《试卷》2016英语二考研英语真题18.doc

2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Happy people work differently. Theyre more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence 1 firms work, too.Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper. 2 , firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). Thats because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investments for the future.The researchers wanted to know if the 4 and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would 5 the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas. 7 enough, firms investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8 . But is it really happiness thats linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to investlike size, industry, and salesand for indicators that a place was 11 to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally 12 even after accounting for these things.The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors 13 to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less 14 managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was 15 stronger in places where happiness was spread more 16 . Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality. 17 this doesnt prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view, the authors believe it at least 18 at that possibility. Its not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help 19 how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and 20 R&D more than the average,” said one researcher.1. A why B how C where D when2. A In return B In particular C In contrast D In conclusion3. A necessary B famous C perfect D sufficient4. A individualism B realism C optimism D modernism5. A miss B echo C spoil D change6. A imagined B measured C assumed D invented7. A Sure B Odd C Unfortunate D Often8. A divided B advertised C overtaxed D headquartered9. A summarize B overstate C explain D emphasize10. A factors B stages C levels D methods11. A desirable B sociable C reliable D reputable12. A resumed B emerged C held D broke13. A assign B attribute C transfer D compare14. A serious B civilized C ambitious D experienced15. A instead B thus C also D never16. A rapidly B directly C regularly D equally17. A While B Until C After D Since18. A arrives B jumps C hints D strikes19. A share B rediscover C simplify D shape20.A pray for B lean towards C send out D give away Section Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Its true that high-school coding classes arent essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellons School of Computer Science.However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that its not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbersbut a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. Its not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or -determined students away.The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps thats become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things theyre interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.The students in the Flatiron class probably wont drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learnhow to think logically through a problem and organize the resultsapply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computersin their pockets, in their offices, in their homesfor the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they wantthe earlier they learn that they have the power to do thatthe better.21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to_.A. complete future job trainingB. remodel the way of thinking C. formulate logical hypotheses D. perfect artwork production 22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their_. A. experience B. interest C. career prospects D. academic backgrounds 23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will_.A. help students learn other computer languages B. have to be upgraded when new technologies come C. need improving when students look for jobs D. enable students to make big quick money 24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to_.A. bring forth innovative computer technologies B. stay longer in the information technology industry C. become better prepared for the digitalized world D. compete with a future army of programmers 25. The word “coax” (Para.6) is closest in meaning to_.A. persuade B. frightenC. misguideD. challengeText 2Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickensa kind of bird living on stretching grasslandsonce lent red to the often grey landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species historic range.The crash was a major reason the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) decided to formally list the bird as threatened. “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the “threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservation approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action, and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chickens habitat.Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowners or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range-wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat. USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the drivers seat for managing the species,” Ashe said.Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric. Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court. Not surprisingly, industry groups and states generally argue it goes too far; environmentalists say it doesnt go far enough “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger.26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie chicken as threatened is_.A. its drastically decreased populationB. the underestimate of the grassland acreageC. a desperate appeal from some biologistsD. the insistence of private landowners27. The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_.A. was a give-in to governmental pressureB. would involve fewer agencies in actionC. granted less federal regulatory powerD. went against conservation policies28. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_.A. agree to pay a sum for compensationB. volunteer to set up an equally big habitatC. offer to support the WAFWA monitoring jobD. promise to raise funds for USFWS operations29. According to Ashe, the leading role in managing the species is_.A. the federal governmentB. the wildlife agenciesC. the landownersD. the states30. Jay Lininger would most likely support_.A. industry groupsB. the win-win rhetoricC. environmental groupsD. the plan under challengeText 3That everyones too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully: Theres never any time to read.What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques dont seem sufficient. The webs full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times.” But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesnt work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinningor else youre so exhausted that a challenging books the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption.” Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which cant be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal. Immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it in as a to-do list item and youll manage only goal-focused readinguseful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes)as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them.” No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. Youd think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside times flow” into “soul time.” You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, tooproviding you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if youre “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.31. The usual time-management techniques dont work because _.A. what they can offer does not ease the modern mindB. what challenging books demand is repetitive readingC. what people often forget is carrying a book with themD. what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed32. The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to _.A. update their to-do listsB. make passing time fulfillingC. carry their plans throughD. pursue carefree reading33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps _.A. encourage the efficiency mind-setB. develop online reading habitsC. promote ritualistic readingD. achieve immersive reading34. “Carry a book with you at all times” can work if _.A. reading becomes your primary business of the dayB. all the daily business has been promptly dealt withC. you are able to drop back to business after readingD. time can be evenly split for reading and business35. The best title for this text could be _.A. How to Enjoy Easy ReadingB. How to Find Time to ReadC. How to Set Reading GoalsD. How to Read Extensively Text 4Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, havin