，主要是在否定句中。We haven't met each other for many years. 我们已经很多年没有见面了。IV.一些常规动词的用法1.lay和lielie vi. 躺, 位于lay, lain, lying; lie vi.说谎lied, lied, lyinglay vt. 放置，产卵2.arise, arouse, rise, raisearise vi. 出现，发生，起因于arose, arisen, arisingarouse vt. 唤醒，激起aroused, aroused, arousingrise vi.升起，起身，上升rose, risen, risingraise vt.举起，唤起，提高，饲养The sun having set down，a mist arose.太阳落山后起了雾。The river has risen by several meters.河水上涨了好几米。It's difficult to raise a family on a small income.依靠微薄的收入是很难养家的。3.hang的用法hang 吊，挂，hung, hung, hanginghang 绞死hanged, hangedHe hung his clothes on the wall.他把衣服挂在墙上。A towel hung from the rail.栏杆上搭着条毛巾。The murderer was hanged and the dead was avenged.杀人犯被绞死了，为死者报了仇。4.可用于“动词sb.of sth.”的常用动词accuse(控告)，cheat(欺骗)，cure(治愈)，inform(通知)，remind(提醒)，rid(摆脱)，rob(抢劫)，warn(警告)This photo reminds me of my school days.这张照片使我想起了学校生活。The people of the town were warned of the danger of flooding.该镇居民接到有洪水危险的警告。5.可用于“动词sb.for doing sth.”的常用动词: blame(指责)，criticise(批评)，forgive(原谅)，excuse(原 谅)，pardon(原谅)，punish(惩罚)，scold(指责)，thank(感谢)Forgive me for saying so，but I think that's nonsense.原谅我这样说，但是我认为没意义。I don't blame you for doing that.我不责备你做了那事。V.常见动词词组1.agreeagree on 就达成共识 agree to 同意(建议等)agree with 同意；与一致，适合于2.breakbreak away from 脱离 break down 坏掉；出故障;垮掉break into 闯入，破门而入 break out (战争)爆发break in 破门而入; 插嘴break off 打断; 中断break through突破；冲破break up 打碎；(物理)分解；分开；结束；制止3.bringbring about 导致，引起bring down 降低；使倒下bring forth 结果，生产，产生 bring forward 提出；提前bring back把带回来；使忆起；使恢复bring on 引起；使发展；提出(论点等)供讨论bring out 使显出；使(意义等)明白表示出来; 使罢工bring up 养育，培养；呕吐；提出4.callcall for 需要；邀请call on/at 号召；访问call in 召集；召来 call up 召唤，召集；打电话call off 取消5.carrycarry off获胜；成功做成(困难之事)carry through帮助渡过难关；完成，实现carry on 继续，坚持 carry out 执行carry back 使记起 carry away 失去理智ecome about 发生 come across 偶遇come to 共计，达到，苏醒 come true 变为现实come up 走上前，被提出 come up with 提出come along 一起来 come into being 形成；生come into power 上台；执政 come to light为人所知come out 结果是；出来；出版；开花come on (表示劝说、激励、不耐烦等)来；快；得了come over 顺便拜访；过来7.cutcut down 砍倒 cut in 插嘴；突然插入cut up 切碎 cut off 隔绝；切断；中止8.diedie off 相继死去 die out 死光，灭绝die away (风、声音)渐渐消失die down (风、雨等)逐渐平息die of 死于(疾病，情感，年老等) die from 死于(尤指死于意外事故或疾病、情感以外的原因)9.getget about 四处走动；传开 get across 传达; 使（意思）被理解get away 逃脱，设法离开 get down 下来；记下get in 收割；到达 get off 出发；下班get together 聚会 get through 接通；通过get down to 开始认真干 get over 克服；恢复get along/on with 进展；相处10.givegive up 放弃 give in 屈服give out 用尽；分发 give away 泄露；赠送；颁发give off 发出 give back 归还；使恢复11.gogo against 违背；对不利 go ahead 开始，进展，进行go after/for 追逐，追求 go without 勉强维持；凑合go in for 爱好，参加；从事 go through 通过；经历go over 复习；仔细审查 go by 过去11.holdhold back 隐瞒；控制(情感) hold out 维持；抵抗；硬撑hold up 使耽搁 hold on 坚持；别挂(电话)hold together 团结一致 hold on to 12.keepkeep away(from) 使远离 keep back 扣除；隐瞒不讲keep off 避开，不理睬 keep on 继续keep out 挡在外边 keep up with 跟上keep up 保持13.looklook out 当心 look on 旁观look down upon 看不起 look forward to 盼望look through 浏览；温习 look into 调查；向内看look over检阅；逐一检查look up 向上看；查阅；形势好转14.makemake up for 补偿，弥补make out 辨认出make fun of 取笑 make up one's mind 下定决心make sense 有道理(意义)，讲得通make good/full use of. 充分利用make up 编造；组成；构成 make for 朝着方向make of 理解 What do you make of 认为？15.putput aside 把放在一边 put away 把收好put down 扑灭，平息 put forward 提出put off 延期；推诿 put out 扑灭；生产put up 挂起，张贴；搭起；为某人提供食宿put up with忍受，容忍16.setset off 出发；引爆；引起；激发set out 开始；动身set up 建立set in 开始，到来set aside 留出set down 下车；写下；放下set about doing. 着手做，开始做17.taketake in 吸收，欺骗 take for 误认为take up 占据，从事，拿起 take after 像take along 随身携带 take charge 负责，掌管take on 呈现；雇用 take over 接管；接任take pride in 以为豪 take away 带走，拿走take out 拿出take. for granted 想当然18.turnturn down 拒绝；调低 turn in 上交turn out 结果是，证明是 turn over 移交，交给turn up 出现；调高 turn off 关掉turn on 打开 turn away 走开turn to 求助于；翻到 11 / 11