ErnestHemingway海明威生平英文简介.pptx
The Lost GenerationLostGenerationreferstothegenerationaftertheWorldWarI.Meanwhile,italsoreferstotheyoungwriterswholivedasexpatriates(移居国外者)inWesternEuropeforashorttime.ThetermLostGenerationwascoinedbyGertrudeStein(格特鲁德.斯坦)torefertoagroupofAmericanliterarynotables(Apersonofdistinctionorgreat名人)wholivedinParisinthe1920sand1930s.SignificantmembersincludedErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,SherwoodAnderson,WaldoPeirce,andGertrudeSteinherself.第1页/共58页The Lost GenerationBecausemostofhisworkstakethewarasbackground,describethepainsandhurtthewarbringstohumanbeing,andreflectayoungergenerationsaimlessnessandlossofthebeliefsaftertheWorldWarI,theseworksimmediatelywontheresponsesfrommanypeoplewhosurvivedthewarphysicallybutwereafterwardsspirituallyandmorallyadrift(withoutdirectionorpurpose).Then,HemingwaybecamethespokesmanforwhattheGertrudeSteinhadcalled“TheLostGeneration”.第2页/共58页The Lost GenerationTheLostGenerationisalsocalledtheSadYoungManbyF.ScottFitzgeraldinhisbookwhichdescribesthedisillusionedyoungergenerationaftertheFirstWorldWar.第3页/共58页Life borninasmalltowncalledOakParkinIllinoisnearChicagofather:asuccessfulphysician,middleclass,lovefishingandhunting;mother:musicteacherahappychildhood;aloverofbrutalsports,suchasboxingandfootballinmiddleschoolThoughhisfatherhopedhimtobeaphysician,Hemingwayrefusedtoenteruniversity.Hechosetobeareporter.DuringtheWWI,hewantedtojointhearmybutwasrefusedbecauseofhispooreyesight.ThenHemingwaycametoItalytoworkasanambulancedriver.Hewasseriouslywoundedinthebattlefield.Thenightmarishwarexperiencechangedhislife.第4页/共58页*thesecondchild,andfirstson;*raisedinOakPark,Illinois,asuburbofChicago；*musiclessonswereusefulinhiswritingandalifelongpassionforoutdooradventureandforlivinginremoteorisolatedareas；childhood:childhood:第5页/共58页*attendedOakParkandRiverForestHighSchoolandexcelledbothacademicallyandathletically;*firstwritingexperiencewasfortheschoolsnewspaperandyearbook;school life:school life:Hemingway at the time of his graduation from high school,1917第6页/共58页*workedasareporterforTheKansasCityStar(堪萨斯星报)beforeWorldWarIforonlysixmonths;after high school:after high school:第7页/共58页*joinedtheRedCrossAmbulanceCorps(红十字会战场服务队);*onJuly8,1918,woundedbutcarriedanItaliansoldiertosafety,receivedtheItalianSilverMedalofBravery;*wheninthehospital,metandfellinlovewithAgnesgnis,aRedCrossnursebutrejected;World warWorld war:第8页/共58页*beganasafreelancer(自由职业)andforeigncorrespondentfortheToronto Star Weekly;*alsoworkedasanassociateeditoroftheCo-operative Commonwealth,amonthlyjournal;*metHadleyRichardson,thefirstwife,andmarriedin1921;Journalist&writing:Journalist&writing:Hadley Richardson第9页/共58页*settledinParisandcoveredtheGreco-TurkishWarfortheToronto Star;*madefriendswithJamesJoyce,F.ScottFitzgerald;*HismarriagetoHadleybrokeupashewasworkingonThe Sun Also RisesbecauseofhisaffairwithPaulinePfeiffer,divorcedinJanuary1927andmarriedPaulinePfeiffer,secondwife,inMay.Life in Paris(1921-1928):Life in Paris(1921-1928):The 2nd wife第10页/共58页*In1928，theymovedtoKeyWest,Florida,tobegintheirnewlifetogether;*hisfathercommittedsuicide;*Duringtheearly1930sHemingwaywerebusywithhunting,fishing,bullfighting,travelingandwriting;life in Key West:life in Key West:Hemingway house第11页/共58页*in1937hereportedonthewarfortheNorth American Newspaper Alliance(NANA)*heusedthisexperienceinSpainasthebackgroundforFor Whom the Bell Tolls;Afterthewar,HemingwaydivorcedwithPaulineandmarriedMarthaGellhorn,histhirdwifein1940andwrotethefamousnovel,For Whom the Bell Tolls,whichwasnominatedforaPulitzerPrize；Spanish Civil War:Spanish Civil War:第12页/共58页*inEuropefromJunetoDec.1944;*involvedinthewaractivitiesasawarcorrespondentandin1947awardedaBronzeStarforhisbraveryduringWWII;*HeleftMarthain1945whenpreparingtoreturntoCubaandmeanwhile,hehadaskedMaryWelsh,Time magazinecorrespondent,tomarryhimontheirthirdmeeting;World War II:World War II:第13页/共58页*hadaseriesofaccidentsandhealthproblemsafterthewar;*WhenhetraveledtothesiteofWWIandbegantoworkonAcross the River and Into the Trees(过河入林);*ThenextyearwroteOld Man and the Seathe best I can write ever for all of my life“andwonthePulitzerPrizeinMay1952andInOctober1954receivedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature;Later years:Later years:第14页/共58页Discouragedbyatroubledfamilybackground,illnessandthebeliefthathewaslosinghisgiftforwriting,hequitedeliberatelyshothimselfwithhisfavoriteshotgunintheearlymorninghoursofJuly2,1961;Suicide:Suicide:第15页/共58页LifeAfterthewar,hestillworkedasareporter.HewassenttoParisandknewPound,GertrudeStein,SherwoodAndersonandsomeotherfamouswriterswhoencouragedhimtowrite.HealsoworkedasawarreporterintheSpanishCivilWarandtheWWII.Heisatoughguywithrathermasculinemanner.Inallhislife,helovedtoughgames,suchasboxing,hunting,deep-seafishing,bullfightandsoon.Hewasinjuredmanytimes.Inalltheoperations,237steelfragmentsweretakenoutfromHemingwaysbody.Healsosuffered3caraccidentsand2aircrushes.Hewasadmiredasaherobylotsofpeopleandhislifestylewasimitated.In1961,Hemingwayshothimselfwithguninhishome.第16页/共58页AchievementsMajorThemesArtisticfeatures第17页/共58页Works(1)“The Sun Also Rises”1926(DeepillusionofthewholegenerationaftertheWWI;thecharactersindulgedthemselvesindepravedlifetomakethemselvesnumb)(2)“A Farewell to Arms”1928(atragicstoryaboutwarandlove)(Heroandheroine:FredericHenryandCatherineBarkley)(3)“For Whom the Bell Tolls”1940(Spanishcivilwar)(alsoastoryaboutwarandlove)(thetitleofthenovel:fromJohnDonnessermons)第18页/共58页Works(4)The Old Man and the Sea”1952(In1954,HemingwaygottheNobelPrize)aquitespecialnovelinallhisnovelssymbolismSantiagomankind;seanatureandenvironment;marlinpurposeoflife;sharktheevilforcewhichcontrolhumansfatetheme:theimportanceoflifeliesintheprocessofsearchingandresistance第19页/共58页Major Themes*The“Nada”Concept*Graceunderpressure*CodeHero第20页/共58页1.The Nada Concept“Nada”(“nothing”)InthelastpartoftheshortstoryACleanandWell-lightedPlace,thereisanevaluationaboutnada:“ItwasnotfearordreadItwasallnothingandamanwasnothingtooSomelivedinitandneverfeltitbutheknewitallwasnadaHailnothingfullofnothing,nothingiswhitthee.”第21页/共58页1.The Nada Concept*Manisbornintoanaturalisticandindifferentuniversethathasnopurpose,meaning,order,orvalue*“Nada”isthenfocusedon1.mansconfrontationwiththeabsenceofGod2.indifferenceandhostilityoftheuniverse3.absenceofpurpose,order,meaning,value第22页/共58页Motifs for Nada*Death-isinevitableandeverpresent*Darkness&Disorder-chaos,“unknowability”,andhostilityofuniverse.*Waror“violentencounter”-ever-presentpainanddeath*BadNerves-therecognitionof“nada”bringsonfear,anxiety,&lossofcontrol*Insomnia-symbolofmansattemptto,andhisinabilityto,stopthinkingaboutnada*Despair-absenceofhopeandconfidence第23页/共58页2.Grace under Pressure-Itsignifiescourage.DP:Exactly what do you mean by guts?EH:I mean,grace under pressure.-Ernest Hemingway(an interview with Dorothy Parker,New Yorker,30 November 1929)第24页/共58页2.Grace under PressureInthegeneralsituationofhisnovel,lifeisfulloftensionandbattles;theworldisinchaos;manisalwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle.However,thoughlifeisbutalosingbattle,itisastrugglemancandominateinsuchawaythatlossbecomesdignity;mancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverdefeatedspiritually.(Hays,1990:622-623)第25页/共58页2.Grace under PressureForexample:The Old Man and the Sea-whileSantiagoisstrugglingtofightoffthesharkswhoaretearingapartthemagnificentfishhehascaught,hethinkstohimself:“Manisnotmadefordefeats.Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated.”The Sun Also Rises-JakeBarnessays,“Ididnotcarewhat(theworld)wasallabout.AllIwantedtoknowwashowtoliveinit.”For Whom the Bell Tolls-RobertJordanknowsthatdeathisnottobefearedifhecanlivehislifetothefullestduringthe72hourshehaswiththeSpanishLoyalists;itcouldmeanthesameasafulllifeof72years.“AcrosstheRiverandintotheTrees”-RichardCantwellstrugglestomaintaindignityinthefaceofimpendingdeath.第26页/共58页3.The Hemingway Code HeroThephrase,HemingwaycodeherooriginatedwithscholarPhilipYoung.HeusesittodescribeaHemingwaycharacterwholivescorrectly,followingcertainprinciplesofhonor,courage,andendurancewhichinalifeoftensionandpainmakeamanaman.第27页/共58页Typical traits for the code hero1.TheHemingwayheroisnotathinker,heisamanofaction.Buthisactionsarebaseduponaconceptoflife.2.“Graceunderpressure”istheirmotto3.TheHemingwaycodeheroesarebestrememberedfortheirindestructiblespirit.“A man can be destroyed but not defeated.-From The Old Man and the SeaMaintainingfree-willandindividualism,neverweaklyallowingcommitmenttoasinglewomanorsocialconventiontopreventadventure,travel,andactsofbravery.5.AdmittingthetruthofNada第28页/共58页Conclusion FromHemingwaysnovelsacleardevelopingprocesscanbefound.Fromtheloststateatthebeginning,hegraduallyfoundoutthesignificanceoflifeandtheprincipleshumanshouldholdinameaninglessworld.“TheOldManandtheSea”canbetakenasaconclusionofhisideas.Commonthemeofhisnovels:“graceunderpressure”Hemingway heroes:anoblebuttragichero;fightingwiththeoverwhelmingforce;thoughheknowsthathewillbedefeatedatlast,hedecidestoactlikeaheroSignificanceof“Hemingwayheroes”:restoringthehumandignityinthe20thcentury第29页/共58页Artistic FeaturesTheicebergtechniqueLanguagestyle第30页/共58页Hemingways Iceberg Theory“Ialwaystrytowriteontheprincipleoftheiceberg.Thereisseven-eightsofitunderwaterforeverypartthatshows.Anythingyouknowyoucaneliminateanditonlystrengthensyouriceberg.Itisthepartthatdoesntshow.”“Isometimesthinkthatmystyleissuggestiveratherthandirect.Thereadermustoftenusehisimaginationorlosethemostsubtlepartofmythoughts.”“Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabout,hemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.”-Hemingway第31页/共58页Hemingways Language Style*Deceptivelysimple*Understatementandomission(seeIcebergTheory)*Repetition*Focusonfacts“Findwhatgaveyoutheemotion;whattheactionwasthatgaveyoutheexcitement.Thenwriteitdownmakingitclearsothereaderwillseeittooandhavethesamefeelingasyouhad.”第32页/共58页Fewadjectivesoradverbs,fewconventionalemotivelanguage,fewauthorialcomments*Simple,short,conventionalwordsandsentences*Concise,vividHenotedthat,“awritersstyleshouldbedirectandpersonal,hisimageryrichandearthy,andhiswordssimpleandvigorous.Thegreatestwritershavethegiftofbrevity,arehardworkers,diligentscholarsandcompetentstylists”第33页/共58页Hemingways styleReviewingHemingwaysfirstnovelin1926,theNewYorkTimeswrote:“NoamountofanalysiscanconveythequalityofTheSunAlsoRises.Itisatrulygrippingstory,toldinalean,hard,athleticnarrativeprosethatputsmoreliteraryEnglishtoshame”.166TheSunAlsoRisesiswritteninthespare,tightlywrittenproseforwhichHemingwayisfamous,astylewhichhasinfluencedcountlesscrimeandpulpfictionnovels（庸俗的小说）.167ItisastylewhichsomecriticsconsiderHemingwaysgreatestcontributiontoliterature.168Butthesimplicityisdeceptive.Hemingwayusespolysyndeton.plsndtn(连接词的连续使用)toconveybothatimelessimmediacyandaBiblicalgrandeur.Hemingwayspolysyndetonicsentenceor,inlaterworks,hisuseofsubordinateclauses169-usesconjunctionstojuxtaposestartlingvisionsandimages;第34页/共58页thecriticJacksonBensonhascomparedthemtohaikus.170ManyofHemingwaysacolytesklait（助手）misinterpretedhisleadandfrowneduponallexpressionofemotion;SaulBellowsatirizedthisstyleas“Doyouhaveemotions?Stranglethem.”171Hemingway,however,wasnottryingtoeliminateemotionbuttoportrayitmorescientifically.Hemingwaythoughtitwouldbeeasy,andpointless,todescribeemotions;hesculptedhisbrightandfinelychiseled(凿过的，轮廓清晰的）collagesofimagesinordertograsptherealthing,thesequenceofmotionandfactwhichmadetheemotionandwhichwouldbeasvalidinayearorintenyearsor,withluckandifyoustateditpurelyenough,always.ThisuseofanimageasanobjectivecorrelativeischaracteristicofEzraPound,T.S.Eliot,JamesJoyce,andofcourseProustandisalsopartoftheJapanesepoeticcanon.Hemingwayswritingstyle,inotherwords,isnotartlessbutpoetic.第35页/共58页by Ernest Hemingway 1952The Old Man and the Sea第36页/共58页第37页/共58页OutlineBasic content:context,plot,rolesFocal point:the old mans character,“code hero”Difficult point:the relationship between the old man and the marlin(or the sea)第38页/共58页Basic content ContextIt was published in 1952 after the bleakest ten years in Hemingways literary career and was the last novel published in Hemingways lifetime.But it was an instant success.This short novel won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and played a significant role in Hemingways selection for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.第39页/共58页The bleakest ten years1940:For Whom the Bell Tolls1950:Across the River and Into the Trees(self-parody)1952:The Old Man and the Sea(an act of literary revenge)第40页/共58页Basic Content PlotRising ActionClimaxFalling ActionAfter eighty-four successive days without catching a fish,Santiago promises Manolin that he will go“far out”into the sea.Santiago conquers the marlin.On the way back,he encounters the sharks and struggles with them.Sharks destroy the marlin.Santiago arrives home only with the marlins skeleton.第41页/共58页Basic content roles1.Santiagosntia:gu2.Manolin3.the marlin4.sharks5.the sea第42页/共58页QuestionsFocal point:After the first shark attack,Santiago says:“Man is not made for defeata man can be destroyed but not defeated.”At the end of the story,is the old man defeated?Why or why not?Difficult point:Whats the relationship between the old man and the marlin(or the sea)?第43页/共58页第44页/共58页reasonmanifestation significancefailure(destroyed)pridethe marlins skeletonouter,materialvictory(not defeated)endurance,determination,confidence,bravery,knowledgeableearns the respect,achieves the natural self,confirms his heroic personalitiesinner,spiritual第45页/共58页Code Hero(Tough Guy)“A man who lives correctly,following the ideal of honor,courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic,often stressful,and always painful.”-by Hemingway第46页/共58页the spirit of code heroEndurance:to accept pain,even lossPride:of knowing that one has done ones bestCourage:act truly according to ones own natureWill:to face defeat or victoryHe is a man of action but not a thinker.第47页/共58页the relationship between Santiago and the marlin(or the sea)第48页/共58页the seabrotherhoodSantiago(Manolin)the marlin catchchallengesharksdefend oneselfinvade第49页/共58页His Writing Code heroEmphasis on Emotion3Iceberg principle12Colloquial style4第50页/共58页writing style(iceberg principle)1.What is the iceberg principle?2.How does Hemingway use it in The Old Man and the sea?3.Which phrases embody this principle fully?第51页/共58页Iceberg principle“Ialwaystrytowriteontheprincipleoftheiceberg.Thereisseven-eighthsofitunderwaterforeverypartthatshows.Anythingyouknowyoucaneliminateanditonlystrengthensyouriceberg.Itisthepartthatdoesntshow.Ifawriteromitssomethingbecausehedoesnotknowitthenthereisaholeinthestory.”Hissentencesonlygiveonesmallbitofthemeaning.Therestisimplied.Onemustgoverydeepbeneaththesurfacetounderstandthefullmeaningofhiswriting.Certainly,therearemomentswhenthereaderfeelsthesuggestionofvastmeaningbeneathHemingwaysfew,sparewords.第52页/共58页第53页/共58页Code heroThe“HemingwayCode”ofmanhooddoesnotinvolvemerephysicalstrength,sexualpotency,orabilitytoaccumula
